In-situ and operando characterization of materials: Introduction

Abstract

Materials studies under in-situ and operando conditions in many cases provide key information towards understanding properties and function. Remarkable advances in analytical tools and data modeling have been made in recent years, with in-situ analysis continually developing to exploit the new capabilities. In-situ analysis relies on complex sample environment systems, necessitating careful development of experimental protocols to optimize accuracy and reliability of the results. Furthermore, in-situ studies typically generate large data sets that may be treated using new “parametric” approaches, wherein all individual datasets are considered as a single experimental observation. In some cases, control over temperature, pressure, and/or electric and magnetic fields, especially when combined with the introduction of reactive or process gasses, allows studies of active materials under operating conditions. Such operando studies probe the specimens in the true operating environment, often necessitating new and unique sample environment systems. This Focus Issue of the Journal of Materials Research (JMR) captures the most recent advances in in-situ analysis over a broad range of characterization tools. © Materials Research Society 2015