ANSTO Publications Online

Welcome to the ANSTO Institutional Repository known as APO.

The APO database has been migrated to version 7.5. The functionality has changed, but the content remains the same.

ANSTO Publications Online is a digital repository for publications authored by ANSTO staff since 2007. The Repository also contains ANSTO Publications, such as Reports and Promotional Material. ANSTO publications prior to 2007 continue to be added progressively as they are in identified in the library. ANSTO authors can be identified under a single point of entry within the database. The citation is as it appears on the item, even with incorrect spelling, which is marked by (sic) or with additional notes in the description field.

If items are only held in hardcopy in the ANSTO Library collection notes are being added to the item to identify the Dewey Call number: as DDC followed by the number.

APO will be integrated with the Research Information System which is currently being implemented at ANSTO. The flow on effect will be permission to publish, which should allow pre-prints and post prints to be added where content is locked behind a paywall. To determine which version can be added to APO authors should check Sherpa Romeo. ANSTO research is increasingly being published in open access due mainly to the Council of Australian University Librarians read and publish agreements, and some direct publisher agreements with our organisation. In addition, open access items are also facilitated through collaboration and open access agreements with overseas authors such as Plan S.

ANSTO authors are encouraged to use a CC-BY licence when publishing open access. Statistics have been returned to the database and are now visible to users to show item usage and where this usage is coming from.

