Lake sediments record high intensity shaking that provides insight into the location and rupture length of large earthquakes on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand

Howarth, JD; Fitzsimons, SJ; Norris, RJ; Jacobsen, GE

Lake sediments record high intensity shaking that provides insight into the location and rupture length of large earthquakes on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand

Date

2014-10-01

Authors

Publisher

Elsevier

Abstract

Understanding the seismic hazard posed by large earthquakes requires paleoseismic investigation because most faults have not ruptured repeatedly during the period of historic records. However, determining the location and length of fault ruptures using paleoseismic data remains challenging. Our study demonstrates that lake sediments record the high intensity shaking that occurs proximal to fault rupture, allowing the location and length of ruptures to be reconstructed. In two lakes adjacent to the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, seismic shaking is recorded as subaqueous mass-wasting derived turbidites formed by coseismic subaqueous slope failures, which are overlain by sets of hyperpycnites representing elevated fluvial sediment fluxes from earthquake-induced landslides. Precise radiocarbon age models show that shaking events are synchronous between the two lake sites and correlate with the timing of known Alpine Fault earthquakes. Modelled shaking intensities for the last two Alpine Fault earthquakes show that subaqueous mass-wasting occurs when shaking intensities exceed Modified Mercalli scale (MM) VI–VII, and that fluvial sediment fluxes from earthquake-induced landslides occur when shaking intensities exceed MM IX. The data demonstrate that lake records distinguish between strong (MM VI) and violent (MM IX) shaking at a lake site. The ability to map the spatial extent of MM IX shaking provides new insights into the timing and extent of rupture for the last five earthquakes on the Alpine Fault. The study demonstrates that lake deposits constrain the spatial extent of rupture during large earthquakes and may yield long records of the spatial and temporal patterns of fault rupture. © 2014, Elsevier B.V.

Keywords

Earthquakes, Alps, Lakes, Geological faults, Ruptures, Isotope dating

Citation

Howarth, J. D., Fitzsimons, S. J., Norris, R. J., & Jacobsen, G. E. (2014). Lake sediments record high intensity shaking that provides insight into the location and rupture length of large earthquakes on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 403, 340-351. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.008