Structural evolution of high energy density V3+/V4+ mixed valent Na3V2O2x(PO4)2F3−2x (x = 0.8) sodium vanadium fluorophosphate using in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction
Loading...
Date
2014-01-31
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Royal Society of Chemistry
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries have become good candidates for energy storage technology. For this purpose it is crucial to search for and optimize new electrode and electrolyte materials. Sodium vanadium fluorophosphates are considered promising cathodes but further studies are required to elucidate their electrochemical and structural behavior. Therefore, this work focuses on the time-resolved in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction study of Na 3V2O2x(PO4)2F 3-2x (x = 0.8) while electrochemically cycling. Reaction mechanism evolution, lattice parameters and sodium evolution, and the maximum possible sodium extraction under the applied electrochemical constraints, are some of the features that have been determined for both a fresh and an offline pre-cycled cell. The reaction mechanism evolution undergoes a solid solution reaction with a two-phase region for the first lower-potential plateau while a predominantly solid solution behavior is observed for the second higher-potential plateau. Lattice and volume evolution is clearly dependent on the Na insertion/extraction mechanism, the sodium occupancy and distribution amongst the two crystallographic sites, and the electrochemical cycling history. The comparison between the fresh and the pre-cycled cell shows that there is a Na site preference depending on the cell and history and that Na swaps from one site to the other during cycling. This suggests sodium site occupancy and mobility in the tunnels is interchangeable and fluid, a favorable characteristic for a cathode in a sodium-ion battery. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry. This article is Open Access.
Description
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 Unported licence.
Keywords
Valence, Sodium, Sodium ions, Electric batteries, Sodium compounds, X-ray diffraction, Synchrotrons, Energy storage systems
Citation
Serras, P., Palomares, V., Rojo, T., Brand, H. E., & Sharma, N. (2014). Structural evolution of high energy density V3+/V4+ mixed valent Na3V2O2x(PO4)2F3−2x(x= 0.8) sodium vanadium fluorophosphate using in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2(21), 7766-7779. doi:10.1039/C4TA00773E