Programme by Topic Area SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY Venue MC1 MC2 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Congress Opening Plenary—Danzmann 0915–1000 Morning Tea Plenary—Leggett Plenary—Ullrich 1000–1040 Physics in Industry Young Australian Physics Morning Tea Morning Tea Forum Researchers 1040–1220 AOS STSP ASRP NUPP AMOS BMP AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG 1220–1400 Lunch Lunch • Sutherland Lecture—Home Lunch • Press Club Address—Pearman 1400–1540 Physics in Industry Young Australian Physics AOS STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS ASRP AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG Forum Researchers 1540–1620 Afternoon Tea Afternoon Tea Afternoon Tea 1620–1800 Physics in Industry Young Australian Physics AOS STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS BMP AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP BMP PEG Forum Researchers 1800–2000 Welcome Reception 1930–2130 Poster Session 1 Poster Session 2 WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY Venue MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Plenary—Pearman Plenary—Van Leeuwen AOS Plasma/ CMM CSCMP AMPQC EP/RE 0915–1000 Plenary—Chu Plenary—Cesarksy STSP 1000–1040 Morning Tea Morning Tea Morning Tea 1040–1220 AOS/ PP CMMSP NUPP AMOS GP AOS/ PP CMMSP GP PEG ASA AOS STSP CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC AOS AMPQC AMPQC 1220–1330 Lunch AIP AGM Lunch 1330–1400 Poster Session 3 Prizes and Medals 1400–1530 Schools Outreach: AOS AMPQC CMMSP GP AAS ASA/ Plenary—Bilek Future of Physics ASGRG Plenary—Quinn Entertaining Physics 1530–1800 Physics as a Life Skill Afternoon Tea Entertaining Physics AOS AMPQC CMMSP CSCMP AAS WIP/HOP ANU Tour Einstein’s Revolution System 1800–1930 ANU BBQ 1930–2130 Conference Dinner 1900 hrs for 2000 hrs Poster Session 4 1 6 t h N a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s 2 0 0 5 A U S T R A L I A N I N S T I T U T E O F P H Y S I C S 1538 ACTS (AIPC Handbook Cover) 12/1/05 4:37 PM Page 1 16th National Congress 2005 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS Physics for the Nation Manning Clark Centre Australian National University Canberra Sunday 30 January to Friday 4 February 2005 Congress Proceedings Handbook and Abstracts http://aipcongress2005.anu.edu.au W ARD ROAD ELLERY CRESCENT B A R R Y D R I V E U N I V E R S I T Y A V E N’S LLI VA SU GARRAN ROAD 1538 ACTS (AIPC Handbook Cover) 12/1/05 4:44 PM Page 2 Manning Clark Centre Floor Plan MC1 MC2 MC3 Melville Hall MC6 MC5 MC4 Landscaped Courtyard Speakers Preparation Computer Lab G064 G016 1 Novotel 3 Manning Clarke Centre 5 Ursula Hall 7 University House 9 Public Carpark 2 Rydges Lakeside 4 John XXIII College 6 Bruce Hall 8 Sullivan’s Creek Carpark 10 Melville Hall 6 DALEY ROAD 4 5 DALEY ROAD 8 OA D R Computer Lab H D SOUTH ROA R T EK O G016E OVAL CR N WILLOWS NORTH OVAL FELLOWS OVAL OVAL 3 Hanna Neumann D 10 Speakers Preparation RO A S G014W LL O FE KINGSLEY STREET 7 9 LIVERSIDGE STREET CHILDERS STREET 7 1 MARCUS CLARKE STREET GORDON STREET LONDON CIRCUIT 2 Llewellyn Hall 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Sponsors The Congress would like to acknowledge the generous support of all our sponsors from across Australia. Principal Sponsor Major Sponsor (Plenary Sponsor [Danzmann] and AOS Session Sponsor) Major Sponsor (Physics in Industry Forum, Dinner Sponsor Synchrotron Science Sessions) Nobel Prize Winner Sponsor (Leggett) Nobel Prize Winner Sponsor (Chu) Major Sponsor (Plenary Sponsor [van Leeuwen] and Plasma Physics Session Sponsor Geophysics Session Sponsor) Major Sponsor (Internet Café Sponsor and Poster Session Sponsor [Wednesday]) Plenary Speaker Sponsor (Pearman) Welcome Reception Sponsor Major Sponsor Satchel Sponsor Australian Institute of Physics Major Sponsor Poster Session Sponsor National Institute of Physical Sciences Major Sponsor Morning and Afternoon Tea Sponsor (Monday) Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering (RSPhysSE), ANU Major Sponsor (Outreach Program) AVT Services Pty Limited Poster Session Sponsor Major Sponsor (CMMSP Session Sponsor) Media Sponsor Congress Handbook and Abstracts 1 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Participating Societies Associated Conferences ■ Australian Institute of Physics (AIP) —Atomic and Molecular Physics & Quantum Chemistry Group (AMPQC) —Physics Education Group (PEG) Australian Institute of Physics —Women in Physics Group (WIP) ■ Astronomical Society of Australia (ASA) ■ Australasian Society for General Relativity and Gravitation (ASGRG) ■ Australian Acoustical Society (AAS) ■ Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering Plasma Science and Technology Congress (AINSE—Plasma) ■ Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering Nuclear & Particle Physics Group (AINSE—NUPP) ■ Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic A S G R G Society (AMOS) ■ Australian Optical Society (AOS) ■ Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists (ASEG) ■ Australian Synchrotron Research Program (ASRP) ■ Condensed Matter and Materials “Wagga” Meeting (CMM) ■ Science Educators’ Association of the ACT (SEACT) ■ Solar, Terrestrial and Space Physics Group (STSP) ■ Specialist Group on Solid Earth Geophysics, Geological Society of Australia (GSA) ■ Vacuum Society of Australia (VSA) The following organisations have provided underwriting support for the AIP Congress 2005: ■ Australian Institute of Physics ■ Australian National University —National Institute for Physical Sciences —H-1NF Heliac Major National Facility ■ Australian Optical Society ■ Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists 2 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Welcome from the Welcome from the Congress Chair Programme Chair Dear Colleagues, Dear Colleagues, In this, the 2005 International Year of Physics The Congress programme covers almost all aspects of declared by the UN, the AIP Congress will bring Physics, and we are pleased that so many associations together for the first time15 Physics-based societies have chosen to hold their annual meetings as part of and topical meetings to commence celebrations for the Congress. This ensures that we have a the 2005 IYP in Australia. With over 750 abstracts representation from many disciplines, and it offers you received and more than 850 participants, this will be the opportunity to find interesting, new information the largest ever gathering of Australian physicists. outside your own subject. In the 100 years since Einstein’s miraculous The plenary sessions in the mornings will give you discoveries, Physics has changed our lives. overviews in a wide spectrum of topical issues, ranging Australia has made an important contribution to from fundamental to Applied Physics. Further detailed this change, and we have exemplified this in the topic areas are covered in six parallel sessions—with Congress theme Physics for the Nation. over 70 keynote speakers. For your convenience they During the Congress, we hope that you will appear either at the beginning or the end of session, contribute to this process and hear of the exciting so you can change from one topic to another and advances made by our colleagues, and by the stellar sample a wide variety of keynote addresses. Please cast of international speakers. I hope that you will celebrate the achievements of Physics in all its also be able to participate in the Congress Dinner in different forms. the magnificent setting of the Great Hall of Parliament The topics represent all the traditional areas, but also House, and witness the presentations there on the span wider topics, such as Quantum Physics or benefits Physics has brought to Australia’s economic, Complex Systems, which are included