Radiological risk assessment to marine biota from exposure to NORM from a decommissioned offshore oil and gas pipeline

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dc.contributor.authorMacIntosh, Aen_AU
dc.contributor.authorKoppel, DJen_AU
dc.contributor.authorJohansen, MPen_AU
dc.contributor.authorBeresford, NAen_AU
dc.contributor.authorCopplestone, Den_AU
dc.contributor.authorPenrose, Ben_AU
dc.contributor.authorCresswell, Ten_AU
dc.date.accessioned2023-03-23T02:02:53Zen_AU
dc.date.available2023-03-23T02:02:53Zen_AU
dc.date.issued2022-08-11en_AU
dc.date.statistics2023-03-20en_AU
dc.description.abstractScale residues can accumulate on the interior surfaces of subsea petroleum pipes and may incorporate naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). The persistent nature of ‘NORM scale’ may result in a radiological dose to the organisms living on or near intact pipelines. Following a scenario of in-situ decommissioning of a subsea pipelinNe, marine organisms occupying the exteriors or interiors of petroleum structures may have close contact with the scale or other NORM-associated contaminated substances and suffer subsequent radiological effects. This case study used radiological dose modelling software, including the ERICA Tool (v2.0), MicroShield® Pro and mathematical equations, to estimate the likely radiological doses and risks of effects from NORM-contaminated scale to marine biota from a decommissioned offshore oil and gas pipeline. Using activity concentrations of NORM (226Ra, 210Po, 210Pb, 228Ra, 228Th) from a subsea pipeline from Australia, environmental realistic exposure scenarios including radiological exposures from both an intact pipe (external only; accounting for radiation shielding by a cylindrical carbon steel pipe) and a decommissioned pipeline with corrosive breakthrough (resulting in both internal and external radiological exposure) were simulated to estimate doses to model marine organisms. Predicted dose rates for both the external only exposure (ranging from 26 μGy/h to 33 μGy/h) and a corroded pipeline (ranging from 300 μGy/h to 16,000 μGy/h) exceeded screening levels for radiological doses to environmental receptors. The study highlighted the importance of using scale-specific solubility data (i.e., Kd) values for individual NORM radionuclides for ERICA assessments. This study provides an approach for conducting marine organism dose assessments for NORM-contaminated subsea pipelines and highlights scientific gaps required to undertake risk assessments necessary to inform infrastructure decommissioning planning. © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.en_AU
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors acknowledge all the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodians on whose Traditional Land and Countries this research was conducted. We strongly support equity, diversity and inclusion in science. We, the authors, come from different countries (Scotland, England, South Africa, the United States, Australia and New Zealand) and represent different career stages.en_AU
dc.identifier.articlenumber106979en_AU
dc.identifier.citationMacIntosh, A., Koppel, D. J., Johansen, M. P., Beresford, N. A., Copplestone, D., Penrose, B., & Cresswell, T. (2022). Radiological risk assessment to marine biota from exposure to NORM from a decommissioned offshore oil and gas pipeline. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 251-252, 106979. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106979en_AU
dc.identifier.issn0265-931Xen_AU
dc.identifier.journaltitleJournal of Environmental Radioactivityen_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106979en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://apo.ansto.gov.au/dspace/handle/10238/14713en_AU
dc.identifier.volume251-252en_AU
dc.language.isoenen_AU
dc.publisherElsevier Ltden_AU
dc.subjectPetroleumen_AU
dc.subjectPipesen_AU
dc.subjectRadioactive materialsen_AU
dc.subjectHazardsen_AU
dc.subjectDecommissioningen_AU
dc.subjectContaminationen_AU
dc.subjectSolubilityen_AU
dc.subjectEquationsen_AU
dc.titleRadiological risk assessment to marine biota from exposure to NORM from a decommissioned offshore oil and gas pipelineen_AU
dc.typeJournal Articleen_AU
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