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ANSTO Publications Online

Welcome to the ANSTO Institutional Repository known as APO.

The APO database has been migrated to version 8.3. The functionality has changed, but the content remains the same.

ANSTO Publications Online is a digital repository for publications authored by ANSTO staff since 2007. The Repository also contains ANSTO Publications, such as Reports and Promotional Material. ANSTO publications prior to 2007 continue to be added progressively as they are in identified in the library. ANSTO authors can be identified under a single point of entry within the database. The citation is as it appears on the item, even with incorrect spelling, which is marked by (sic) or with additional notes in the description field.

If items are only held in hardcopy in the ANSTO Library collection notes are being added to the item to identify the Dewey Call number: as DDC followed by the number.

APO will be integrated with the Research Information System which is currently being implemented at ANSTO. The flow on effect will be permission to publish, which should allow pre-prints and post prints to be added where content is locked behind a paywall. To determine which version can be added to APO authors should check Sherpa Romeo. ANSTO research is increasingly being published in open access due mainly to the Council of Australian University Librarians read and publish agreements, and some direct publisher agreements with our organisation. In addition, open access items are also facilitated through collaboration and open access agreements with overseas authors such as Plan S.

ANSTO authors are encouraged to use a CC-BY licence when publishing open access. Statistics have been returned to the database and are now visible to users to show item usage and where this usage is coming from.