in many of the cultural and environmental wellbeing. sessions. Many of the presentations have been The quality of the scientific and social programme for included as proceedings on the CD that you have the Congress has only been made possible through received with this handbook. the major financial backing of our Congress sponsors The poster sessions provide a forum of discussions, and exhibitors. Many of them are also contributors to with up to 50 posters per topic area where you will find the Congress theme, so I invite you to view their many interesting ideas and enthusiastic presenters. technical presentations at the Congress Exhibition Enjoy this opportunity to show your work and find out and at the Great Hall. information in detail through personal contact. This theme is also being brought to the general We are pleased to find such strong support from public through our Outreach Programme in which I Europe and the US for our sessions. This merges well would encourage you all to participate. This includes with the excellent work we are producing in Australia. the William Sutherland lecture on Monday, the In many categories the selection has been very National Press Club lunch on Tuesday, the Outreach competitive, and this shows the lively activity in the sessions on Wednesday afternoon, and the public Australian Physics community. lecture on Thursday evening. I hope you will enjoy the week’s events, and welcome to the 16th Biennial Congress of the Australian Hans Bachor Institute of Physics! PROGRAMME CHAIR Ken Baldwin CONGRESS CHAIR Congress Handbook and Abstracts 3 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Organising Committee ■ Chair Ken Baldwin, RSPhysSE, ANU ■ Treasurer John Howard, RSPhysSE, ANU ■ Exhibition John Close, Faculties, ANU Aidan Byrne, Faculties/RSPhysSE, ANU ■ Sponsorship David Pulford, DSTO ■ Website & IT Steve Gibson, RSPhysSE, ANU Bob Dewar RSPhysSE, ANU ■ Graphics Tim Wetherell, RSPhysSE, ANU Welcome from the ■ Proceedings editor Massimiliano (Max) Colla, Faculties, ANU AIP President ■ Publicity Charles Barton, RSES, ANU Dear Colleagues, EX. OFFICIO ■ AIP President Rob Elliman, RSPhysSE, ANU On behalf of the Australian Institute of Physics (AIP) I should like to ■ 2002 Congress liaison John Love, RSPhysSE, ANU welcome you to the 16th Biennial Physics Congress in Canberra. The AIP supports and promotes Australian Physics and physicists and this Congress is an important element of this mission. This year’s Congress will also launch the AIP’s celebration of the Programme Committee centenary of Einstein’s ‘miraculous’ year, the year in which he laid the foundations for much of modern Physics. ■ Chair Hans Bachor, Faculties, ANU ■ Secretary Mukunda Das, RSPhysSE, ANU The AIP Congress is the largest domestic Physics conference in ■ Acoustics and Music (AAS) Marion Burgess, Australia and the 2005 meeting will see around 800 delegates UNSW@ADFA, Neville Fletcher, RSPhysSE, ANU meet in Canberra to present and discuss the latest developments ■ Astronomy (ASA) Brian Schmidt, RSAA, ANU in their specific fields. The programme will include some 750 oral ■ Atomic, Molecular Physics & Quantum Chemistry and poster presentations, an impressive list of keynote speakers (AMPQC) Julian Lower, RSPhysSE, ANU and an outstanding collection of national and international plenary speakers, including two Nobel Prize winners. A dedicated ■ Bio/medical Physics (BMP) Tim Senden, RSPhysSE, ANU outreach session for students and the general public is also scheduled for Wednesday afternoon and will officially begin the ■ Complex Systems, Computational and AIP’s ‘International Year of Physics (IYP2005)’ activities. Mathematical Physics (CSCMP) Murray Batchelor, RSPhysSE/MSI, ANU The Congress also provides an excellent opportunity to publicly ■ Condensed Matter/Surface (CMMSP) acknowledge the contributions of outstanding individuals Glen Stewart, UNSW@ADFA, Rob Elliman, and will include the presentation of AIP prizes and awards. RSPhysSE, ANU These will be presented at a special ceremony on Friday ■ Education (PEG) Sandra Box, Dickson College, afternoon, and will include: the 2003 Bragg Gold Medal for the David Low, UNSW@ADFA best PhD thesis (Dr Michael Bromley—CDU), the 2004 Alan Walsh ■ Environmental Physics (EP) John Finnigan, CSIRO Medal for service to industry (Dr Brian Sowerby and Dr James ■ Geophysics (GP) Ross Griffiths, RSES, ANU, Tickner—CSIRO), the inaugural AIP Education Medal (Dr Mario Charles Barton, RSES, ANU Zadnik—Curtin), the 2004 Walter Boas Medal (Prof. George ■ Meteorology, Climate Change (AMOS) Dracoulis—ANU), the 2004 Women-in-Physics Lecturer Award John Finnigan, CSIRO and Oceanography (Dr Nanda Dasgupta—ANU), and the Harrie Massey Medal, Ross Griffiths, RSES, ANU a joint IOP-AIP award for outstanding contributions to physics ■ Nuclear & Particle Physics (NUPP) Aidan Byrne, (Prof. Peter Drummond—UQ). Faculties/RSPhysSE, ANU Finally, I should like to take this opportunity to thank all those who ■ Optics, Photonics, Lasers (AOS) Neil Manson, have contributed their time and effort to ensuring the success of RSPhysSE, ANU the 2005 Congress. This includes members of the Organising and ■ Plasma Physics (PP) Jeff Harris, RSPhysSE, ANU, Programme Committees, the Congress secretariat, and the many John Howard, RSPhysSE, ANU others who have made formal and informal contributions. However, ■ Relativity and Gravitation (ASGRG) special thanks are reserved for Dr Ken Baldwin, the Chair of the David McClelland, Faculties, ANU Organising Committee, and Prof. Hans Bachor, the Chair of the ■ Renewable Energy (RE) Andrew Blakers, CSES, Programme Committee for their prodigious efforts in coordinating Engineering, ANU the overall event. ■ Solar, Terrestrial & Space (STSP) Iver Cairns, I hope you enjoy the AIP’s 16th Biennial Congress. University of Sydney ■ Synchrotron Science (ASRP) Mark Ridgway, RSPhysSE, ANU ■ Women in Physics (WIP) Anna Wilson, RSPhysSE, Robert Elliman ANU AIP PRESIDENT 4 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Table of Contents Sponsors 1 Sponsor Contact Details 19 Participating Societies and Exhibitor Listing 19 Associated Conferences 2 Exhibition Floor Plan 21 Welcome from the Congress Chair 3 Exhibitor Contact Details 22 General Information 24 Welcome from the Programme Chair 3 Registration at the Congress 24 Welcome from the AIP President 4 Registration Desk Contact Details 24 Name Badges 24 Organising and Programme Committees 4 Internet Facilities 24 Speaker Information 24 Events Programme 6 Transport 24 Physics in Industry Forum 6 Car Parking 24 Young Australian Physics Accommodation 25 Researchers’ Forum 11 Maps 25 Welcome Reception 13 Programme and Abstracts Contents 27 Sutherland Lecture 13 Programme at a Glance 29 National Press Club Luncheon 14 Programme in Detail 34 Outreach Programme 15 Plenary Speakers 45 Congress Dinner 15 Medals and Awards 57 Questacon Public Lecture 15 AIP AGM and Medal Ceremony 16 Topic Areas and Highlights 63 Laboratory Tours and BBQ 16 Book of Abstracts 71 Society Meetings 16 Author Index 256 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 5 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Events Programme Physics in Industry Forum 1030–1115 hrs Liz Towns-Andrews Sunday 30 January CCLRC—Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, Cheshire, UK, e.towns-andrews@cclrc.ac.uk 1000–1800 hrs Industrial Applications of the Daresbury Manning Clark 1 (MC1), ANU Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS) In keeping with the Congress theme Physics for the The SRS provides state-of-the-art analytical techniques Nation, the Physics in Industry Forum aims to highlight from infrared to hard X-ray wavelengths. The the application of Physics in the economy. In consultation characteristics of synchrotron