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ANSTO Publications Online

Welcome to the ANSTO Institutional Repository known as APO.

The APO database has been migrated to version 8.3. The functionality has changed, but the content remains the same.

ANSTO Publications Online is a digital repository for publications authored by ANSTO staff since 2007. The Repository also contains ANSTO Publications, such as Reports and Promotional Material. ANSTO publications prior to 2007 continue to be added progressively as they are in identified in the library. ANSTO authors can be identified under a single point of entry within the database. The citation is as it appears on the item, even with incorrect spelling, which is marked by (sic) or with additional notes in the description field.

If items are only held in hardcopy in the ANSTO Library collection notes are being added to the item to identify the Dewey Call number: as DDC followed by the number.

APO will be integrated with the Research Information System which is currently being implemented at ANSTO. The flow on effect will be permission to publish, which should allow pre-prints and post prints to be added where content is locked behind a paywall. To determine which version can be added to APO authors should check Sherpa Romeo. ANSTO research is increasingly being published in open access due mainly to the Council of Australian University Librarians read and publish agreements, and some direct publisher agreements with our organisation. In addition, open access items are also facilitated through collaboration and open access agreements with overseas authors such as Plan S.

ANSTO authors are encouraged to use a CC-BY licence when publishing open access. Statistics have been returned to the database and are now visible to users to show item usage and where this usage is coming from.

