Formation and stability of Pb-, Zn- & Cu-PO4 phases at low temperatures: implications for heavy metal fixation in polar environments

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dc.contributor.authorWhite, DAen_AU
dc.contributor.authorHafsteinsdóttir, EGen_AU
dc.contributor.authorGore, DBen_AU
dc.contributor.authorThorogood, GJen_AU
dc.contributor.authorStark, SCen_AU
dc.date.accessioned2022-04-14T00:42:53Zen_AU
dc.date.available2022-04-14T00:42:53Zen_AU
dc.date.issued2012-02en_AU
dc.date.statistics2022-03-25en_AU
dc.description.abstractLow temperatures and frequent soil freeze–thaw in polar environments present challenges for the immobilisation of metals. To address these challenges we investigated the chemical forms of Pb, Zn and Cu in an Antarctic landfill, examined in vitro reaction kinetics of these metals and orthophosphate at 2 and 22 °C for up to 185 days, and subjected the products to freeze–thaw. Reaction products at both temperatures were similar, but the rate of production varied, with Cu-PO4 phases forming faster, and the Zn- and Pb-PO4 phases slower at 2 °C. All metal-orthophosphate phases produced were stable during a 2.5 h freeze–thaw cycle to −30 °C. Metal immobilisation using orthophosphate can be successful in polar regions, but treatments will need to consider differing mineral stabilities and reaction rates at low temperatures. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.en_AU
dc.description.sponsorshipFor financial assistance we thank the Australian Research Council, PANalytical and Veolia Environmental Services (grant LP0776373), the Australian Antarctic Division (AAS2937), Australian Synchrotron (grant AS_2008/2, number 583), and Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering (AINGRA08127P).en_AU
dc.identifier.citationWhite, D. A., Hafsteinsdóttir, E. G., Gore, D. B., Thorogood, G., & Stark, S. C. (2012). Formation and stability of Pb-, Zn-& Cu-PO4 phases at low temperatures: implications for heavy metal fixation in polar environments. Environmental Pollution, 161, 143-153. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.035en_AU
dc.identifier.issn0269-7491en_AU
dc.identifier.journaltitleEnvironmental Pollutionen_AU
dc.identifier.pagination143-153en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.035en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://apo.ansto.gov.au/dspace/handle/10238/12998en_AU
dc.identifier.volume161en_AU
dc.language.isoenen_AU
dc.publisherElsevieren_AU
dc.subjectPolar regionsen_AU
dc.subjectAntarcticaen_AU
dc.subjectSanitary landfillsen_AU
dc.subjectHeavy metalsen_AU
dc.subjectStabilityen_AU
dc.subjectX-ray diffractionen_AU
dc.titleFormation and stability of Pb-, Zn- & Cu-PO4 phases at low temperatures: implications for heavy metal fixation in polar environmentsen_AU
dc.typeJournal Articleen_AU
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