ANSTO Publications Online

Welcome to the ANSTO Institutional Repository known as APO.

The APO database has been migrated to version 7.5. The functionality has changed, but the content remains the same.

ANSTO Publications Online is a digital repository for publications authored by ANSTO staff since 2007. The Repository also contains ANSTO Publications, such as Reports and Promotional Material. ANSTO publications prior to 2007 continue to be added progressively as they are in identified in the library. ANSTO authors can be identified under a single point of entry within the database. The citation is as it appears on the item, even with incorrect spelling, which is marked by (sic) or with additional notes in the description field.

If items are only held in hardcopy in the ANSTO Library collection notes are being added to the item to identify the Dewey Call number: as DDC followed by the number.

APO will be integrated with the Research Information System which is currently being implemented at ANSTO. The flow on effect will be permission to publish, which should allow pre-prints and post prints to be added where content is locked behind a paywall. To determine which version can be added to APO authors should check Sherpa Romeo. ANSTO research is increasingly being published in open access due mainly to the Council of Australian University Librarians read and publish agreements, and some direct publisher agreements with our organisation. In addition, open access items are also facilitated through collaboration and open access agreements with overseas authors such as Plan S.

ANSTO authors are encouraged to use a CC-BY licence when publishing open access. Statistics have been returned to the database and are now visible to users to show item usage and where this usage is coming from.

