ANSTO Publications Online

Welcome to the ANSTO Institutional Repository known as APO.

The APO database has been migrated to version 7.5. The functionality has changed, but the content remains the same.

ANSTO Publications Online is a digital repository for publications authored by ANSTO staff since 2007. The Repository also contains ANSTO Publications, such as Reports and Promotional Material. ANSTO publications prior to 2007 continue to be added progressively as they are in identified in the library. ANSTO authors can be identified under a single point of entry within the database. The citation is as it appears on the item, even with incorrect spelling, which is marked by (sic) or with additional notes in the description field.

If items are only held in hardcopy in the ANSTO Library collection notes are being added to the item to identify the Dewey Call number: as DDC followed by the number.

APO will be integrated with the Research Information System which is currently being implemented at ANSTO. The flow on effect will be permission to publish, which should allow pre-prints and post prints to be added where content is locked behind a paywall. To determine which version can be added to APO authors should check Sherpa Romeo. ANSTO research is increasingly being published in open access due mainly to the Council of Australian University Librarians read and publish agreements, and some direct publisher agreements with our organisation. In addition, open access items are also facilitated through collaboration and open access agreements with overseas authors such as Plan S.

ANSTO authors are encouraged to use a CC-BY licence when publishing open access. Statistics have been returned to the database and are now visible to users to show item usage and where this usage is coming from.

