A comprehensive picture of the current rate dependence of the structural evolution of P2-Na2/3Fe2/3Mn1/3O2

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dc.contributor.authorSharma, Nen_AU
dc.contributor.authorHan, MHen_AU
dc.contributor.authorPramudita, JCen_AU
dc.contributor.authorGonzalo, Een_AU
dc.contributor.authorBrand, HEAen_AU
dc.contributor.authorRojo, Ten_AU
dc.date.accessioned2021-12-08T01:18:06Zen_AU
dc.date.available2021-12-08T01:18:06Zen_AU
dc.date.issued2015-09-02en_AU
dc.date.statistics2021-11-12en_AU
dc.descriptionThis article is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 Unported licence.en_AU
dc.description.abstractCathodes that feature a layered structure are attractive reversible sodium hosts for ambient temperature sodium-ion batteries which may meet the demands for large-scale energy storage devices. However, crystallographic data on these electrodes are limited to equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium information. Here we report the current-dependent structural evolution of the P2-Na2/3Fe2/3Mn1/3O2 electrode during charge/discharge at different current rates. The structural evolution is highly dependent on the current rate used, e.g., there is significant disorder in the layered structure near the charged state at slower rates and following the cessation of high-current rate cycling. At moderate and high rates this disordered structure does not appear. In addition, at the slower rates the disordered structure persists during subsequent discharge. In all rates examined, we show the presence of an additional two-phase region that has not been observed before, where both phases maintain P63/mmc symmetry but with varying sodium contents. Notably, most of the charge at each current rate is transferred via P2 (P63/mmc) phases with varying sodium contents. This illustrates that the high-rate performance of these electrodes is in part due to the preservation of the P2 structure and the disordered phases appear predominantly at lower rates. Such current-dependent structural information is critical to understand how electrodes function in batteries which can be used to develop optimised charge/discharge routines and better materials. © 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry. This article is Open Access.en_AU
dc.description.sponsorshipWe would like to thank undergraduate UNSW students Laura Jeffress, Damian Goonetilleke, Othman Al Bahri, Mackenzie Hagan and Emily Cheung for assistance during the in situ synchrotron XRD experiments. James C. Pramudita would like to thank UNSW/ANSTO for the PhD Scholarship. Neeraj Sharma would like to thank AINSE Ltd for providing support through the research fellowship scheme. Part of this research was undertaken on the Powder Diffraction beamline at the Australian Synchrotron, Victoria, Australia. CIC Energigune work was financially supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Proyecto I+D. Retos 2013), reference number: ENE 2013-44330 R and FPDI-2013-17329, and the Gobierno Vasco/EuskoJaurlaritza (Etortek CICEnergigune 10, SAIOTEK-12 ENERGIBA and IT570-13).en_AU
dc.identifier.citationSharma, N., Han, M. H., Pramudita, J. C., Gonzalo, E., Brand, H. E. A., & Rojo, T. (2015). A comprehensive picture of the current rate dependence of the structural evolution of P2-Na 2/3 Fe 2/3 Mn 1/3 O 2. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 3(42), 21023-21038.doi:10.1039/C5TA04976Hen_AU
dc.identifier.issn2050-7488en_AU
dc.identifier.issue42en_AU
dc.identifier.journaltitleJournal of Materials Chemistry Aen_AU
dc.identifier.pagination21023-21038en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA04976Hen_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://apo.ansto.gov.au/dspace/handle/10238/12388en_AU
dc.identifier.volume3en_AU
dc.language.isoenen_AU
dc.publisherRoyal Society of Chemistryen_AU
dc.subjectCathodesen_AU
dc.subjectElectrodesen_AU
dc.subjectElectric batteriesen_AU
dc.subjectSodium ionsen_AU
dc.subjectElectric dischargesen_AU
dc.subjectCrystalsen_AU
dc.titleA comprehensive picture of the current rate dependence of the structural evolution of P2-Na2/3Fe2/3Mn1/3O2en_AU
dc.typeJournal Articleen_AU
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