Naturally occurring radioactive materials in offshore infrastructure: understanding formation and characteristics of baryte scale during decommissioning planning
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Date
2024-03-05
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier
Abstract
Contaminants, including naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) of the 238-uranium and 232-thorium decay series, have been recognized as a global research priority to inform offshore petroleum infrastructure decommissioning decisions. This study aimed to characterize pipeline scale retrieved from a decommissioned subsea well tubular pipe through high-resolution elemental mapping and isotopic analysis. This was achieved by utilizing transmission electron microscopy, Synchrotron x-ray fluorescence, photostimulated luminescence autoradiography and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. The scale was identified as baryte (BaSO4) forming a dense crystalline matrix, with heterogenous texture and elongated crystals. The changing chemical and physical microenvironment within the pipe influenced the gradual growth rate of baryte over the production life of this infrastructure. A distinct compositional banding of baryte and celestine (SrSO4) bands was observed. Radioactivity attributed by the presence of radionuclides (226Ra, 228Ra) throughout the scale was strongly correlated with baryte. From the detailed scale characterization, we can infer the baryte scale gradually formed within the internals of the tubular well pipe along the duration of production (i.e., 17 years). This new knowledge and insight into the characteristics and formation of petroleum waste products will assist with decommissioning planning to mitigate potential radiological risks to marine ecosystems. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Description
Keywords
Offshore platforms, Risk assessment, Barite, Decommissioning, Aquatic ecosystems, Steels, Mercury, Plastics, Petroleum residues, Residues, Pipelines, Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, ANSTO, Australian organizations, Ambient temperature
Citation
MacIntosh, A., Oldfield, D. T., Cendón, D. I., Langendam, A. D., Howell, N., Howard, D. L., & Cresswell, T. (2024). Naturally occurring radioactive materials in offshore infrastructure: understanding formation and characteristics of baryte scale during decommissioning planning. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 465, 133506. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133506