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The redistribution of uranium with weathering in the Koongarra Uranium Deposit
(De Gruyter, 1991-02-01) Edghill, R
In unaltered quartz chloride schist, uranium was mainly in uraninite (UO2), which occurred in zones, fissure coatings and veinlets. The apparent diffusivity of uranium into chloritic schist from fissures was estimated to be about 10-18 m2/s. Penetration into other fissure coating material was greater than into the chlorite matrix. In slightly weathered rock, areas of iron oxidation showed increased levels of dispersed uranium. Fronts of iron oxidation appeared to move preferentially along chlorite veins, accompanied by uranium and iron enrichment. Uraninite in this core showed signs of early in situ alteration of uraninite to secondary uranium minerals. In weathered rock, alpha activity was more strongly associated with manganese oxide nodules than iron oxides nodules, followed by dispersed iron oxides coating clays, and then clays.
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Uranium micro-isotopic analysis of weathered rock by a sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP II)
(R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1998) Sato, T; Yanase, N; Williams, IS; Compston, W; Zaw, M; Payne, TE; Airey, PL
The SHRIMP II was used to measure the 234U/238U isotope ratios in weathered rock from the Koongarra uranium (U) deposit in Northern Australia. The results were compared with data obtained using sequential extraction (SE) procedures. The key attribute of the SHRIMP measurement is that sensitive isotopic data can be obtained without dissolution of the sample, and associated loss of textural relationships. The SHRIMP provides spot- by-spot isotopic ratios in individual mineral phases, and has not been previously applied to measurements of 234U/238U ratios. The SHRIMP measurements of 234U/238U activity ratios in the accumulated iron (Fe)-materials were closer to unity than in the chemically extracted amorphous Fe-oxide fraction, the primitive phase of all Fe-minerals. This indicates an approach to secular equilibrium subsequent to the deposition of U with the amorphous precursor phases. The activity ratios of 234U/238U in kaolinite were significantly lower than the ratios obtained for residual mineral phases in the SE study, although being higher than unity. This suggests that the extremely high 234U/238U ratio of the residual phase in the SE study was mainly derived from other minerals, presumably the abundant quartz rather than the kaolinite. Activity ratios exceeding unity were found in all kaolinites studied, regardless of their proximity to U-rich phases and grain boundaries. Individually, the SE procedure and SHRIMP analysis are useful techniques for measuring isotopes within mineral phases. However, in contrast to the SHRIMP, the SE procedure does not provide spatial or textural information, and quantifies isotopes in individual extractable fractions. On the other hand, the SHRIMP is not suitable for phases with very small gram size or low U content. By the parallel use of SE procedures and the SHRIMP, samples can be analyzed both quantitatively and with high spatial resolution. ©1998 R. Oldenbourg Verlag.
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Regression of melanoma xenografts by neutron capture therapy
(AINSE, 1989-09-22) Buck, S; Allen, BJ
The development of Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT) offers advantages to conventional radiation therapy which is limited by the tolerance of surrounding healthy tissues within the treatment volume. NCT also eliminates the problems associated with radioisotope label led anti—tumour agents in that there is no initial radiation dose to whole body prior to selective tumour targeting, and no longer term background effect to normal tissues. NCT utilizes 10B (n, α) 7Li reaction in order to deposit short range (10—14μm) high linear Energy Transfer (LET) radiation of an average 2.4 MeV, within a tumour mass . The efficacy of this technique relies upon an adequate 10B distribution within the tumour, while maintaining pharmacologic selectivity of 10B to target tissues and adequate shielding of healthy tissues using a neutron absorbing material, 6LiF . An in vivo irradiation facility has been installed in the thermal column of the Moata reactor. Incident neutron flux is 10 10 n cm-2 s -l with concomitant gamma dose of 4.8 Gy h-l . Nude mice bearing human melanoma xenografts are anaesthetised and loaded into 6LiF epoxy cylinders under Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) conditions. Melanoma xenografts are located in the thigh and protrude from the cylinders; thus being exposed to the full neutron field. Healthy tissue is shielded, reducing the neutron flux to a few percent of the incident value. We have found there to be no problem associated with the concomitant whole body gamma dose within the range of exposure used for NCT. Irradiation follows i. p. or i. v. injection of 10B enriched p—borono—L—pheny1a1anine. Hcl. ( 10B/1—BPA.Hcl) at times when tumour/healthy tissue concentration ratios are optimal . Turnour size is monitored for volume changes following therapy; regression and growth delay indices are determined for different doses of 10B/ I—BPA.Hc1 and neutron fluence . These are compared with control growth curves, i e. (1) no irradiation (2) irradiation without 10 B/ I—BPA. Hcl pre—treatment.
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An intra-pancreatic and hepatic nude mouse cancer xenograft model for boron neutron capture therapy
(AINSE, 1991-10-02) Mallesch, JL; Chiaraviglio, D; Allen, BJ; Moore, DE
The cure of many cancers still depends on early detection and surgical excision. The present protocols for the treatment of hepatic and pancreatic cancers have poor selectivity and this compromises their effectiveness. Our aim has been to establish and then utilise a new experimental model in order to assess the potential of Neutron Capture Therapy for the management of pancreatic and liver carcinomas. Subcutaneous inoculation of pancreatic and hepatic tumour cell lines into the flank of nude mice has many limitations. Inoculation of cancer cells into their organ of origin may produce a different, but potentially more realistic, behaviour of that tumour type. This may then provide a superior indication of the potential of targeting these cancers with boron compounds. Harding-Passey murine melanoma cells were injected between the peritoneal membranes containing the pancreas, or directly into the parenchyma of the right lobe of the liver, in nude mice. One week after inoculation, 12mg of BPA-fructosc was injected intrapcritoneally, then the mice were sacrificed at intervals up to 24 hours. The primary tumour obtained from the inoculation site is a discrete nodule which can be easily separated from the surrounding healthy tissue, providing enough material for boron analysis by ICP-AES. The pancreatic inoculations are very successful and the tumours possess faster growth kinetics than subcutaneously injected control tunours. The pancreas has a greater uptake of BPA-fructose than the tumour, for both models. The hepatic inoculations are less successful and produce smaller tumors but the tumour/liver boron ratio is in the range of 2-4. Because the tumour/pancreas ratio is less than 1 for intrapancrcatic melanoma, hormonal stimulation/ blocking and/or inhibition techniques will be required to reverse this situation. © The Author
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Biological dosimetry after radiation accidents
(AINSE, 1991-10-02) Prosser, JS
In the absence of physical estimates from personal monitors or other sources, biological dosimetry may be the only means of reliably estimating the magnitude of an accidental whole body exposure to external radiation. The frequency of unstable chromosomal aberrations in circulating blood cells represents the most sensitive biological measure of radiation damage and development of the basic technique over more than 29 years has resulted in its routine application in radiological protection. The main limitations of the method are threefold: 1) The lower limit of sensitivity - about 100 mGy for a whole body exposure to gamma rays. 2) The time to obtain a result - normally about 3 man-days is required for the microscope analysis. 3) The problems in interpretation presented by partial body exposure, either to external radiation or to an internally incorporated radionuclide. Despite these limitations the practical value of the technique was graphically demonstrated in the immediate aftermath of the major accidents at Chernobyl (1986) and Goiania (1987). Initial, very approximate biological dosimetry estimates carried out on several hundred people proved invaluable in identifying those who had received significant exposure. Further more detailed analysis assisted greatly in the medical management of those most severely irradiated. © The Author