The Macquarie Island (LoFlo2G) high-precision continuous atmospheric carbon dioxide record

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dc.contributor.authorStavert, ARen_AU
dc.contributor.authorLaw, RMen_AU
dc.contributor.authorvan der Schoot, Men_AU
dc.contributor.authorLangenfelds, RLen_AU
dc.contributor.authorSpencer, DAen_AU
dc.contributor.authorKrummel, PBen_AU
dc.contributor.authorChambers, SDen_AU
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, AGen_AU
dc.contributor.authorWerczynski, Sen_AU
dc.contributor.authorFrancey, RJen_AU
dc.contributor.authorHowden, RTen_AU
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-13T04:36:43Zen_AU
dc.date.available2025-03-13T04:36:43Zen_AU
dc.date.issued2019-02-21en_AU
dc.date.statistics2025-02-05en_AU
dc.description.abstractThe Southern Ocean (south of 30∘ S) is a key global-scale sink of carbon dioxide (CO2). However, the isolated and inhospitable nature of this environment has restricted the number of oceanic and atmospheric CO2 measurements in this region. This has limited the scientific community's ability to investigate trends and seasonal variability of the sink. Compared to regions further north, the near-absence of terrestrial CO2 exchange and strong large-scale zonal mixing demands unusual inter-site measurement precision to help distinguish the presence of midlatitude to high latitude ocean exchange from large CO2 fluxes transported southwards in the atmosphere. Here we describe a continuous, in situ, ultra-high-precision Southern Ocean region CO2 record, which ran at Macquarie Island (54∘37′ S, 158∘52′ E) from 2005 to 2016 using a LoFlo2 instrument, along with its calibration strategy, uncertainty analysis and baseline filtering procedures. Uncertainty estimates calculated for minute and hourly frequency data range from 0.01 to 0.05 µmol mol−1 depending on the averaging period and application. Higher precisions are applicable when comparing Macquarie Island LoFlo measurements to those of similar instruments on the same internal laboratory calibration scale and more uncertain values are applicable when comparing to other networks. Baseline selection is designed to remove measurements that are influenced by local Macquarie Island CO2 sources, with effective removal achieved using a within-minute CO2 standard deviation metric. Additionally, measurements that are influenced by CO2 fluxes from Australia or other Southern Hemisphere land masses are effectively removed using model-simulated radon concentration. A comparison with flask records of atmospheric CO2 at Macquarie Island highlights the limitation of the flask record (due to corrections for storage time and limited temporal coverage) when compared to the new high-precision, continuous record: the new record shows much less noisy seasonal variations than the flask record. As such, this new record is ideal for improving our understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of the Southern Ocean CO2 flux, particularly when combined with data from similar instruments at other Southern Hemispheric locations. © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.en_AU
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors would like to thank L. Paul Steele for his simulating discussions and suggestions in relation to this paper and acknowledge his significant involvement in the development and calibration of the LoFlo system and the GASLAB flask sampling programme. This research was funded in part by the Australian Government Department of the Environment, the Bureau of Meteorology, and CSIRO through the Australian Climate Change Science Programme and directly by CSIRO. The authors would also like to acknowledge the in-kind support of the Australian Antarctic Division, under project no. 4167 – Greenhouse gases in the southern atmosphere, and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. CCAM modelling was undertaken on the NCI National Facility in Canberra, Australia, which is supported by the Australian Commonwealth Government. Back trajectories were calculated using the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model from NOAA Air Resources Laboratory. Ot Sisoutham has provided support to the Macquarie Island and Southern Ocean radon programme. Maps used in Fig. 1 are courtesy of the Australian Antarctic Division.en_AU
dc.identifier.citationStavert, A. R., Law, R. M., van der Schoot, M., Langenfelds, R. L., Spencer, D. A., Krummel, P. B., Chambers, S. D., Williams, A. G., Werczynski, S., Francey, R. J., & Howden, R. T. (2019). The Macquarie Island (LoFlo2G) high-precision continuous atmospheric carbon dioxide record. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 12(2), 1103-1121. doi:10.5194/amt-12-1103-2019en_AU
dc.identifier.issn1867-1381en_AU
dc.identifier.issn1867-8548en_AU
dc.identifier.issue2en_AU
dc.identifier.journaltitleAtmospheric Measurement Techniquesen_AU
dc.identifier.pagination1103-1121en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1103-2019en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://apo.ansto.gov.au/handle/10238/16051en_AU
dc.identifier.volume12en_AU
dc.languageEnglishen_AU
dc.language.isoenen_AU
dc.publisherCopernicus Publicationsen_AU
dc.subjectIslandsen_AU
dc.subjectCarbon dioxideen_AU
dc.subjectAtmosphericsen_AU
dc.subjectAntarctic Oceanen_AU
dc.subjectEnvironmenten_AU
dc.subjectRecords managementen_AU
dc.subjectSouthern Hemisphereen_AU
dc.subjectTasmaniaen_AU
dc.subjectAustraliaen_AU
dc.subjectRecords managementen_AU
dc.subjectGreenhouse effecten_AU
dc.titleThe Macquarie Island (LoFlo2G) high-precision continuous atmospheric carbon dioxide recorden_AU
dc.typeJournal Articleen_AU
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