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Now showing 1 - 5 of 5

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Mass balance assessment of initial weathering processes derived from oxygen cionsumption rares in waste sulfide ore
(United States Department of The Interior Bureau of Mines, 1994-04-24) Strömberg, B; Banwart, SA; Bennett, JW; Ritchie, AIM
A stoichiometric model for initial weathering processes in fresh waste rock has been developed for Aitik ore. Based on element mass balances, solubility equilibrium, mineralogy of unreacted waste rock, and literature data, we identified the dominant geochemical processes and determined geochemical reaction rates for weathering of pyrite, chalcopyrite, calcite, plagioclase and biotite using fluxes derived from large experimental columns filled with waste rock. The oxidation rate of reduced Fe and S was based on Oz-consumption rates that were previously determined in the columns. In the fresh waste rock, acidity production from pyrite weathering and rapid consumption of acidity by calcite dissolution dominate the proton balance. At an acidity production rate of 7.8 meq. kg-I year! of waste rock and a calcite alkalinity reservoir of 0-60 meq. kg-I, we expect the waste rock leachate to remain near-neutral pH for 0-8 years. When calcite is consumed and pH drops, dissolution of previously precipitated copper on the the order of 0-1.8 mmole copper kg-I of waste rock may temporarily increase the pollution load at the site.
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A method of studying ball flow by ditigal computer
(Australian Atomic Energy Commission, 1967-02-16) Bennett, NW
Ball flow may be studied with the aid of a digital computer. The method consists of calculating elastic forces due to simple interactions and using these forces to track individual balls. Any shape of container may be simulated exactly, although protrusions into the container present difficulties, To date, only two-dimensional systems have been studied, but the method may be extended easily into three dimensions at a penalty of a tenfold increase in calculation timer This is caused by the extra dimension, the greater number of neighbours per ball and a more complete elastic analysis which must be applied in three dimensions Since elastic forces are being studied, the vibrations due to these forces must be followed, For hard balls this may involve real time intervals of milliseconds which may take seconds to calculate on the IBM 7040 computer on site. A circulation model may be easily set up by arranging for balls which have fallen out of the bottom of a container to be replaced at the top of the array of balls. The forces between balls and between a ball and the container wall are known at all times and may be given as output by the machine. The position and velocity of all balls is also known, and from the ball positions the voidage may be calculated. A model involving friction has been investigated in simple situations. The friction model allows balls in contact to move against each other for a limited distancer A force may be associated with the distance of slip and the force between the balls. The point of maximum slip corresponds to the point of limiting friction. An estimate is given of the cost to perform simple experimenter
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List mode acquisition for examining kinetic processes in thin film systems
(Saha Institue of Nuclear Physics, 2012-07-25) Nelson, A; Lesha, M; Lee, KH; James, M; Burn, PL; Gentle, IR; McGillivray, DJ; Knobloch, J
Many systems that are studied by reflectometry techniques exhibit interesting kinetic behaviour over a wide range of timescales. Instruments that possess a wide dynamic Q range, such as energy dispersive reflectometers, have the greatest ability to follow such pathways. The most common case is where the kinetics are reasonably slow compared to acquisition time — one takes repeated measurements over a long period, with each of those measurements representing the sample at a particular time. Another example is a stroboscopic experiment (such as oscillatory shear), where the sample has an external stimulus applied to it at regular intervals and the sample response is repeatable. Here one accumulates statistics in several reflectivity curves that correspond to different subperiods in the time frame between applied stimuli. However, most of the current approaches to acquiring kinetic information are suboptimal. In the first case one has to decide on how long an individual measurement will be, but what happens if the kinetics occur on a much faster or much slower time scale — sometimes you only get one shot! In the second case has to decide on how many subperiods are required, and the possibility of the sample changing over time is ignored. At the Platypus reflectometer at ANSTO we have been pioneering the application of list mode acquisition to study kinetic processes. Here, the X/Y/Time-of-flight/Frame number of each neutron hitting the detector is recorded (the frame structure is created by the pulsed nature of our beam). By the use of processing techniques we can produce reflectivity proles corresponding to the desired time periods of interest. Quite simply, one can add all neutron events together if there is no kinetic evolution, or divide into arbitrary periods if the sample changes. This processing can occur during or after acquisition - nowadays every measurement should be considered to be kinetic in nature. In this paper we demonstrate the utility of list mode acquisition with two different examples. The first concens the interdiffusion of electron transport and light emitting polymer layers in OLED devices. The second follows the attack of lipid membranes by phospholipases
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Global fossil methane emissions constrained by multi-isotopic atmospheric methane histories.
(American Geophysical Union, 2025-02-28) Fujita, T; Graven, H; Zazzeri, G; Hmiel, B; Petrenko, VV; Smith, AM; Michel, SE; Morimoto, S
The global CH4 budget of sources and sinks is highly uncertain, particularly the emissions from specific sources such as fossil fuels (FF) or agriculture. Here, we estimate plausible global CH4 source and sink scenarios using historical observations and simulations of atmospheric CH4 mole fraction and its stable isotopic (δ13C-CH4, δD-CH4) and radiocarbon (Δ14C-CH4) composition, combining constraints from all these tracers for the first time. We employ a one-box model along with a Monte Carlo particle filter technique, explicitly exploring the impact of each isotopic constraints and uncertainties in prior CH4 source and sink parameters on posterior sectorial source fractions. We find our posterior anthropogenic FF emissions at the global scale are 30% lower than previous isotope-based studies. Our analysis suggests previous δ13C-CH4-based studies are potentially biased because the current database-derived estimate of the global mean biogenic δ13C-CH4 source signature is too low and/or current sink-weighted total carbon kinetic isotope effect is underestimated. We find modern atmospheric Δ14C-CH4 data constrains lower global FF emissions after 1980s, which is contrary to the most recent finding that utilized atmospheric Δ14C-CH4 data, but supported by an independent estimate of global nuclear 14CH4 emissions. Our multi-isotopic constraints align with CH4-only inversion results, while reducing their uncertainties with greater robustness against different prior emission scenarios. We find strong constraints not only on FF emissions but also other key sources and sinks, showing that long-term multi-isotopic observations are critical for refining the global CH4 budget and developing effective CH4 emission mitigation strategies. © 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Identifying and controlling residual stress in parts built using selective laser melting
(2013-09-10) Slingsby, T; Paradowska, AM; Law, M; Davies, C; Wu, X
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing technology that allows parts to be created from laser melting of metal powder, rather than traditional methods such a machining and milling to remove waste from a bulk material. It is because of the greater efficiencies presented with this new technology that additive manufacturing is considered to be at the forefront of the third industrial revolution. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) works by laser melting of metal powder in a layerwise fashion, to form a complete part. SLM shows great promise to produce parts with unique geometry, minimal waste and short production times. While processing issues of balling, density and surface finish are gradually being improved, the issues of deformation and residual stress are major problems. The presence of residual stress reduces the structural integrity of the part and increases the need for post processing. For the SLM technology to be utilised, an understanding of the formation and control of residual stresses must be established. This work is being undertaken with the aim of being able to control and optimising the stresses through manipulation of input parameters. Experimental temperature profile logging and residual stress testing (using neutron and synchrotron diffraction) are used alongside Finite Element Modelling (FEM) to quantify, predict and control these stresses.