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    Formation of compositionally graded grains and molten-salt corrosion behavior in wire-arc additive manufactured NiMoCr alloy-cladded steel
    (Elsevier, 2026-01-25) Zhu, HL; Qiu, ZJ; Wang, ZY; Muránsky, O; Karatchevtseva, I; Li, HJ
    A nickel-based alloy containing Mo and Cr as the primary alloying elements (NiMoCr) was deposited onto 316 L stainless steel via wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), and its microstructural evolution and high-temperature corrosion behavior in molten FLiNaK salt at 750 °C were investigated. The as-deposited cladding exhibited a highly textured dendritic γ-Ni matrix with significant Mo segregation and minor carbide formation in interdendritic regions. At the cladding-substrate interface, compositionally graded grains (CGGs) developed across a transition zone, displaying smooth chemical and crystallographic continuity without a distinct boundary. Corrosion testing for 500 h revealed corrosion rates of 0.11 mm/year for the NiMoCr cladding, 0.29 mm/year for the steel substrate, and 0.18 mm/year for the bistructure, indicating a gradient in corrosion resistance across the system. Post-exposure analysis and thermodynamic modelling showed that the steel substrate underwent intergranular corrosion, driven by rapid Cr diffusion and depletion along grain boundaries, further accelerated by galvanic coupling with the NiMoCr cladding. In contrast, Mo segregation in the NiMoCr alloy suppressed Cr diffusion and promoted the dynamic formation of corrosion-resistant σ-phase precipitates. These precipitates, along with the surrounding Mo-enriched matrix, mitigated galvanic interactions and shifted the dominant corrosion mode from interdendritic to intradendritic. Moreover, the CGGs helped maintain interface integrity by forming a transition zone that did not undergo preferential degradation. © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Open access CC BY 4.0.
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    Electron backscatter diffraction characterisation of a zirconolite-rich multi-phase ceramic wasteform
    (Springer Nature, 2026-03-19) Dayal, P; Muransky, O; Nguyen, TH; Gregg, DJ
    Single- or multi-phase ceramics and glass–ceramic composite materials are widely recognised as candidate wasteforms for the immobilisation of intermediate- and high-level radioactive wastes (ILW and HLWs). The long-term performance of these materials is governed by their microstructural features which may include grain size, crystallographic orientation, and phase distribution. These attributes influence dissolution rates, material response to radiation damage, and mechanical integrity, making them essential parameters in predictive models of wasteform durability over extended timescales. However, quantitative determination of grain-size and phase composition in ceramic and glass–ceramic wasteforms remains scarcely reported due to the inherent limitations of conventional methods. Here we present a novel methodology to produce reliable Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) maps of complex multi-phase systems to address this challenge. The approach enables precise grain-size measurement, phase quantification, texture analysis, and interphase boundary characterisation, in single- and multi-phase ceramics and glass–ceramic materials, significantly advancing microstructural assessment in nuclear wasteform research. © Crown 2026. Open access CC BY 4.0.
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    Framework short-range order observed in a spinel-type Li superionic conductor
    (American Chemical Society (ACS), 2026-03-11) Chen, Y; Ramette, C; Krogstad, M; Avdeev, M; Lawrence, EA; Kushwaha, S; Wei, CC; Subramanian, RS; Singh, B; Liu, B; Wang, XP; Hoffmann, CM; Liu, J; Cardon, P; Burch, KS; Sai Gautam, G; Ji, HW
    Solid-state superionic conductors are characterized by rich structural disorders. Though structural complexities are central to their functionalities, they often give rise to short-range order that eludes detection by conventional diffraction-based techniques and is thus overlooked in establishing precise structure–property relationships. In this work, we synthesized single crystals of a recently discovered lithium (Li) superionic conductor Li16.2(1)In9.00(2)Sn1.10(1)O23.8 (LISO) for in-depth characterizations of structural subtleties. LISO exhibits an unusual spinel-like phase with significant Li overstoichiometry and a face-sharing Li network. Single-crystal neutron diffraction confirms significant Li disorder, as manifested in Li site splitting and partial occupancy. More importantly, synchrotron diffuse scattering combined with 3D-ΔPDF analysis and Monte Carlo simulations reveal short-range order in the nonalkali framework that might contribute to the phase stability and ionic conductivity. This work showcases an example in which subtle local energetics can be directly visualized in structurally disordered ionic conductors. © 2026 American Chemical Society
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    Low pressure chemical vapor deposited perovskite enables all vacuum‐processed monolithic perovskite‐silicon tandem solar cells
    (Wiley, 2025-07-15) Zhang, YX; Zhu, YQ; Sun, JS; Hu, M; Chen, JH; Duan, BX; Hu, SH; Hou, P; Tan, WL; Ku, ZL; Yang, WG; Lu, JF
    Low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a promising technique for metal halide perovskite photovoltaics fabrication due to its low manufacturing cost, conformal coverage, and high scalability for industry‐scale fabrication. However, the lack of knowledge of the reaction kinetics makes the solar cell performance lag behind its solution‐processed counterpart. Herein, the perovskite formation and crystal growth process in the CVD process are studied by unraveling the mechanism of ion diffusion via tracking the vapor–solid reaction with various semi‐in‐situ characterizations. It is found that Cs + can migrate along the perovskite lattice and uniformly distribute in the vertical direction of the final perovskite film even changing the deposition order of CsBr and PbI2 in the solid source, whereas this order can significantly affect the growth kinetics and the bandgap of the perovskite. Depositing CsBr before PbI2 results in a faster conversion of inorganic precursors to perovskite phase, yielding a wider bandgap perovskite. Finally, we fabricated semi‐transparent perovskite cells using all‐vapor deposition process, which showed a champion efficiency of 18.7% and it retained ≈94% of its initial performance after 200 h of continuous operation. Moreover, using this all‐vapor deposition process, we achieved a champion efficiency of 26.9% for monolithic perovskite‐silicon tandem solar cells. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH
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    Microstructural, mechanical, texture and residual stress characterizations of X52 pipeline steel
    (MDPI, 2017-08-09) Lavigne, O; Kotousov, A; Luzin, V
    In this paper, the microstructural and mechanical properties of a high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) API 5L X52 steel, which is widely utilized in the construction of gas pipelines, were characterized with optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and standard mechanical tests. The outcomes of these characterizations were used to evaluate the strengthening contributions of the solid solution, grain size, dislocations, and precipitates to the overall strength of the steel. In addition, texture and residual stresses were determined with neutron diffraction. The residual stresses were found to be low in comparison with the expected stresses due to the operating pressure. However, these stresses could contribute to the initiation and propagation of stress corrosion cracking at the outer surface of the pipe. Neutron diffraction results also suggested that the outer surface of the pipe had a texture that is expected to have a low resistance to high pH stress corrosion cracking. Both conclusions were found to be consistent with field observations. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.