Flexible polymer X‑ray detectors with non-fullerene acceptors for enhanced stability: Toward printable tissue equivalent devices for medical applications

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dc.contributor.authorLarge, MJen_AU
dc.contributor.authorPosar, JAen_AU
dc.contributor.authorMozer, AJen_AU
dc.contributor.authorNattestad, Aen_AU
dc.contributor.authorAlnaghy, Sen_AU
dc.contributor.authorCarolan, Men_AU
dc.contributor.authorSellin, PJen_AU
dc.contributor.authorDavies, Jen_AU
dc.contributor.authorPastuovic, Zen_AU
dc.contributor.authorLerch, MLFen_AU
dc.contributor.authorGuatelli, Sen_AU
dc.contributor.authorRosenfeld, ABen_AU
dc.contributor.authorGriffith, MJen_AU
dc.contributor.authorPetasecca, Men_AU
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-20T01:50:41Zen_AU
dc.date.available2025-03-20T01:50:41Zen_AU
dc.date.issued2021-12-08en_AU
dc.date.statistics2024-12-11en_AU
dc.description.abstractThere is growing interest in the development of novel materials and devices capable of ionizing radiation detection for medical applications. Organic semiconductors are promising candidates to meet the demands of modern detectors, such as low manufacturing costs, mechanical flexibility, and a response to radiation equivalent to human tissue. However, organic semiconductors have typically been employed in applications that convert low energy photons into high current densities, for example, solar cells and LEDs, and thus existing design rules must be re-explored for ionizing radiation detection where high energy photons are converted into typically much lower current densities. In this work, we report the optoelectronic and X-ray dosimetric response of a tissue equivalent organic photodetector fabricated with solution-based inks prepared from polymer donor poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blended with either a non-fullerene acceptor (5Z,5′Z)-5,5′-((7,7′-(4,4,9,9-tetraoctyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-7,4-diyl))bis(methanylylidene))bis(3-ethyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one) (o-IDTBR) or a fullerene acceptor, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Indirect detection of X-rays was achieved via coupling of organic photodiodes with a plastic scintillator. Both detectors displayed an excellent response linearity with dose, with sensitivities to 6 MV photons of 263.4 ± 0.6 and 114.2 ± 0.7 pC/cGy recorded for P3HT:PCBM and P3HT:o-IDTBR detectors, respectively. Both detectors also exhibited a fast temporal response, able to resolve individual 3.6 μs pulses from the linear accelerator. Energy dependence measurements highlighted that the photodetectors were highly tissue equivalent, though an under-response in devices compared to water by up to a factor of 2.3 was found for photon energies of 30-200 keV due to the response of the plastic scintillator. The P3HT:o-IDTBR device exhibited a higher stability to radiation, showing just an 18.4% reduction in performance when exposed to radiation doses of up to 10 kGy. The reported devices provide a successful demonstration of stable, printable, flexible, and tissue-equivalent radiation detectors with energy dependence similar to other scintillator-based detectors used in radiotherapy. © 2021 American Chemical Society.en_AU
dc.format.mediumPrint-Electronicen_AU
dc.identifier.citationLarge, M. J., Posar, J. A., Mozer, A. J., Nattestad, A., Alnaghy, S., Carolan, M., Sellin, P. J., Davies, J., Pastuovic, Z., Lerch, M. L. F., Guatelli, S., Rosenfeld, A., Griffith, M. J., & Petasecca, M. (2021). Flexible polymer X-ray detectors with non-fullerene acceptors for enhanced stability: Toward printable tissue equivalent devices for medical applications. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13(48), 57703-57712. doi:10.1021/acsami.1c16914en_AU
dc.identifier.issn1944-8244en_AU
dc.identifier.issn1944-8252en_AU
dc.identifier.issue48en_AU
dc.identifier.journaltitleACS Applied Materials & Interfacesen_AU
dc.identifier.pagination57703-57712en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c16914en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://apo.ansto.gov.au/handle/10238/16075en_AU
dc.identifier.volume13en_AU
dc.languageEnglishen_AU
dc.language.isoenen_AU
dc.publisherAmerican Chemical Society (ACS)en_AU
dc.subjectPolymersen_AU
dc.subjectX-ray detectionen_AU
dc.subjectTissue-equivalent Detectorsen_AU
dc.subjectMaterialsen_AU
dc.subjectIonizing radiationsen_AU
dc.subjectSemiconductor materialsen_AU
dc.subjectOrganic matteren_AU
dc.subjectPhotonsen_AU
dc.titleFlexible polymer X‑ray detectors with non-fullerene acceptors for enhanced stability: Toward printable tissue equivalent devices for medical applicationsen_AU
dc.typeJournal Articleen_AU
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