radiation are ideal for with industry, a range of Physics contributions with analytical problems that require high spatial or temporal commercial outcomes will be presented, with discussion resolution or problems that are simply intractable using on enhancing commercialization prospects. conventional instruments. An increasing number of large scale facilities exist worldwide, but are 0930–1000 Registration and morning tea traditionally used by universities and higher education 1000–1015 Opening and Welcome institutions for pure R&D. In recognition of the needs of commercial customers, Daresbury Laboratory has MORNING SESSION Chair: Mark Ridgway established DARTS (Daresbury Analytical Research and Technology Service). DARTS offers unique services 1015–1030 Richard Garrett—“Introduction to tailored to the needs of the customer, allowing access Synchrotron Radiation and the Australian to synchrotron analytical facilities and also the Synchrotron—a 10 Minute Primer” significant expertise and knowledge of staff on site. The 1030–1115 Liz Towns-Andrews—“Industrial analytical portfolio offered by DARTS encompasses Applications of the Daresbury Synchrotron imaging, spectroscopic and structural characterisation Radiation Source (SRS)” techniques. The nature of problems and issues solved 1115–1145 Gerry Roe—“The Australian Synchrotron— by DARTS is varied and includes: investigations of Industry Engagement through the Physics product failure and non-conformance, manufacturing Community” issues, basic R&D and information used in expert 1145–1215 Chris Davies—“Synchrotron Radiation witness cases. This presentation will outline the Investigation of Twinning in Extruded concept of DARTS and the approach taken at the SRS Magnesium Alloy AZ31” towards industrial customers. It will provide practical 1215–1330 Lunch examples and case histories of how an analytical service such as DARTS can help to improve industrial AFTERNOON SESSION processes in a range of business sectors. Chair: John Love 1330–1400 Grant Griffiths—“What is Industrial Physics 1115–1145 hrs Gerard Roe in the 21st Century?” Australian Synchrotron Project 1400–1430 Tony Farmer—“Sub-Surface Radar—From Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Coal to SiroPulse II” Development (Victoria), Melbourne VIC 1430–1500 Tony Lindsay—“Self-Organising UAV gerry.roe@iird.vic.gov.au Formations—DSTO R&D” The Australian Synchrotron— 1530–1600 Afternoon tea Industry Engagement through the EVENING SESSION Physics Community Chair: David Thorncraft The Australian Synchrotron will be a national facility that 1600–1630 Martin Elias—“Manufacturing Photonic will provide world class capability to a broad cross- Components” section of Australian scientists and technologists, including the physics community. A synchrotron light 1630–1700 Bluescope Steel—Bryan Scott—“From Innovation to Application—a Case Study in source provides the capability to access and Iron Making” manipulate a major part of the electromagnetic spectrum, enabling new research, development and 1700–1730 Davies Collison Cave—“Patents and The innovation. The Australian Synchrotron Project is Real World” committed to driving processes that enable industry 1800 Welcome Reception users to generate valuable outcomes by engagement with the facility. 6 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Events Programme The central feature of a synchrotron is an electron component made from magnesium. In an impact the storage ring that produces electromagnetic radiation component will typically have a tensile and a (light) that is many orders of magnitude more intense compression face, and in magnesium—unlike than from conventional laboratory sources. The light is aluminium and steel—differential yielding will occur, directed down beamlines to endstations where with the compressive face yielding first and a samples are analysed. The Australian Synchrotron will consequent shift in the neutral axis of the component. have capacity for as many as 35 beamlines operating Car designers must be able to model such behaviour if simultaneously and independently. Available magnesium is to be used in large volumes in measurements will include X-ray absorption automotive applications. spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, AZ31 is a commercially available magnesium extrusion small angle X-ray scattering, X-ray imaging electron alloy containing 3 wt% aluminium, 1 wt% zinc and emission and infrared spectroscopy. These techniques 0.3 wt% manganese. The initial texture of the bar is one can be used to characterise composition and structure, in which the hexagonal unit cell c axes are principally from the atomic level through to the macroscopic, and normal to the extrusion direction, but with a slight so a synchrotron provides tools to elucidate spread in the extrusion direction, coupled with a relationships between structure, composition, component with a significant spread towards the properties and function of samples. transverse direction. Using synchrotron radiation with an energy of 70 keV, and wavelength 0.196Å, in situ In order for the physics community to deliver value to room temperature tension and compression tests were industry, there must be engagement between the conducted at HASYLab in Hamburg. The results of public and private sectors. Communication must be these experiments are presented for each orientation, encouraged, and the types of opportunities discussed and the implications for the anisotropy of yield in must be proactively pursued. The Australian textured magnesium alloys is discussed. Synchrotron will provide a unique forum where scientists and technologists from across sectors and 1330–1400 hrs Grant Griffiths disciplines will interact, and industry programmes will Assistant Chief, CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield be driven forward. The physics community is a key NSW, grant.griffiths@csiro.au stakeholder group, and physicists will play crucial roles in the development of this national collaborative What is Industrial Physics in the research infrastructure. 21st Century? Grant will highlight some of the significant changes 1145–1215 hrs Chris Davies that have taken place in CSIRO in the last two years C.H.J. Davies*‡, S. Yi§‡, J. Bohlen‡, K.U. Kainer‡, and the new directions for the Industrial Physics H.-G. Brockmeier§‡. division. He will explore some of the exciting physics- * School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash based research and current innovation in the University, Victoria, Australia; § Institut für Werkstoffkunde und organisation and look forward to how this work will Werkstofftechnik, der Technischen Universität Clausthal, have its impact on industry. Germany; ‡GKSS-Forschungszentrum, Geesthacht, Germany. Chris.Davies@spme.monash.edu.au 1400–1430 hrs Tony Farmer Synchrotron Radiation Investigation CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield NSW, of Twinning in Extruded Magnesium tony.farmer@csiro.au Alloy AZ31 Sub-Surface Radar—from Coal to If predictions are to be believed, the use of wrought SiroPulse II magnesium is set to increase dramatically over the The techniques of Sub-Surface Radar, SSR, (or Ground next five to ten years as auto manufacturers and others Probing Radar, GPR) have been applied to many seek to lightweight components. However, this practical problems since the middle of the 20th century increased use will rely in part on improved and CSIRO Industrial Physics has been an active understanding of the deformation of these metals. player in this field since the 1980's. Our research has Many alloys with a hexagonal close packed crystal covered a wide variety of potential application areas structure show a marked anisotropy of yield when and this presentation will attempt to trace the path of comparing compression with tension, and while the technology development leading to commercial cause of this anisotropy is known in a qualitative sense, products. The range of research problems will be the effect has yet to be adequately quantified. The discussed along with some of the difficulties importance of this can be illustrated by imagining a car encountered in commercialising scientific research. