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ANSTO Publications Online

Welcome to the ANSTO Institutional Repository known as APO.

The APO database has been migrated to version 8.3. The functionality has changed, but the content remains the same.

ANSTO Publications Online is a digital repository for publications authored by ANSTO staff since 2007. The Repository also contains ANSTO Publications, such as Reports and Promotional Material. ANSTO publications prior to 2007 continue to be added progressively as they are in identified in the library. ANSTO authors can be identified under a single point of entry within the database. The citation is as it appears on the item, even with incorrect spelling, which is marked by (sic) or with additional notes in the description field.

If items are only held in hardcopy in the ANSTO Library collection notes are being added to the item to identify the Dewey Call number: as DDC followed by the number.

APO will be integrated with the Research Information System which is currently being implemented at ANSTO. The flow on effect will be permission to publish, which should allow pre-prints and post prints to be added where content is locked behind a paywall. To determine which version can be added to APO authors should check Sherpa Romeo. ANSTO research is increasingly being published in open access due mainly to the Council of Australian University Librarians read and publish agreements, and some direct publisher agreements with our organisation. In addition, open access items are also facilitated through collaboration and open access agreements with overseas authors such as Plan S.

ANSTO authors are encouraged to use a CC-BY licence when publishing open access. Statistics have been returned to the database and are now visible to users to show item usage and where this usage is coming from.

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Recent Submissions

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    Effect of fluoride and oxide additives on the phase transformation in alumina/clay ceramics
    (Materials Australia, 2007-07-04) Tezuka, N; Low, IM; Davies, IJ; Alecu, ID; Stead, RJ; Mehrtens, EG; Latella, BA
    The effect of various types of additives such as fluoride (calcium fluoride (CaF2), sodium fluoride (NaF) and potassium fluoride (KF)) and oxide (titanium dioxide (Ti02) and ferric oxide (Fe203)) on the thermal phase transformation in alumina/clay ceramics was investigated. Two different types of kaolin clays (A12Si205(OH)4), i.e., kaolinite and halloysite, were utilised, though the clays mixed with the fluoride additives were dehydroxylated in advance. The powder samples with oxide and fluoride additives were pressed and heated to 1550C and 1600C, respectively, prior to physical and mechanical testing. The sintered samples were quantitatively analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with an internal standard using the Rietveld method. In general, additives enhanced densification by liquid phase sintering, but higher porosities were obtained with some types of additives. The major phase was mullite after sintering, and the cations from additives seem to incorporate into the mullite structure. The flexural strength and Vickers hardness will also be presented.
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    Structural and NA-release studies for NZP materials
    (Materials Australia, 2007-07-04) Hanna, J; Carter, ML; Pike, K; Vance, ER
    Wiile NaZr2(P04)3 (NZP)- structured waste forms have been suggested for many years as immobilising agents for High-Level Waste (HLW) from nuclear power plant fuel or weapons production, little attention has been paid to Na release from NZP (but see [1]). For example, highly active Na-rich wastes can arise from liquid sodium used in the primary cooling of fast reactors or from radioisotope production; hence Na immobilisation and speciation in HIPed ceramics are the focus of this current work. The structural characterisation of the NZP family of materials (namely and their sodium titanium phosphate (NTP) analogues, will be presented from recently undertaken XRD, SEM and 23Na and 31P MAS NMR studies. For the purpose of Na immobilisation, it would be clearly advantageous from the viewpoint of maximising waste loadings to utilise the most Na-rich version of the NZP structure, namely Na5Zr(P04)3, although useful waste loadings can be achieved with the Na3Zr1.5(P04)3 variant. HIPing at 9000C is used in the production to eliminate volatility in the hot consolidation step, and studies of possible can/waste form interactions will be presented. The solid state 23Na and 31 P MAS NMR studies of these products are particularly useful in detecting problematic phases and undesirable structural aspects which can inhibit waste form performance.
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    Thermal treatment of geopolymers and cement
    (Materials Australia, 2007-07-04) Wallis, P; Ergz, F
    This paper explores the effect of heating geopolymers to 1000C and compares the change in physical properties with those of similarly treated calcium aluminate marine grade cement, which is used to immobilise low level nuclear waste. Laser dilatometry and thermogravimetry were carried out simultaneously on Na:Al:Si ratio geopolymers, fabricated using sodium silicate solution (PQ Australia Pty. Ltd.) and metakaolinite (Metamax, USA). For these tests, 40mm diameter x 100g samples were prepared by casting a mixed paste of the reagents into 40mm Perspex moulds, followed by curing at 60C for 24 hours. A laser dilatometer was used to simultaneously monitor the diameter of two samples during heating, using a He:Ne laser measurement system (Z-Mike, USA), which scanned across the sample 150 times each second. Changes in temperature, diameter and weight were logged using an in-house generated Labview program. For the thermogravimetry studies, the weight change of the sample was measured using a loadcell located beneath the heat treatment furnace. Measurements showed that dehydration of the geopolymer was more rapid than that of the cement sample, with dehydration complete by 300C. The cement sample, on the other hand, had to be heated to temperatures in excess of 70.
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    Designing copolymers for the encapsulation of 85SR(II) and 134CS(I)
    (Material Australia, 2007-07-04) Fuchs, A; Smith, SV; Perera, DS; Huang, S
    Geopolymers have been used as building materials, encapsulation for hazardous materials and radioactive waste. This study involves the investigation of a series of geopolymers of molar ratio Si/Al 1-2 and Na/Al 1-1.3 for the encapsulation of radioactive cesium and strontium. Each geopolymer was prepared with a known quantity of Sr(ll) and Cs(l) doped with radioactive 85Sr and 134Cs, respectively. The 134Cs (t1/2= 2.065 years) was produced by neutron irradiation of natural Cs2C03 and the 85Sr purchased from a commercial supplier. Once mixed the geopolymers were cured at 22 oc for 24 hours followed by 60 oc for a further 24 hours. They were then ground to a powder and known quantities incubated in acetate solution (0.001M; 4 - 10 mL) at 22 oc for 7 days. The acetate solutions were sampled [3 x (20-100) uL] without treatment for the release of 85Sr and 134Cs over various time intervals using a gamma counter. The detection limits for 85Sr and 134Cs was correlated to Sr and Cs released at subpicomolar concentrations. Results showed there was no evidence of 85Sr leaching from any of the geoploymers however the 134Cs release rates varied across the series of geopolymers. A number of techniques were used to determine the porosity of the geopolymers including positron annhiliation lifetime spectroscopy. In conclusion, geopolymers can be designed for controlled encapsulation of Sr and Cs, and tailored to release metal ions at various rates.
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    Non-thermal activation of geopolymer precursors
    (Materials Australia, 2007-07-04) Brew, DRM
    Three non-thermal pre-treatment methods applied to clay, prior to reaction with alkali silicate, have been investigated. Changes to both their physical and chemical properties are presented with discussion pertaining to kaolinite, metakaolin, halloysite and metahalloysite. Two chemical activation treatments using different reagents - sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide — are reported. Both result in removal of aluminium from the clays and an increase in specific surface area. The geopolymer products obtained after using each activator are characterised and reported. In the third pre-treatment, edge-face clay particle interactions have been promoted using simple inorganic flocculants to yield the characteristic "house of cards" structure before reaction with alkali silicate and the subsequent products are discussed.