Direct evidence of concurrent solid-solution and two-phase reactions and the nonequilibrium structural eEvolution of LiFePO(4)
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Date
2012-05-09
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
American Chemical Society
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries power many portable devices and in the future are likely to play a significant role in sustainable-energy systems for transportation and the electrical grid. LiFePO(4) is a candidate cathode material for second-generation lithium-ion batteries, bringing a high rate capability to this technology. LiFePO(4) functions as a cathode where delithiation occurs via either a solid-solution or a two-phase mechanism, the pathway taken being influenced by sample preparation and electrochemical conditions. The details of the delithiation pathway and the relationship between the two-phase and solid-solution reactions remain controversial. Here we report, using real-time in situ neutron powder diffraction, the simultaneous occurrence of solid-solution and two-phase reactions after deep discharge in nonequilibrium conditions. This work is an example of the experimental investigation of nonequilibrium states in a commercially available LiFePO(4) cathode and reveals the concurrent occurrence of and transition between the solid-solution and two-phase reactions. © 2012, American Chemical Society.
Description
Keywords
Lithium, Electric batteries, Neutron diffraction, Electrodes, Ambient temperature, X-ray lasers
Citation
Sharma, N., Guo, X. W., Du, G. D., Guo, Z. P., Wang. J. Z., Wang, Z. X., & Peterson, V. K. (2012). Direct evidence of concurrent solid-solution and two-phase reactions and the nonequilibrium structural eEvolution of LiFePO(4). Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134(18), 7867-7873. doi:10.1021/ja301187u