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 7 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Events Programme (cont.) The success of our current product in the 1630–1700 hrs Bluescope Steel market-place will be presented along with future prospects in a range of application spaces. Bryan Scott, Senior Development Engineer, Ironmaking Technology & Development, 1430–1500 hrs Tony Lindsay Bluescope Steel, Port Kembla Electronic Warfare and Radar Division, From Innovation to Application—a Case Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Study in Iron Making Edinburgh SA There is no single clear path from research innovation tony.lindsay@dsto.defence.gov.au to industrial application. Academia is at the forefront of Self-Organising UAV Formations— discovering new knowledge, often outside the context DSTO R&D of real-world problems and oblivious to potential applications. Industry is in the business of addressing Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have found and solving challenging real-world problems, but is increasing utility in Defence and security applications. often blind to potential solutions already existing in the Technology advances that enable smaller and cheaper academic world. Clearly stronger interaction between payloads (including sensors, processors and academia and industry would benefit both parties. communications systems) are stimulating totally new concepts and opportunities. Investigating the trade-offs This presentation describes the evolution of an for utilising small, expendable formations of “innovation-to-application” pathway between the cooperating vehicles versus large, multifunction Australian National University and Bluescope Steel, in vehicles is an area rich in R&D challenges including relation to the development of coherence imaging payload design (eg miniaturisation and system-on-chip systems , a spin-off from basic plasma physics integration concepts), autonomous agent algorithms for research, for high-temperature pyrometry within the “swarm” control, technologies for distrbuted data heavy industry environment of an integrated fusion and algorithms for network optimisation steelworks. The role of industry in providing focused (scheduling strategies for space, time, frequency, . . . application (direction) for further development of (n-dimensional) coverage). academic innovation is discussed, together with the equally important and complementary requirement for This talk will describe the R&D being undertaken in the academia to showcase innovation in a readily field of distributed UAVs for electronic warfare, and the accessible and “industry-friendly” way. role being played by Australian industry in turning the modelling and simulation into reality. 1700–1730 hrs Leon Allen 1600–1630 hrs Martin Elias Davies Collison Cave, Melbourne, VIC mail@davies.com.au, http://www.davies.com.au Technical Director, AOFR Pty Limited Canberra BC ACT Australia Patents and The Real World martin.elias@aofr.com, www.aofr.com A practical look at the monopoly conferred by patents focusing on the importance of the wording of patent Manufacturing Photonic Components claims and how they are interpreted by the courts. The The resurgence of the telecommunications industry is factors that can determine the final form of claim generating increasing demand for fibre optic network wording and the consquences for the resulting components. AOFR has been developing and protection will be examined through some case manufacturing photonic components for 20 years using studies. proprietary equipment designed for high volume, low cost production. The design of the products includes a number of features that ensure high reliability under harsh environmental conditions. Automated manufacturing equipment and processes enable close control of the optical characteristics of the products and flexibility in meeting a wide variety of specifications. The presentation will cover some key aspects of product and process design that enable the company to meet the evolving demands of the market. 8 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Events Programme Young Australian Physics 1030–1100 hrs Anne Barnett Researchers’ Forum Physics Department, Macquarie University, Sydney e-mail: anneb@ics.mq.edu.au Sunday 30 January Optical Micro-characterisation 1020–1800 hrs Research Group Manning Clark 2 (MC2), ANU As science and technology moves into the 21st century, an important focus is the ability of scientists A group of Australia’s best and brightest postgraduate from all areas to create new and exciting research students will showcase their research in a series of opportunities through the merging of fields and presentations organized by the students themselves interdisciplinary co-operation. With this in mind our that will complement the main Congress programme. research group has focused on the development and The cost of attending is included in all Congress refinement of optical micro-characterisation techniques registration fees. and their application to state-of-the-art technologies. Our specific focus is on techniques aimed at the 0930–1020 Registration and Morning Tea characterisation of spectroscopic information from 1020–1030 Welcome Opening physical, chemical and biological systems on the 1030–1100 Anne Barnett (Macquarie University) micrometre and nanometre scales. Our ability to marry “Optical Micro-characterisation Research pure physics research with applications in the frontier Group” of biotechnology, along with strong collaborative links, has placed Australia as a front-line player in these new 1100–1130 Elizabeth Angstmann (University of New and exciting fields. South Wales) “Constraining Variation of Fundamental 1100–1130 hrs Elizabeth Angstmann Constants” School of Physics, University of New South Wales, 1130–1200 Andrew Wroe (University of Wollongong) Sydney NSW, lizb@phys.unsw.edu.au “A New Millennia of Medical Physics Research at the CMRP” Constraining Variation of Fundamental Constants 1230–1330 Lunch Theories beyond the standard model, such as grand 1330–1400 Rebecca Scott (University of Melbourne) unified theories, predict the variation of fundamental “Nuclear Physics in the Modern World” constants. Our group performs calculations that place 1400–1430 Benjamin Johnston (Macquarie University) limits upon the variation of fundamental constants such “Laser Assisted Fabrication of Periodically- as the fine structure constant (α), the binding energy poled Optical Crystals” of deuterium, and the ratio of the quark mass to the QCD scale (mq/∆QCD). These limits are derived from 1430–1500 Ilana Klamer (University of Sydney) primordial Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the Oklo natural “Galaxies at the Edge of the Universe” nuclear reactor, quasar absorption spectra, and atomic 1500–1530 Ryan Springall (RMIT University) clock experiments. We have already found hints that “Dispersion Interactions and the α and (mq/∆QCD) may vary. The improved precision of Adiabatic Connection” future experiments and calculations will allow the placement of more stringent limits on the variation of 1530–1600 Peter Brooke (Macquarie University) constants. “The Physics behind the Quantum Computer” 1130–1200 hrs Andrew Wroe 1600–1630 Afternoon Tea Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, 1630–1800 Discussion Forum University of