Management of NORM in the production of rare earths from monazite

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dc.contributor.authorAnvia, Men_AU
dc.date.accessioned2022-03-03T01:32:20Zen_AU
dc.date.available2022-03-03T01:32:20Zen_AU
dc.date.issued2012-10-16en_AU
dc.date.statistics2022-02-02en_AU
dc.description.abstractThe rare earth elements are of considerable technological importance. Demand for these elements is increasing and is expected to exceed 190 000 metric tons by 2015 [1]. Monazite is a rare-earth phosphate mineral which contains 50–68% rare earths and is an important source of the rare earth elements. However, monazite is an example of NORM which contains between 4–12% thorium and up to 0.5% uranium [2]. In a conventional industrial process, monazite concentrate is produced by physical beneficiation processes and the concentrate is then chemically processed using either an acid bake or a caustic cracking route followed by an acid leach to extract the desired rare earths. The radioactivity content of the monazite and the resulting process residues create a need to control exposure to workers and members of the public. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has published several guidelines [3] on NORM management in the form of standards and regulations. The standards with respect to the extraction of rare earth elements from monazite in conventional industrial processes and the management of the contained radioactivity will be discussed.en_AU
dc.identifier.citationAnvia, M. (2012). Management of NORM in the production of rare earths from monazite. Paper presented to the 12th South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association Conference (SPERA 2012), Tuesday 16 October – Friday 19 October 2012 Sydney, Australia. Lucas Heights, NSW: Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. (p. 21).en_AU
dc.identifier.conferenceenddate19 October 2012en_AU
dc.identifier.conferencename12th South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association Conference (SPERA 2012)en_AU
dc.identifier.conferenceplaceSydney, Australiaen_AU
dc.identifier.conferencestartdate16 October 2012en_AU
dc.identifier.pagination12en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://apo.ansto.gov.au/dspace/handle/10238/12874en_AU
dc.language.isoenen_AU
dc.publisherAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisationen_AU
dc.subjectNaturally occurring radioactive materialsen_AU
dc.subjectMonazitesen_AU
dc.subjectRare earthsen_AU
dc.subjectThoriumen_AU
dc.subjectLeachingen_AU
dc.subjectRadioactivityen_AU
dc.subjectHumansen_AU
dc.subjectSafetyen_AU
dc.titleManagement of NORM in the production of rare earths from monaziteen_AU
dc.typeConference Abstracten_AU
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