Authenticating genuine Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) powders from fakes using stable isotope analysis and elemental profiling

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dc.contributor.authorKeaney, Men_AU
dc.contributor.authorMazumder, Den_AU
dc.contributor.authorTadros, CVen_AU
dc.contributor.authorCrawford, Jen_AU
dc.contributor.authorGadd, PSen_AU
dc.contributor.authorSaeki, Pen_AU
dc.contributor.authorSammut, Jen_AU
dc.contributor.authorSaintilan, Nen_AU
dc.date.accessioned2024-12-06T00:08:46Zen_AU
dc.date.available2024-12-06T00:08:46Zen_AU
dc.date.issued2024-08en_AU
dc.date.statistics2024-12-06en_AU
dc.description.abstractKakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) is a plant species endemic to northern Australia, attracting increasing consumer interest due to its multiple nutritional qualities. As a consumer product at a premium price point, the Kakadu plum may be susceptible to food fraud. This paper determines the prevalence of food fraud in the e-commerce Kakadu plum market. We applied stable isotope analysis (SIA) and elemental profiling using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) through Itrax to evaluate the authenticity of 13 commercially available Kakadu plum powdered samples purchased from Australian and overseas suppliers against four powdered samples directly provided by First Nations harvesters. Overseas and Australian-sourced powders were found to have distinct isotopic and elemental profiles. All overseas powders showed highly enriched δ13C values indicating they are fakes, not derived from Kakadu plum. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) of elements also displayed distinct groupings between Australian-sourced and overseas powders, whilst analysis of similarity percentages (SIMPER) differentiated the elemental composition between groups. It was also observed that 89% of overseas products sold as Kakadu plum were deceptively labelled as other products. These results showed food fraud occurred along the supply chain of overseas-sourced product. Given the complexities of multi-national food systems, utilising a combination of stable isotopes and elemental profiling are straightforward applications for detecting fraudulent products. © 2024 Crown Copyright Published by Elsevier Ltd.en_AU
dc.identifier.articlenumber110468en_AU
dc.identifier.citationKeaney, M., Mazumder, D., Tadros, C. V., Crawford, J., Gadd, P. S., Saeki, P., Sammut, J., & Saintilan, N. (2024). Authenticating genuine Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) powders from fakes using stable isotope analysis and elemental profiling. Food Control, 162, 110468. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.110468en_AU
dc.identifier.issn0956-7135en_AU
dc.identifier.journaltitleFood Controlen_AU
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.110468en_AU
dc.identifier.urihttps://apo.ansto.gov.au/handle/10238/15798en_AU
dc.identifier.volume162en_AU
dc.languageEnglishen_AU
dc.language.isoenen_AU
dc.publisherElsevieren_AU
dc.subjectStable isotopesen_AU
dc.subjectPlumsen_AU
dc.subjectFooden_AU
dc.subjectFrauden_AU
dc.subjectAgricultureen_AU
dc.subjectAustraliaen_AU
dc.subjectFood industryen_AU
dc.titleAuthenticating genuine Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) powders from fakes using stable isotope analysis and elemental profilingen_AU
dc.typeJournal Articleen_AU
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