Wollongong, NSW Prominent international and local ajw16@uow.edu.au scientists will discuss the topic A New Millennia of Medical Physics “Australia as a Global Leader in Research”. Research at the CMRP As we move into the new millennium, the use of radiation within our society is ever increasing and so must our knowledge of this important medical and scientific tool. The Centre for Medical Physics (CMRP) Congress Handbook and Abstracts 11 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Events Programme (cont.) at the University of Wollongong, is conducting 1430–1500 hrs Ilana Klamer valuable and innovative research into many aspects of the use of radiation within medicine and science. This School of Physics, University of Sydney. ground-breaking research is being conducted in a Sydney, NSW, klamer@physics.usyd.edu.au number of areas including the measurement of Galaxies at the Edge of the Universe radiation effects on a cellular and DNA level, medical Powerful radio emission from a galaxy points to the imaging, space exploration and improvements to presence of a central supermassive (> 1 billion solar radiation therapies including magnetically enhanced masses) black hole, and is the most efficient tool for radiotherapy, brachytherapy, intensity modulated finding galaxies at the edge of the Universe. We have radiotherapy (IMRT), microbeam radiation therapy recently embarked on the first large scale search in the using synchrotron radiation and proton therapy. Many Southern Hemisphere for the most distant radio of these projects utilise novel detection methods and galaxies in the Universe, which, due to the finite speed instrumentation as well as Monte Carlo simulation of light, are also those which existed when the studies to achieve an outcome that will be beneficial to Universe was barely 10% of its current age (13 billion the wider society. years). In this talk, I will outline the search technique we use and the results thus far, including the discovery 1330–1400 hrs Rebecca Scott of at least nine new radio galaxies more than 10 billion School of Physics, University of Melbourne, light years away. I will show how observations like Parkville VIC, r.scott@unimelb.edu.au these constrain the physics of black hole and galaxy Nuclear Physics in the Modern World formation and discuss the direction that Australian Astronomy needs to be heading in the next decade to In Australia, and around the world, the face of nuclear enhance its reputation for doing world-class research. physics is changing fast. As technology advances rapidly, many new and exciting areas of research are 1500–1530 hrs Ryan Springall being born, and the line between nuclear physics and other branches of physics is becoming blurred. Computational and Condensed Matter Physics Group, Measurements on exotic halo nuclei, experimental tests Department of Applied Physics, RMIT University of the standard model and land mine identification are ryan.springall@rmit.edu.au just some of the exciting areas that are currently being Dispersion Interactions and the researched by the Photonuclear Group at the Adiabatic Connection University of Melbourne. Our group is also developing In this recently funded ARC project, some of the most novel detector signal digitisation and analysis accurate calculations ever performed will be used to techniques that will have a significant impact on the study in detail the effects of electron correlation path of nuclear physics in the coming decade. beyond the 2 body Coulombic interaction. Electron correlation is seen as being responsible for van 1400–1430 hrs Benjamin Johnston derWaals interactions in condensed matter systems, Physics Department, Macquarie University, Sydney and current non-perturbative models are unable to benjamin@physics.mq.edu.au account for this. Further, an understanding of the non- Laser Assisted Fabrication of asymptotic behaviour of these forces is seen as a Periodically-poled Optical Crystals primary constituent in the modeling of technologies in the nanoscale regime. Powerful theoretical methods will Periodically poled optical materials have become be employed to achieve this, including the adiabatic popular over the past decade as media for achieving connection formula, where the non-interacting system efficient quasi-phase-matched frequency conversion of is mapped onto a fully interacting system, extracting all laser light. The materials used for periodic poling are electron correlation, and the Quantum Monte Carlo generally ferroelectric optical crystals such as lithium code developed at Cavendish laboratory, Cambridge. niobate and its isomorphs. Lithography is commonly used to lay down the electrode patterning used when periodically poling ferroelectric crystals. We have explored an alternative method that uses laser direct write methods to fabricate a topographical electrode pattern which guides the domain pattern. The use of periodically poled materials is an innovative means of furthering the field of non-linear optics in spectroscopy, laser displays and all-optical-processing in future optical networks. 12 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Events Programme 1530–1600 hrs Peter Brooke Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney Sutherland pgb@ics.mq.edu.au Lecture The Physics behind the Quantum Computer Monday 31 January Utilising quantum states as a basis for information 1300–1400 hrs processing, storage, and transfer has shown that, in some cases, quantum information (QI) has significant Manning Clark 1 (MC1), ANU advantages over its classical counterpart. However, it Presenting Author: R. W. Home also has real disadvantages, namely, decoherence, gate implementation, and readout. Here, at Macquarie R.W. Home was Professor University, the physics research concentrates on the of History and Philosophy of trying to overcome the disadvantages. Specifically, we Science at the University of are performing a comprehensive study (with Dr K-P Melbourne, 1975–2003, and Marzlin, University of Calgary, and R. Karasik, UC is now Professor Emeritus. Berkeley) of decoherence-free subspaces, without any He has written extensively restrictive physical assumptions. This is a much on the history of physics, needed examination of the limitations imposed by especially on eighteenth- purely physical contraints on QI processing. The century theories of results also help quantify the difficulty of constructing a electricity and magnetism large QI processor, and, if a such a processer is to and on the history of built, show a need for physicists, both in Australia and physics in Australia. He is a worldwide, to examine mathematical results from a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities physical perspective. and a member of the International Academy of the History of Science. In 2004 the Australian Academy of Science awarded him its Academy Medal for his contribution to the Academy as editor since 1984 of the Welcome Reception journal Historical Records of Australian Science. Sunday 30 January Speculating about Atoms in Early 1800–2000 hrs 20th-century Melbourne: William Sutherland and the ‘Sutherland- Melville Hall, ANU SPONSORED BY Einstein’ Diffusion Relation R.W. Home The Congress Welcome Reception is sponsored by Institute of Physics (UK) and will be held in the trade Department of History & Philosophy of Science, exhibition and poster venue in Melville Hall at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australian National University. The cost of attending is home@unimelb.edu.au included in the registration fees for full registrants and In his biography of Einstein, ‘Subtle is the Lord…’, exhibitor aides. The cost for day-only registrants and Abraham Pais noted, while describing Einstein’s route delegates’ guests is $35. to his well-known diffusion relation, that the same This is a great chance to catch up with colleagues and relation had been discovered ‘at practically the same meet new contacts in your area—a terrific networking time’ by the Melbourne physicist William Sutherland, opportunity. following similar reasoning to Einstein’s, and had been submitted by him for publication shortly before Einstein completed the doctoral thesis in which he first announced the relation. Pais therefore proposed that the relation be called ‘the Sutherland-Einstein relation’. In this paper I discuss Sutherland’s research programme that led him to the diffusion relation, and comment on structural factors within the international physics community of the day that led to his work being over-shadowed by Einstein’s and soon forgotten. