Predicted CO2 water rock reactions in naturally altered CO2 storage reservoir sandstones, with interbedded cemented and coaly mudstone seals

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dc.contributor.authorPearce, JKen_AU
dc.contributor.authorDawson, GWen_AU
dc.contributor.authorGolding, SDen_AU
dc.contributor.authorSoutham, Gen_AU
dc.contributor.authorPaterson, DJen_AU
dc.contributor.authorBrink, Fen_AU
dc.contributor.authorUnderschultz, JRen_AU
dc.date.accessioned2024-11-15T04:12:45Zen_AU
dc.date.available2024-11-15T04:12:45Zen_AU
dc.date.issued2022-03-15en_AU
dc.date.statistics2024-11-08en_AU
dc.description.abstractGeological storage of CO2 captured from industrial processes such as coal combustion or from direct air capture is part of the transition to low emissions. The Jurassic Precipice Sandstone of the southern Surat Basin, Queensland, Australia, is undergoing feasibility studies for industrial scale CO2 geological storage, however regional data has so far been lacking. Precipice Sandstone reservoir drill core samples from the Southwood 1 and Tipton 153 wells in the southern Surat Basin include favourably quartz rich sandstone regions with quartz grain fracturing. A mudstone layer is also present in the reservoir. The overlying lower section of the Evergreen Formation seals consist of clay rich sandstones, interbedded mudstones, coal layers, Fe-Mg-Mn siderite, and Mg-calcite cemented sandstones. K-feldspars are weathered creating localised secondary porosity and pore filling kaolinite and illite. Layers of coal, pore filling cements, and framework grain compaction introduce vertical heterogeneity. Heavy minerals including pyrite, mixed composition sulphides, and barite are associated with disseminated coals in mudstones. Precipice Sandstone mercury intrusion porosities (MIP) ranged from 9 to 22% with favourably low reservoir injection threshold pressures, and the QEMSCAN measured open porosity between 2 and 22%. Evergreen Formation seal porosities were 7.5 to 16% by MIP or 1 to 19% by QEMSCAN, with the smallest pore throat distribution associated with the low permeability coal rich mudstone. Synchrotron XFM shows Rb mainly hosted in K-feldspars and muscovite, with metals including Mn mainly hosted in siderite. Zn and As are present in sulphides; and calcite and apatite cements mainly hosted Sr. Twenty kinetic geochemical CO2-water-rock models were run for 30 and 1000 years with Geochemist Workbench, with calcite and siderite initially dissolving. In the Precipice Sandstone reservoir variable alteration of carbonates, feldspars and chlorite to kaolinite, silica, siderite and smectite were predicted with the pH remaining below 5.5. CO2 was mineral trapped through alteration of chlorite to siderite in three of the four cases, with −0.02 to 1.43 kg/m3 CO2 trapped after 1000 years. In the calcite and siderite cemented Evergreen Formation seal, plagioclase conversion to ankerite trapped the most CO2 with 2.6 kg/m3 trapped after 1000 years. The Precipice Sandstone in both wells appears to be generally suitable as a storage reservoir, with mineral trapping predicted to mainly occur in the overlying lower Evergreen Formation and in interbedded mudstones. Heterogeneity in interbedded sandstone, mudstone, and coal layers are likely to act as baffles to CO2 and encourage mineral trapping. Quartz grain fractures may influence preferential migration pathways in the reservoir but this would need future experimental investigation. Experimental CO2 water rock reactions to understand porosity and permeability changes were out of scope here but are recommended in future validation, along with investigating the potential for CO2 adsorption trapping in coal and mudstone layers. © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.en_AU
dc.description.sponsorshipPart of this work was funded by the UQ Surat Deep Aquifer Appraisal Project (UQ-SDAAP). For their contribution and support, UQ would like to acknowledge: the Commonwealth Government of Australia Carbon Capture and Storage RD&D programme and Low Emissions Technology Australia (LETA). The information, opinions and views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of The University of Queensland, the Australian Government or Low Emissions Technology Australia (LETA). Researchers within or working with the UQ-SDAAP are bound by the same policies and procedures as other researchers within The University of Queensland, which are designed to ensure the integrity of research. The whole UQ-SDAAP team is thanked. A. Garnett and H. Schultz are acknowledged for funding support and internally reviewing the manuscript. Part of this work was funded by ANLEC R&D (project 701150236). The authors wish to acknowledge financial assistance provided through Australian National Low Emissions Coal Research and Development. ANLEC R&D is supported by Low Emission Technology Australia (LETA) and the Australian Government through the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. Part of this research was undertaken on the XFM beamline at the Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO. This relates to grant no. AS183/XFM/13906 “Natural mineral trapping of regulated metals from groundwater by long term CO2-fluid-rock interactions”. We acknowledge travel funding provided by the International Synchrotron Access Program (ISAP) managed by the Australian Synchrotron, part of ANSTO, and funded by the Australian Government. Ric Daniels of the Adelaide School of Petroleum, University of Adelaide, is thanked for performing MIP analyses. The UQ School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Environmental Geochemistry laboratory is thanked for performing whole rock element analyses. Dirk Kirste provided mineral script files for geochemical models. The staff of the GSQ Data Exploration Centre are thanked for access to drill core. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their comments that improved this manuscript.en_AU
dc.identifier.articlenumber103966en_AU
dc.identifier.citationPearce, J. K., Dawson, G. W., Golding, S. D., Southam, G., Paterson, D. J., Brink, F., & Underschultz, J. R. (2022). Predicted CO2 water rock reactions in naturally altered CO2 storage reservoir sandstones, with interbedded cemented and coaly mudstone seals. International Journal of Coal Geology, 253, 103966. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2022.103966en_AU
dc.identifier.issn0166-5162en_AU
dc.identifier.journaltitleInternational Journal of Coal Geologyen_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2022.103966en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://apo.ansto.gov.au/handle/10238/15760en_AU
dc.identifier.volume253en_AU
dc.languageEnglishen_AU
dc.language.isoenen_AU
dc.publisherElsevieren_AU
dc.subjectWateren_AU
dc.subjectRocksen_AU
dc.subjectSandstonesen_AU
dc.subjectCarbon dioxideen_AU
dc.subjectManganeseen_AU
dc.subjectStrontiumen_AU
dc.subjectRubidiumen_AU
dc.subjectMineralsen_AU
dc.subjectKaoliniteen_AU
dc.subjectSmectiteen_AU
dc.subjectSideriteen_AU
dc.subjectCalciteen_AU
dc.subjectMercuryen_AU
dc.subjectAustraliaen_AU
dc.subjectJurassic perioden_AU
dc.subjectQuartzen_AU
dc.subjectReservoir Rocken_AU
dc.titlePredicted CO2 water rock reactions in naturally altered CO2 storage reservoir sandstones, with interbedded cemented and coaly mudstone sealsen_AU
dc.typeJournal Articleen_AU
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