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    Tumor-activated nanocomplex reprograms cancer and macrophage metabolism in opposite directions to overcome immune suppression
    (Elsevier, 2026-03) Dai, ZZ; Wang, QY; Zhang, M; Shi, Y; Yang, Y; Song, H; Wang, R; Johannessen, B; Zhen, X; Yu, CZ
    Immunotherapy efficacy is hindered by the immunosuppressive metabolism of cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), yet their opposite metabolic programs complicate synchronized modulation of tumor microenvironment. Here, we report an acid-activated Fe-Zn nanocomplex (FZNC) that transforms into spiky FeOOH nanoparticles within the tumor microenvironment. This transformation enhances cellular uptake and enables selective scavenging of hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)-a metabolite that promotes glycolysis in cancer cells and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in TAMs. Local H<sub>2</sub>S depletion by FZNCs induces a bidirectional metabolic shift: cancer cells are redirected from glycolysis to OXPHOS, while TAMs switch from OXPHOS to glycolysis. This dual reprogramming enhances tumor immunogenicity with increased dendritic cell maturation and M1 polarization in vitro, and enhanced cytotoxic T-cell infiltration in vivo. FZNCs treatment suppresses tumor growth and metastasis, with synergistic effects when combined with PD-L1 blockade. This work introduces a materials-based strategy to spatially coordinate opposing metabolic programs for improved antitumor immunity. © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open Access CC BY 4.0.
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    Magneto-electric coupling beyond van der Waals interaction in two-dimensional multiferroic heterostructures
    (AIP Publishing, 2023-12-25) Jin, C; Liu, C; Ren, FZ; Wang, B; Jia, ML; Gu, QF
    Exploring two-dimensional (2D) multiferroic systems with strong magneto-electric coupling properties holds significant application value in nanoscale spintronics devices. However, due to the weak interlayer van der Waals interactions, strong magneto-electric coupling in 2D heterostructures is relatively rare. By using first-principles simulations, we demonstrate that in the NiPS3/Sc2CO2 heterostructure, the ferroelectric polarization switching of the Sc2CO2 layer induces a transition in the magnetic ground state of the NiPS3 layer from the ferromagnetic state to antiferromagnetic ordering, accompanied by a transformation from a semiconductor to a half-metallic state. This magnetic phase transition is caused by a novel magneto-electric coupling mechanism: the polarization switching changes the band alignment between the two materials and then induces a significant interlayer charge transfer, leading to the emergence of Stoner itinerant ferromagnetism. In addition, the polarization switching can also change the magnetic anisotropy from an easy magnetization plane to an easy magnetization axis. These results not only offer a promising multiferroic heterostructure for nonvolatile memory devices and magnetic sensors but also provide a feasible approach for designing multiferroic system with strong magneto-electric coupling. © 2023 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
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    Characterizing atmospheric controls on winter urban pollution in a topographic basin setting using Radon-222
    (Elsevier, 2020-06) Kikaj, D; Chambers, SD; Kobal, M; Crawford, J; Vaupotič, J
    Using hourly meteorological, air quality and radon observations over two winters (2016–2017 and 2017–2018), we combine diurnal and synoptic timescale radon-based mixing classification techniques, for the first time, to better understand air quality variability in the sub-Alpine city of Ljubljana. Of the two winters, only the second experienced significant snow cover (>1 month). A total of six mixing classes were defined for each winter: 5 diurnal and 1 synoptic (“persistent temperature inversion”, PTI); the latter being internally categorised as “strong” or “weak”. Diurnal and synoptic changes in mixing state played an important role in air quality variability in both winters. Little diurnal accumulation of local pollutants (CO, NO2, PM10 and BC) was observed for wind speeds ≥1.5 m s−1 (mixing classes #1 to #3). Under these windy conditions significant remote contributions to SO2 and O3 concentrations in Ljubljana were observed, primarily from the Po Valley region. The most stable conditions (class #5 and PTI days), characterized by nocturnal wind speeds ≤0.5 m s−1 or rates of 2 m air temperature change ≥1.5 °C h−1, were associated with the worst air quality conditions. Only under class #5 and PTI conditions did daily-mean PM10 concentrations exceed both EU and WHO guideline values. The absence of snow cover in the first winter resulted in stronger thermodynamic stability and higher pollution concentrations. Other contributing factors included a 28% larger traffic source near the monitoring site and a 17% greater consumption of heating fuel that winter in Ljubljana. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Open Access CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
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    Characterizing the automatic radon flux transfer standard system Autoflux: laboratory calibration and field experiments
    (Copernicus Publications, 2023-05-31) Grossi, C; Rabago, D; Chambers, SD; Sáinz, C; Curcoll, R; Otáhal, PPS; Fialová, E; Quindos, L; Vargas, A
    Abstract. High-quality, long-term measurements of terrestrial trace gas emissions are important for investigations of atmospheric, geophysical and biological processes to help mitigate climate change and protect the environment and the health of citizens. High-frequency terrestrial fluxes of the radioactive noble gas 222Rn, in particular, are useful for validating radon flux maps and used to evaluate the performance of regional atmospheric models, to improve greenhouse gas emission inventories (by the radon tracer method) and to determine radon priority areas for radiation protection goals. A new automatic radon flux system (Autoflux) was developed as a transfer standard (TS) to assist with establishing a traceability chain for field-based radon flux measurements. The operational characteristics and features of the system were optimized based on a literature review of existing flux measurement systems. To characterize and calibrate Autoflux, a bespoke radon exhalation bed (EB) facility was also constructed with the intended purpose of providing a constant radon exhalation under a specific set of controlled laboratory conditions. The calibrated Autoflux was then used to transfer the derived calibration to a second continuous radon flux system under laboratory conditions; both instruments were then tested in the field and compared with modeled fluxes. This paper presents (i) a literature review of state-of-the-art radon flux systems and EB facilities; (ii) the design, characterization and calibration of a reference radon EB facility; (iii) the design, characterization and calibration of the Autoflux system; (iv) the calibration of a second radon flux system (INTE_Flux) using the EB and Autoflux, with a total uncertainty of 9 % (k = 1) for an average radon flux of ∼ 1800 mBq m−2 s−1 under controlled laboratory conditions; and (v)​​​​​​​ an example application of the calibrated TS and INTE_Flux systems for in situ radon flux measurements, which are then compared with simulated radon fluxes. Calibration of the TS under different environmental conditions and at lower reference fluxes will be the subject of a separate future investigation. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
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    Response of water vapour D-excess to land–atmosphere interactions in a semi-arid environment
    (Copernicus Publications, 2017-01-27) Parkes, SD; McCabe, MF; Griffiths, AD; Wang, L; Chambers, SD; Ershadi, A; Williams, AG; Strauss, J; Element, A
    Abstract. The stable isotopic composition of water vapour provides information about moisture sources and processes difficult to obtain with traditional measurement techniques. Recently, it has been proposed that the D-excess of water vapour (dv  =  δ2H − 8  ×  δ18O) can provide a diagnostic tracer of continental moisture recycling. However, D-excess exhibits a diurnal cycle that has been observed across a variety of ecosystems and may be influenced by a range of processes beyond regional-scale moisture recycling, including local evaporation (ET) fluxes. There is a lack of measurements of D-excess in evaporation (ET) fluxes, which has made it difficult to assess how ET fluxes modify the D-excess in water vapour (dv). With this in mind, we employed a chamber-based approach to directly measure D-excess in ET (dET) fluxes. We show that ET fluxes imposed a negative forcing on the ambient vapour and could not explain the higher daytime dv values. The low dET observed here was sourced from a soil water pool that had undergone an extended drying period, leading to low D-excess in the soil moisture pool. A strong correlation between daytime dv and locally measured relative humidity was consistent with an oceanic moisture source, suggesting that remote hydrological processes were the major contributor to daytime dv variability. During the early evening, ET fluxes into a shallow nocturnal inversion layer caused a lowering of dv values near the surface. In addition, transient mixing of vapour with a higher D-excess from above the nocturnal inversion modified these values, causing large variability during the night. These results indicate dET can generally be expected to show large spatial and temporal variability and to depend on the soil moisture state. For long periods between rain events, common in semi-arid environments, ET would be expected to impose negative forcing on the surface dv. Spatial and temporal variability of D-excess in ET fluxes therefore needs to be considered when using dv to study moisture recycling and during extended dry periods with weak moisture recycling may act as a tracer of the relative humidity at the oceanic moisture source. © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.