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 13 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Events Programme National Press Club From Physics to Policy: The Scienceof Climate Change Underpinning Luncheon Address: Private and Public Policy Decisions Professor Graeme Pearman Analyses of countries around the world demonstrate a Tuesday 1 February growing need through this century for energy in response to increasing life-style expectations and 1200–1400 hrs population. At least for some time, these needs can be met only by a continued utilisation of fossil-fuel energy that in turn results, with current technologies, in the National Press Club, Barton emission of carbon dioxide. Cost $55 The accumulation of this gas in the earth’s atmosphere has already changed the climate of the earth and more change is likely. In 2001, the international science community reported it is now clear that the earth warmed through the last century; most of this warming was likely due to increasing levels of greenhouse gases; the demand for energy will ensure that carbon dioxide continues to accumulate in the atmosphere and thus the climate warm through this century; and there are many observed and anticipated impacts of this warming on natural ecosystems and human activities around the world. Plenary speaker Professor Graeme Pearman will be presenting an address at the National Press Club on Since that time, the science has progressed further and Tuesday 1st February as part of the Congress here in Australia, evidence for warming, other climatic Outreach Programme. This is a prestigious occasion changes and impacts is growing. and will generate considerable media coverage. So what is the solution to this apparent conflict for the Delegates are invited to attend the luncheon to hear a future? Is it in new technologies? Is there a single prominent speaker on this important topical issue. response that will save the day? Or is there a demand for a new portfolio of energy production and utilisation Tickets for the lunch will be available from the technologies that meet the demands for the amenity that Congress registration desk for $55 and must be energy delivers, but does not compromise the future? booked and paid for in advance. Buses from the Are there economic gains to be made through early Congress will depart from outside Llewellyn Hall at engagement in a new vision of energy futures? Can we 1200 hrs sharp to reach the Press Club at 1215 hrs usefully extrapolate our existing energy systems into the in time for guests to be seated for lunch by 1230 hrs. future? Or is the solution in behavioural change, and The address will commence at 1300 hrs and buses new expectations for economic growth and social will return delegates to the Congress at 1400 hrs to security? arrive by 1430 hrs. Graeme Pearman will outline some of the more recent evidence for climate change; address the issue of how much change might turn out to be “dangerous”; discuss the dynamic between a still incomplete and developing science and the perceived need for intervention and legislative action to deal with climate change; and the risks that this imposes on the operating environment of the commercial and industrial world, both through the impact of climate change itself and through the need for adaptive and mitigative responses to the issue. He will discuss also the nature of a new paradigm for the development of policy, both private and public, that maximise delivery of these needs. 14 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Events Programme Outreach Programme Congress Dinner Wednesday 2 February Wednesday 2 February 1330–1830 hrs 1900 for 2000 hrs Llewellyn Hall, ANU Great Hall, Parliament House A Congress highlight will be the Outreach Programme A highlight of the Congress will be the Congress Dinner in on Wednesday afternoon, open to school students, the the magnificent Great Hall at Parliament House. general public and Congress delegates. It will The Dinner will reflect the Congress theme Physics for demonstrate the wide-ranging benefits of Physics to the Nation and will highlight—in the meeting place of science, the economy, and the community. This special the nation’s leaders—the many contributions that session will feature outstanding individuals with a Physics has made to this country. A high-quality poster background in Physics including Nobel Prize winners, presentation by our major sponsors will demonstrate the who have gone on to make important contributions to many benefits that Physics provides in the modern world. the advancement of knowledge and society. The Delegates will have a chance to mingle with speakers have been selected for their ability to articulate “Parliamentarians and with opinion leaders in the science the benefits of Physics both to experts and to a general arena over a fine meal in a magnificent setting. Dinner audience, highlighting the energy and dynamism which “tickets must be purchased from the Congress organisers motivates Physics and physicists. A special celebration at the registration desk. of 100 years since Einstein’s achievements will highlight Please check the notice board for dinner transfer times the 2005 International Year of Physics. The Outreach from Congress hotels. Entrance is by ticket only. Programme will be hosted by ABC Catalyst presenter Karina Kelly. Questacon Public Lecture: The Outreach Programme will commence with a presentation by His Excellency Major General Michael Professor Helen Quinn Jeffery AC CVO MC, Governor-General of the Thursday 3 February Commonwealth of Australia, who will present the ANZAAS Medal to Professor David Blair (see Medalists 1900 hrs section). Questacon Science Centre 1330–1430 Physics in 100 Years’ Time Find out what physics will be like in One of the plenary speakers, Helen Quinn will give a public 100 years’ time. Together with Nobel Prize lecture at Questacon—The National Science and winners and other famous physicists, the Technology Centre on Thursday 3 February at 1900 hrs as panel will discuss the future with the four part of the Congress Outreach Programme. Helen Quinn school finalists of the NIPS Physics Time works extensively with secondary school teachers in Warp competition. California to make physics fun and exciting for students 1430–1530 Entertaining Physics and accessible to the broader community. Experience interactive demonstrations The public lecture provides an opportunity for the students, provided by Questacon. parents and members of the Canberra community to 1530–1630 Physics as a Life Skill understand something of the fundamental nature of matter Hear from prominent Australian physicists, and energy and the important role of physics in modern life. Nobel Prize winners and others with a The Mystery of Missing Antimatter: Physics background about how Physics has The Asymmetry Between Matter and enlightened their career and prepared them for all walks of life. Antimatter in the Universe and in the Laws of Physics 1630–1730 Entertaining Physics A major outstanding puzzle at the intersection of particle More entertaining Physics activities with physics and cosmology is the asymmetry between matter Questacon. and antimatter. The Universe contains significant amounts of 1730–1830 Public Lecture—Einstein’s Revolution matter and an insignificant amount of antimatter. The puzzle is Discover how we test Einstein’s theories in how this can occur when the laws of physics for matter and modern Physics and how this will lead to new antimatter are very close to identical. Unless it arises from a technologies such as quantum computing. very finely tuned initial condition that is maintained by an The cost of attending the above sessions is included in all absolute conservation law, the matter–antimatter asymmetry full Congress registration fees. of the Universe can only occur due to an asymmetry between matter and antimatter in the laws of physics. