ANSTO Publications Online

Welcome to the ANSTO Institutional Repository known as APO.

The APO database has been migrated to version 7.5. The functionality has changed, but the content remains the same.

ANSTO Publications Online is a digital repository for publications authored by ANSTO staff since 2007. The Repository also contains ANSTO Publications, such as Reports and Promotional Material. ANSTO publications prior to 2007 continue to be added progressively as they are in identified in the library. ANSTO authors can be identified under a single point of entry within the database. The citation is as it appears on the item, even with incorrect spelling, which is marked by (sic) or with additional notes in the description field.

If items are only held in hardcopy in the ANSTO Library collection notes are being added to the item to identify the Dewey Call number: as DDC followed by the number.

APO will be integrated with the Research Information System which is currently being implemented at ANSTO. The flow on effect will be permission to publish, which should allow pre-prints and post prints to be added where content is locked behind a paywall. To determine which version can be added to APO authors should check Sherpa Romeo. ANSTO research is increasingly being published in open access due mainly to the Council of Australian University Librarians read and publish agreements, and some direct publisher agreements with our organisation. In addition, open access items are also facilitated through collaboration and open access agreements with overseas authors such as Plan S.

ANSTO authors are encouraged to use a CC-BY licence when publishing open access. Statistics have been returned to the database and are now visible to users to show item usage and where this usage is coming from.

