Browsing by Author "Wurster, CM"

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    The efficiency of charcoal decontamination for radiocarbon dating by three pre-treatments – ABOX, ABA and hypy
    (Elsevier, 2014-08-01) Bird, MI; Levchenko, VA; Ascough, PL; Meredith, W; Wurster, CM; Williams, AG; Tilston, EL; Snape, CE; Apperley, DC
    Here we report results of a direct inter-comparison of the ability of three radiocarbon pre-treatment techniques to remove radiocarbon contamination introduced by exposing known-radiocarbon-free charcoal made at three different temperatures (300, 400 and 500 °C) to environmental contamination on a rainforest floor for one to three years. The initial charcoal had no measureable radiocarbon, but 14C activity increased after environmental exposure to ∼1 pMC after one year (apparent age of ∼40,000 yrs BP) and ∼5 pMC after three years (apparent age of ∼25,000 years). For the 400 and 500 °C samples, all techniques were able to reduce contamination by >90%. Acid–base oxidation (ABOX) provided the most reliable decontamination, reducing the radiocarbon activity of the one year samples to background, and reducing the radiocarbon activity of the three year samples to 0.04 ± 0.02 pMC or less (apparent age >56,900 yrs BP). The performance of ABOX was superior to that of both acid–base–acid (ABA) and hydrogen pyrolysis (hypy) treatments, with ABA performing better than hypy in most cases. No technique was able to fully remove decontamination from the 300 °C charcoal (although ABOX again removed the most contamination), likely due to the incompletely pyrolized nature of the charcoal which is dominated by aromatic clusters of small ring size. All the techniques rely on removing contaminant carbon faster than indigenous carbon and this condition is not met in the case of charcoal produced at temperatures below ∼350 °C. While all pre-treatments are useful for routine sample processing, the results suggest that ABOX is the only technique that can provide reliable decontamination of charcoal of an age close to the dating limit of the radiocarbon dating technique.© 2014, Elsevier B.V.
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    Improved pretreatment method for the isolation and decontamination of pyrogenic carbon for radiocarbon dating using hydrogen pyrolysis
    (Elsevier, 2021-02-01) Orr, TJ; Wurster, CM; Levchenko, VA; Ascough, PL; Bird, MI
    Pyrogenic carbon (charcoal, black carbon, elemental carbon) is one of the most common materials used for radiocarbon dating of terrestrial samples. However, exogenous carbon contamination can compromise the accuracy of radiocarbon ages. This study presents the results of two chemical pretreatments prior to hydrogen pyrolysis (hypy) as improved protocols for the isolation and decontamination of pyrogenic carbon, i) a simple acid-oxidation step (A-Ox/hypy) and ii) acid-base-acid (ABA/hypy). The A-Ox/hypy protocol uses HNO3 and H2O2, while ABA/hypy uses HCl and NaOH. Both pretreatments remove labile and inorganic carbon before hypy, decreasing the potential for in situ production of pyrogenic carbon during the hypy reaction. The effectiveness of each protocol was directly measured on charcoal artificially produced at 350 °C, 450 °C and 550 °C from radiocarbon-free wood, and exposed to environmental contamination for 1–3 yrs. The results show a >94% reduction in carbon contamination for the 450 °C and 550 °C charcoal samples occurred using A-Ox/hypy, but this treatment was less effective for the 350 °C charcoal. A >99% reduction in carbon contamination in all charcoal samples examined occurred using ABA/hypy. The A-Ox/hypy protocol was further tested on cave guano sediments, which had previously reported erroneous dates following simple organic solvent extraction followed by ABA pretreatment. Effective decontamination was achieved using A-Ox/hypy on the guano, which corrected a radiocarbon age reversal. Overall, ABA/hypy effectively decontaminated the charcoals and was a more efficient pretreatment for charcoal than A-Ox/hypy, however resulting in larger sample mass loss. Therefore, ABA/hypy is the recommended protocol for older (>30,000 14C yr BP) charcoal or sediment samples, or where date accuracy is imperative, while A-Ox/hypy represents an improved protocol for the quick and cost-effective measurement of younger samples (<30,000 14C yr BP) when sample size is of concern. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
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    The influence of C3 and C4 vegetation on soil organic matter dynamics in contrasting semi-natural tropical ecosystems
    (European Geosciences Union, 2015-08-26) Saiz, G; Bird, MI; Wurster, CM; Quesada, CA; Ascough, PL; Domingues, T; Schrodt, F; Schwarz, M; Feldpausch, TR; Veenendaal, E; Djabeletey, G; Jacobsen, GE; Hien, F; Compaore, H; Diallo, A; Lloyd, J
    Variations in the carbon isotopic composition of soil organic matter (SOM) in bulk and fractionated samples were used to assess the influence of C3 and C4 vegetation on SOM dynamics in semi-natural tropical ecosystems sampled along a precipitation gradient in West Africa. Differential patterns in SOM dynamics in C3/C4 mixed ecosystems occurred at various spatial scales. Relative changes in C=N ratios between two contrasting SOM fractions were used to evaluate potential site-scale differences in SOM dynamics between C3- and C4-dominated locations. These differences were strongly controlled by soil texture across the precipitation gradient, with a function driven by bulk 13C and sand content explaining 0.63 of the observed variability. The variation of 13C with soil depth indicated a greater accumulation of C3-derived carbon with increasing precipitation, with this trend also being strongly dependant on soil characteristics. The influence of vegetation thickening on SOM dynamics was also assessed in two adjacent, but structurally contrasting, transitional ecosystems occurring on comparable soils to minimise the confounding effects posed by climatic and edaphic factors. Radiocarbon analyses of sand-size aggregates yielded relatively short mean residence times ( ) even in deep soil layers, while the most stable SOM fraction associated with silt and clay exhibited shorter in the savanna woodland than in the neighbouring forest stand. These results, together with the vertical variation observed in 13C values, strongly suggest that both ecosystems are undergoing a rapid transition towards denser closed canopy formations.However, vegetation thickening varied in intensity at each site and exerted contrasting effects on SOM dynamics. Thisstudy shows that the interdependence between biotic and abiotic factors ultimately determine whether SOM dynamics of C3- and C4-derived vegetation are at variance in ecosystems where both vegetation types coexist. The results highlight the far-reaching implications that vegetation thickening may have for the stability of deep SOM. © 2015, Copernicus Publications.
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    Loss and gain of carbon during char degradation
    (Elsevier, 2017-03-01) Bird, MI; McBeath, AV; Ascough, PL; Levchenko, VA; Wurster, CM; Munksgaard, NC; Smernik, RJ; Williams, AA
    We report results of a study examining controls on the degradation of chars produced at 300, 400 and 500 °C from radiocarbon-free wood, deployed for three years in a humid tropical rainforest soil in north Queensland, Australia. The chars were subjected to four treatments (i) no litter (ii) covered by leaf litter, (iii) covered by limestone chips to alter local pH, and (iv) covered by limestone chips mixed with leaf litter. Radiocarbon, stable isotope and proximate analyses indicate significant ingress of exogenous (environmental) carbon and mineral material, strongly correlated with loss of indigenous (char) carbon from the samples. While indigenous carbon losses over three years were generally <8% for the char produced at 500 °C char under any treatment, chars formed at lower temperatures lost 5–22% of indigenous carbon accompanied by ingress of up to 7.5% modern exogenous carbon. The data provide clear evidence of a direct link between the ingress of exogenous carbon, likely at least partly due to microbial colonization, and the extent of char decomposition. Failure to account for the ingress of exogenous carbon will lead to a significant under-estimate of the rate of char degradation. © 2016, Elsevier Ltd.