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 15 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Events Programme AIP AGM and Society Meetings Medal Ceremony Friday 4 February Humboldt Society Sunday 30 January AGM 1300–1330 hrs 0900–1400 hrs Manning Clark 6 (MC6) The AIP AGM will be held in Manning Clark 1 (MC1). AIP Council Medal Ceremony 1330–1400 hrs Monday 31 January The Congress will highlight discipline contributions to 1800–2000 hrs Physics for the Nation through the awarding of prizes Manning Clark 4 (MC4) for excellence. The AIP will have a special awards ceremony immediately preceding the closing AMOS Plenary session, and will present the Massey, Boas, Wednesday 2 February Education, Bragg and Walsh medals, together with the 1220–1330 hrs Women in Physics Lecturer award. The individual Manning Clark 5 (MC5) discipline societies will be encouraged to present their awards within the discipline sessions. All winners of ITER Forum Australian medals (including those awarded by the Wednesday 2 February AIP) will have their presentations highlighted at the 1230–1330 hrs Opening Ceremony. Manning Clark 6 (MC6) AOS Council Wednesday 2 February Laboratory Tours and BBQ 1530–1700 hrs Manning Clark 6 (MC6) Wednesday 2 February Thursday 3 February 1530 hrs 1230–1400 hrs and Manning Clark 6 (MC6) Friday 4 February AIP Physics Education Group 1530 hrs (PEG) Thursday 3 February Physics Department, the Faculties, and the Research 1220–1400 hrs School of Physical Sciences and Engineering Manning Clark 4 (MC4) The experimental Physics facilities of the ANU will be open for inspection. STSP Group A BBQ will follow the Friday afternoon tour at the Thursday 3 February Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering 1300–1400 hrs at around 1800 hrs. Manning Clark 5 (MC5) The cost of the tours and the BBQ is included in all COSNet Systems Meeting Congress registration fees. However, you need to sign up for the laboratory tours and for the BBQ with the Friday 4 February Congress organisers at the registration desk. 1230–1330 hrs Manning Clark 6 (MC6) AIP AGM and Medal Ceremony Friday 4 February 1300–1330 and 1330–1400 hrs Manning Clark 1 (MC1) 16 Congress Handbook and Abstracts Academic Discounts of up to 90% available on Software. Freecall 1800 300 800 for details Take the online Guided Tour of LabVIEW. Visit ni.com/info and enter auqzqt. Freecall AUSTRALIA 1800 300 800 • NEW ZEALAND 0800 553 322 The Australian Synchrotron will open in 2007 and will offer researchers access to diverse techniques and capabilities beyond those currently available within Australia. Key contacts: Australian Synchrotron Lighting the path to innovation melbourneaustralia 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Sponsor Contact Details Principal Sponsor Major Sponsor Major Sponsor Australian National Australian Institute of Australian Nuclear Science & University Physics (AIP) Technology Organisation PO Box 82 Private Mail Bag 1 Parkville VIC 3052 Australia Menai NSW 2234 Australia Tel +61 3 9326 6669 Tel +61 2 9717 3111 Fax +61 3 9326 7272 Email neutrons@ansto.gov.au Major Sponsor Email aip@aip.org.au www.ansto.gov.au Physics in Industry Forum and Synchrotron Science Sessions Sponsor Australian Institute of Physics Australian Synchrotron Level 17, 80 Collins St Major Sponsor— Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia Major Sponsor Plenary Sponsor (Danzmann) and Tel +61 3 9655 3315 National Institute of Physical AOS Sessions Sponsor Fax +61 3 9655 8666 Sciences (NIPS) Coherent Scientific Pty Ltd Email contact.us@synchrotron.vic.gov.au Executive Officer: Christine Denny 116 Sir Donald Bradman Drive www.synchrotron.vic.gov.au Research School of Physical Hilton SA 5033 Australia Sciences and Engineering Tel +61 8 8150 5200 Australian National University Fax +61 8 8352 2020 ACT 0200 Australia Email sales@coherent.com.au Tel +61 2 6125 5469 www.coherent.com.au Nobel Prize Winner Sponsor (Chu) Fax +61 2 6125 5190 Email nips@anu.edu.au BusinessACT Chief Minister’s Department PO Box 243 Civic Square ACT 2608 Australia Dinner Sponsor Tel +61 2 6207 2599 Fax +61 2 6205 0597 CSIRO Industrial Physics Email mayumi.smith@act.gov.au Bradfield Road, West LindfieldMajor Sponsor www.business.act.gov.au PO Box 218 Research School of Physical Lindfield NSW 2070 Australia Sciences and Engineering Tel +61 2 9413 7000 (RSPhysSE), ANU Fax +61 2 9413 7631 Australian National University www.cip.csiro.au Major Sponsor— Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Plenary Sponsor (van Leeuwen) and www.rsphysse.anu.edu.au Geophysics Session Sponsor Research School of Physical Sciences BHP Billiton and Engineering (RSPhysSE) BHP Billiton—Exploration and Mining Technologies 180 Lonsdale Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia Major Sponsor Nobel Prize Winner Sponsor Tel +61 3 9609 4470 Outreach Programme (Leggett) Fax +61 3 9609 4472 Questacon The Ian Potter Foundation PO Box 5322 The Ian Potter Cultural Trust Kingston ACT 2604 Australia Level 3, 111 Collins St Tel +61 2 6270 2800 Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia Fax +61 2 6270 2808 Tel +61 3 9650 3188 Major Sponsor Freecall 1800 020 603 Fax +61 3 9650 7986 Internet Café Sponsor and www.ianpotter.org.au Poster Session Sponsor National Instruments P.O. Box 382 North Ryde NSW 2113 Australia Tel +61 2 9889 1033 Toll free 1800 300 800 Fax +61 2 9888 6611 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 19 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Sponsor Contact Details Exhibition Plasma Physics Session Poster Session Sponsor Booth 1 Oxford Instruments Pty Ltd Sponsor Davies/Collison/Cave Booth 2 Warsash National Plasma Fusion 1 Nicholson Street Research Facility (H-1 MNRF) Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia Booth 3 SIA Prof. J Harris Tel +61 3 9254 2777 Booth 4 Lastek Pty Ltd Research School of Physical Sciences Fax +61 3 9254 2770 and Engineering Other Offices: Sydney, Brisbane, Booth 5 Lastek Pty Ltd The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Booth 6 Scitek Australia Pty Ltd Tel +61 2 6125 2480 Booth 7 Stanton Scientific Fax +61 2 6125 8316 Booth 8 AVT Services Booth 9 Coherent Scientific Pty Ltd Morning and Afternoon Tea Sponsor (Monday) Booth 10 Coherent Scientific Pty Ltd AVT Services Pty Limited Booth 11 Javac Pty Ltd Plenary Speaker Sponsor Unit 16, 35 Foundry Road (Pearman) Seven Hills NSW 2147 Australia Booth 12 CSIRO Industrial Physics Silicon Graphics (SGI) Tel +61 2 9674 6711 Level 4, 11–18 Khartoum Road Fax +61 2 9674 7358 Booth 13 CSIRO Industrial Physics North Ryde NSW 2113 Australia Email info@avtservices.com.au Booth 14 Institute of Physics Tel +61 1300 364 744 Fax +61 2 8875 9480 Booth 15 Thermo Electron Corporation Email info@sydney.sgi.com www.sgi.com.au Booth 16 Photon Engineering Pty Ltd AVT Services Pty Limited Booth 18 NewSpec Pty Ltd Booth 19 