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The incorporation of cerium in zirconolite
(Materials Research Society, 1997) Begg, BD; Vance, ER
Zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) is the primary actinide-bearing Synroc phase for the immobilisation of high-level nuclear waste. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and microanalysis we have investigated the incorporation of cerium, as a simulant for plutonium, on both zirconolite's Ca and Zr sites under a range of redox conditions. The Ce valence state was found to vary between Ce3+ and Ce4+ depending on the both the sintering atmosphere and temperature. The existence of alternative charge compensation schemes, predominantly cation vacancies, in addition to those used in the sample design was inferred in many of the zirconolites and will be discussed in detail. © Materials Research Society 1997
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Late Holocene Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in Chilean Patagonia: evidence from Valle Grande floodplain sediments (47 °S)
(International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA), 2019-07-30) Vandekerkhove, E; Bertrand, S; Reid, B; Mauquoy, D; Saunders, KM; McWhethy, D; Stammen, S; Torrejón, F
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) constitute a major threat in glacierized regions. These catastrophic events occur when a lake dammed by a glacier or moraine empties, resulting in abrupt flooding. In Patagonia, this issue is particularly pronounced in the Baker region (47–48°S), where 21 GLOFs have been documented in the last decade. All recent GLOFs resulted from the emptying of Cachet 2 Lake into Colonia River, a tributary of the Baker River. During such events, Baker River, which is the largest in Chile draining most of the eastern side of the Northern Patagonian Icefield, triples in discharge. Due to backwater flooding, the water level in the Valle Grande floodplain, which is located along Baker river immediately upstream of Colonia River, rises by 4 to 6 meters, resulting in its complete inundation. Although GLOF frequency seems to have increased worldwide in the last decades, there is currently no reliable scientific evidence supporting this claim, largely due to a lack of flood records on timescales that extend beyond gauged river-flow datasets. To examine changes in GLOF frequency in Patagonia, four sediment cores were collected in the Valle Grande floodplain. The cores were scanned on a Geotek MSCL at 2 mm resolution for magnetic susceptibility (MS), gamma density, and sediment color (spectrophotometry). Loss-on-ignition was measured continuously at 5 mm resolution and radiocarbon ages, 210Pb concentrations, and charcoal counts were obtained to establish a core chronology. All cores indicate the occurrence of fine-grained organic-poor material with high MS and density values, alternating with organic-rich deposits. It is hypothesized that the fine-grained material is deposited during floods, whereas the organic-rich soils represent periods of quiescence. The records seem to display three periods rich in floods during the last 2500 years. Once precise age depth models are constructed, the results will be compared to historical records of climate and glacier variability to assess the possible relationship between GLOFs and climate change.
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Late Pleistocene glacial chronologies in the Balkans: new 36Cl exposure-age dating from Montenegro and Greece
(Copernicus GmbH, 2020-05-04) Allard, JL; Hughes, PD; Woodward, JC; Fink, D; Simon, KJ; Wilcken, KM; Tomkins, M
The timing and extent of mountain glaciation during the Late Pleistocene shows considerable variability around the world. Identifying the nature and timing of glaciation is important for understanding landscape evolution and changing climatic conditions (precipitation and temperature). In the Balkans, glaciers were actually larger during the Middle Pleistocene when large ice caps formed in several mountain ranges including the Dinaric Alps, Montenegro, and the Pindus Mountains, Greece. Glaciations younger than Marine Isotope Stage 6 were characterised by smaller ice masses with glaciers mainly restricted to the highest mountains. The behaviour of Late Pleistocene glaciers in this region influenced the timing of sediment and meltwater delivery to river systems; the migration of modern humans across Europe; and the dynamics of biological refugia. However, dating control is limited for Late Pleistocene glaciers in the Balkans. Here we report new in-situ 36Cl terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide exposure ages from moraine boulders sampled in the Velika Kalica valley, in the Durmitor massif, Montenegro. This valley was targeted because it contains the Debeli Namet glacier - the last remaining glacier in Montenegro. We have sampled 25 limestone boulders from 5 moraines situated down-valley of the current glacier at altitudes between 1650–2000 m. AgCl targets for 36Cl assay were prepared at The University of Manchester and 36Cl concentrations were measured on the SIRIUS 6MV accelerator at the Centre for Accelerator Science at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. At the last local glacial maximum, the Debeli Namet glacier extended almost 3 km beyond its current position. These 36Cl analyses are part of a wider regional Mediterranean study, totalling >50 new exposure ages, which also includes Mount Tymphi in the Pindus Mountains, NW Greece. The project will address both a significant spatial and temporal gap in Mediterranean glacial chronologies by targeting the hitherto undated Late Pleistocene glacial record. The work in Montenegro will also shed light on the nature of Holocene glaciation in the Balkans. © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence.
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Insight into the variations of ABO4 structures: combined experimental and computational studies
(Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 2021-11-23) Mullens, BG; Saura-Múzquiz, M; Marlton, FP; Brand, HEA; Avdeev, M; Kennedy, BJ
The development of carbon-neutral energy-generation is critical to combatting climate change. One such technology is the development of next-generation ion conductors for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). SOFCs offer a more efficient method of extracting energy from hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuels than current combustion engines due to their one-step chemical process. However, a bottleneck to the large-scale uptake of SOFCs is the poor performance of the conducting electrolytes that separate the anode from the cathode. Various ABO4 structures have recently been proposed as solid electrolyte candidates in SOFCs, with increased hightemperature ionic conductivity being measured in chemically doped LaNbO4. However, the various phase transitions of these materials within the operational temperature of SOFCs makes them non-ideal. To understand the effects of chemical doping on the structure and electrochemical properties, several complex ABO4 structures have been investigated. In this work, we present the solid-solution series Ln(Nb1􀀀xTax)O4 (Ln = La-Lu). Using a combination of synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction methods, these studies have revealed several anomalies across the series. The structures appear to be sensitive to the size of the Ln cation and their synthesis conditions, with a difference in ionic conduction performance being observed. This experimental data has been further reinforced by ground state energy calculations performed using density functional theory. This is a landmark accomplishment that has not been previously used in similarly studied structures. These insights can be used in the development and engineering of novel and advanced electrolyte materials for SOFCs. © The Authors
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Comparison of sodium zirconium phosphate-structured HLW forms and Synroc for high-level nuclear waste immobilization
(Materials Research Society, 1997) Zyryanov, VN; Vance, ER
The incorporation of (a) Cs and Sr as; (b) simulated actinides, and (c) simulated Purex waste in sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) has been studied. The samples were prepared by sintering, by hot pressing and by hot isostatic pressing in metal bellows containers. The short-term chemical durability of the phosphate-based material containing Purex waste was within an order of magnitude ofthat for Synroc-C, as measured by 7-day MCC-1 tests at 90°C. The dissolution behaviour showed evidence of re-precipitation phenomena, even after times as short as 28 days. Potential for improvement of NZP-based ceramics for HLW management is discussed. © Materials Research Society 1997