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Neutron sources for boron neutron therapy
(AINSE, 1991-10-02) Harrington, BV; Storr, GJ; Allen, BJ; Meriaty, H; Godfrey, RM
Currently only thermal neutron capture therapy is practiced in Japan, where reactors at Kyota University Research reactor Institute and Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute provide limited access for the intra-operative treatment of high grade brain tumours and cutaneous melanoma. Epithermal beams are available at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the USA and installation is nearing comp l et ion at the JRC Reactor at Petten, The Netherlands. Clinical trials with epi thermal beams are expected to begin in 1992. In Australia, two reactors are available for NCT. Thermal NCT is carried out on small rodents in Moata, the 100k W Argon naut reactor. A thermal patient NCT facility could be installed at HIFAR, a 10 MW reactor of the DIDO class. However, clinicians would prefer that an epi thermal beam be available for the treatment of deep-seated tumours. Our design considerations to date indicate that a therapeutic epi thermal beam from the HIFAR IOH facility is feasible and further calculations and experiments are underway to confirm this position. We estimate that an epithermal neutron flux of 0.5 109n cm-2-1s will be available. On this basis, the outpatient treatment schedule would be 5 dose fractions, with bilateral exposures of 20 min each, for whole brain treatment for high grade brain tumours. Measurements at the IOH beam hole with the existing a 2 cm square collimator indicate a thermal flux of 1.0 E09, a useful epithermal flux of 0.3 E09 and gamma dose rate of 70 Gy/h. By maximising the possible solid angle at the core, using an Al spectrum shifter and liquid argon gamma absorber, and reactor power of 15 MW, the desired epi thermal flux should be achievable. The liquid argon filter is critical for the reduction in gamma ray dose to acceptable levels while still transmitting the epi thermal neutrons.
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Geochemical interactions between leachants from actinide-doped Synroc and three Australian granites
(De Gruyter, 1991-02-01) Guthrie, VA; Hart, KP; Levins, DM; Seatonberry, BW
A study has been undertaken on the interactions of leachates from actinide-doped Synroc and three Australian granites. Leach testing was carried out on Synroc containing 237Np, 239Pu and 244Cm under MCC-1 conditions in close proximity to granite specimens at 70deg C for 28 days. The presence of the granites increased the pH and reduced the total activity released from the Synroc. Preferential uptake of actinides occurred onto specific secondary minerals, especially hematite, other Fe-oxides/hydroxides, leucoxene, sericite, chlorite and clays. The controlling mechanisms for fixation of actinides on the granites appeared to be adsorption, ionic exchange and reduction by Fe(II). The high sorptive capacity of the alteration minerals significantly reduced the concentration of actinides in solution indicating that hydrothermally-altered granites, with a significant proportion of secondary minerals present, are capable of removing actinides from groundwaters. © 1991, Walter de Gruyter.
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Does boron neutron capture therapy regress cancer?
(AINSE, 1991-10-02) Mallesch, JL; Allen, BJ; Moore, DE
In recent years a range of animal and human studies have been carried out on the uptake of boron compounds by neoplasms and their regression by Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Results will be presented for experiments with mice, rats rabbits, pigs, dogs and human patients from laboratories in Europe, USA, Japan and Australia. Most of the tumour xenograft models have centred upon melanoma and glioma cancers. In addition, the majority of the biodictribution studies have involved the use of Borocaptate Sodium (BSH) and Boronophenylalanine (BPA) which have shown the most promise for BNCT. Other more recently developed compounds,which have also been trialed in rodent species, are BSSB and BOPP. Tumour to blood boron ratios achieved after administration of BSH are in the order of 2-3. This ratio is improved to approximately 8-12 if BPA is administered. Tumour to normal tissue boron ratios for both BPA and BSH arc in the range of 3-5. Where NCT has been employed, either thermal and epithermal neutron beams have been utilised. The therapeutic boron concentration required in the tumour is approximately 15-30 ppm. In all experiments using the thermal neutron bean, in conjunction with the boron compounds, have resulted in complete regression in approximately 60% of cases. In some models this success is as high as 80%. This paper will review specific models, boron biodistributions attained as well as preclinical and clinical results achieved by treatment with BNCT.
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Neutron irradiation of human melanoma cells
(Alan R. Liss, Inc, 1989) Brown, K; Mountford, MH; Allen, BJ; Mishima, M; Ichihashi, M; Parsons, P
The biological characteristics and in vitro radiosensitivity of melanoma cells to thermal neutrons were investigated as a guide to the effectiveness of boron neutron capture therapy. Plateau phase cultures of three human malignant melanoma-established cell lines were examined for cell density at confluence, doubling time, cell cycle parameters, chromosome constitution, and melanin content. Cell survival dose-response curves, for cells preincubated in the presence or absence of p-boronophenylalanine. HCl (10B1-BPA), were measured over the dose range 0.6-8.0 Gy (N + gamma). The neutron fluence rate was 2.6 x 10(9) n/cm2/s and the total dose rate 3.7 Gy/h (31% gamma). Considerable differences were observed in the morphology and cellular properties of the cell lines. Two cell lines (96E and 96L) were amelanotic, and one was melanotic (418). An enhanced killing for neutron irradiation was found only for the melanotic cells after 20 h preincubation with 10 micrograms/ml 10B1-BPA. In view of the doubling times of the cell lines of about 23 h (96E and 96L) or of 36 h (418), it seems likely that an increased boron uptake, and hence increased radiosensitivity, might result if the preincubation period with 10B1-BPA is extended to several hours longer than the respective cell cycle times. © Alan R. Liss Inc.
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Neutron capture therapy research in Australia
(Alan R. Liss, Inc, 1989) Allen. BJ
Neutron capture therapy research in Australia has continued to grow since the first Australia-Japan workshop in April, 1986. The support base has broadened and the wide range of contributing laboratories includes universities, research institutes, and hospitals. Considerable progress has been made in boron chemistry--an accurate boron assay technique has been developed, boron analogues of chlorpromazine and thiouracil have been synthesised or nearly so, and decaborane conjugation with monoclonal antibodies has been achieved to the required loadings. In vitro cell survival experiments are proceeding in the Moata reactor using human melanoma and mouse cell lines incubated with enriched boronophenylalanine and boron tetraphenyl porphyrins. Electron microscopy examination of radiation damaged morphology shows considerable differences between cell lines. Progress with the nude mouse human melanoma model has been slow because of the lack of a reliable in vivo melanotic melanoma line, and the B16 mouse line is found to be more efficacious. Tailored beam calculations for the 10 MW HIFAR reactor indicate the difficulty of obtaining a suitable therapeutic beam because of the generated gamma dose in the beam filters. A new approach to NCT utilises the enormous cross section of 157Gd and the induced-Auger effect which has been shown to cause double strand breaks in circular DNA. © Alan R. Liss Inc.