NewSpec Pty Ltd Poster Session Sponsor (Monday) Booth 20 SciTech Pty Ltd Welcome Reception Sponsor NewSpec Pty Ltd Institute of Physics Booth 21 Australian Nuclear Science andGraeme Jones, Managing Director 76 Portland Place 83 King William Road Technology Organisation London W1B 1NT United Kingdom Unley SA 5061 Australia Booth 22 Australian Synchrotron Tel +44 20 7470 4800 Tel +61 8 8273 3040 Fax +44 20 7470 4848 Email graeme.jones@newspec.com.au Booth 25 Australian Institute of Physics Email physics@iop.org www.newspec.com.au www.iop.org Booth 26 Australian Institute of Physics Booth 28 Kohzu Precision Booth 29 Taylor & Francis Australia Satchel Sponsor Booth 30 ETP Semra Pty Ltd Defence Science and Media Sponsor Technology Organisation New Scientist Booth 32 Australian National University (DSTO) Jeff Sapier, Marketing Manager and National Institute of PO Box 1500 Building 2, 475 Victoria Avenue Physical Sciences West Avenue Chatswood NSW 2067 Australia Edinburgh SA 5111 Australia Tel +61 2 9422 2556 Tel +61 8 8259 6923 Mob +61 402 870 473 Fax +61 8 8259 6191 Fax +61 2 9422 2725 Exhibition Opening Hours Email stephen.butler@dsto.defence.gov.au Email jeff@newscientist.com.au Sunday 30 January 1800–2000 hrs www.dsto.defence.gov.au www.newscientist.com Monday 31 January 0830–1830 hrs Tuesday 1 February 0830–1830 hrs Wednesday 2 February 0830–1400 hrs Thursday 3 February 0830–1630 hrs 20 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Exhibition Floor Plan Congress Handbook and Abstracts 21 T T E E A A Internet Café 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Exhibitor Contact Details Booth 1 Booth 6 Booth 11 Oxford Instruments Pty Ltd Scitek Australia Pty Ltd Javac Pty Ltd—H.O. PO Box 7 10–18 Cliff Street 54 Rushdale Street Pennant Hills 1715 NSW Australia Milsons Point NSW 2061 Australia Knoxfield VIC 3180 Australia Tel +61 2 9484 6108 Tel +61 2 9954 1925 Free call 1300 786 771 Fax +61 2 9484 1667 Fax +61 2 9954 1939 Tel +61 3 9763 7633 Email sales@oxinst.com.au Email contact@scitek.com.au Fax +61 3 9763 2756 Email sales@javac.com.au Booth 2 Booth 7 Booths 12 and 13 Warsash Scientific Pty Ltd Stanton Scientific CSIRO Industrial Physics Unit 7, The Watertower PO Box 928 Bradfield Road, West Lindfield 1 Marian Street 2/75 Jonson Street PO Box 218 Redfern NSW 2016 Australia Byron Bay NSW 2481 Australia Lindfield NSW 2070 Australia (adj. to The Australian Technology Park) Tel +61 2 6685 6902 Tel +61 2 9413 7000 Tel +61 2 9319 0122 Fax +61 2 6685 8530 Fax +61 2 9413 7631 Fax +61 2 9318 2192 Email bill@stantonscientific.com www.cip.csiro.au Email sales@warsash.com.au www.stantonscientific.com www.warsash.com.au S][S Booth 3 Booth 8 Booth 14 Science Industry Australia Inc. AVT Services Pty Limited Institute of Physics Alan Lawrenson, Executive Director Unit 16, 35 Foundry Road 76 Portland Place PO Box 600 Seven Hills NSW 2147 Australia London W1B 1NT United Kingdom Eastwood NSW 2122 Australia Tel +61 2 9674 6711 Tel +44 20 7470 4800 Tel +61 2 9487 8453 Fax +61 2 9674 7358 Fax +44 20 7470 4848 Fax +61 2 9487 8100 Email info@avtservices.com.au Email physics@iop.org Email sia@scienceindustry.com.au www.iop.org www.scienceindustry.com.au AVT Services Pty Limited Booths 4 and 5 Booths 9 and 10 Booth 15 Lastek Pty Ltd Coherent Scientific Pty Ltd Thermo Electron Corporation Uni of Adelaide, Thebarton Campus 116 Sir Donald Bradman Drive t/a Thermo Optek (Australia) Pty Ltd 10 Reid Street Hilton SA 5033 Australia Unit 14, 38—46 South Street Thebarton SA 5031 Australia Tel +61 8 8150 5200 Rydalmere NSW 2116 Australia Tel +61 8 8443 8668 Fax +61 8 8352 2020 Tel +61 2 8844 9500 Fax +61 8 8443 8427 Email sales@coherent.com.au Fax +61 2 8844 9599 Toll Free 1800 882 215 www.coherent.com.au Email dominic.gomez@thermo.com www.lastek.com.au www.thermo.com 22 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Exhibitor Contact Details Booth 16 Booth 22 Booth 30 Photon Engineering Pty Ltd Australian Synchrotron ETP Semra Pty Ltd PO Box 122 Rundle Mall Level 17, 80 Collins St 244 Canterbury Road Adelaide SA 5000 Australia Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia Canterbury NSW 2193 Australia Tel +61 8 8232 3444 Tel +61 3 9655 3315 Tel +61 2 9718 1444 Fax +61 8 8232 9333 Fax +61 3 9655 8666 Fax +61 2 9718 8222 Email sales@photonengineering.com.au Email Email info@etpsemra.com.au www.photonengineering.com.au contact.us@synchrotron.vic.gov.au www.etpsemra.com.au www.synchrotron.vic.gov.au Booths 18 and 19 Booths 25 and 26 Booth 32 NewSpec Pty Ltd Australian Institute of Australian National Graeme Jones, Managing Director Physics University/National Institute 83 King William Road PO Box 82 of Physical Sciences Unley SA 5061 Australia Parkville VIC Australia Marketing and Communications Tel +61 8 8273 3040 Tel +61 3 9326 6669 Division Email graeme.jones@newspec.com.au Fax +61 3 9326 7272 Australian National University www.newspec.com.au Email aip@aip.org.au Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Tel +61 2 6125 4170 Email mac@anu.edu.au Australian Institute of Physics Booth 20 Booth 28 SciTech Pty Ltd— Kohzu Precision Co Ltd National Institute of The Imaging Specialists! 2-6-15 Kurigi, Asao-Ku Physical Sciences Unit 4, 72–74 Chifley Drive Kawasaki, Kanagawa 215-8521 Christine Denny PRESTON VIC 3072 Australia Japan Executive Officer Tel +61 3 9480 4999 Tel +81 44 981 2131 Australian National University Fax +61 3 9416 9959 Fax +81 44 981 2181 Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Email con@scitech.com.au Local Agent: Tel +61 2 6125 5469 www.scitech.com.au Moreton Bay Scientific Fax +61 2 6125 5190 Philip Boxall 166 Gordon Parade Manly QLD 4179 Tel/Fax +61 7 3393 5913 phil@mbscientific.com.au Booth 21 Booth 29 Australian Nuclear Science & Taylor & Francis Australia Technology Organisation PO Box 775 Private Mail Bag 1 Bentleigh East VIC 3165 Australia Menai NSW 2234 Australia Tel +61 3 9570 2917 Tel +61 2 9717 3111 Fax +61 3 9570 2337 Email neutrons@ansto.gov.au Mobile 0405 622 623 www.ansto.gov.au Email tandf@bigpond.net.au www.tandf.co.uk Congress Handbook and Abstracts 23 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics General Information Speaker Information SPEAKERS' PREPARATION ROOM Registration at the Congress The speakers' preparation room will be located in The Congress registration desk will be located in the Hanna Neumann G064 (Crisp Building) and will be foyer of the Manning Clark Centre and staffed during open during the following times: the following times: Sunday 30 January 0930–1800 hrs Sunday 30 January 0930–1830 hrs Monday 31 January 0800–1800 hrs Monday 31 January 0730–1815 hrs Tuesday 31 January 0800–1800 hrs Tuesday 1 February 0800–1815 hrs Wednesday 1 February 0800–1530 hrs Wednesday 2 February 0800–1800 hrs Thursday 2 February 0800–1800 hrs Thursday 3 February 0800–1815 hrs Friday 3 February 0800–1400 hrs Friday 4 February 0800–1530 hrs ORAL PRESENTATIONS Registration Desk Contact Details It is important that all speakers check in at the The Congress registration desk staff will take speakers' preparation room at least two hours prior to messages for delegates during the registration desk the commencement of their allocated session. An opening hours. audiovisual technician will be available to assist with data projection or other technical requirements. If you Tel +61 2 6125 3905 require assistance from a technician, please ensure Please check the message board adjacent to the you arrange this during one of the breaks prior to your Congress registration desk daily for messages. presentation. Speakers in early morning sessions should check in at the speakers' preparation room the Name badges day/afternoon prior to their session. Please wear your name badge to gain access to all POSTER SESSIONS Congress sessions, exhibition and social functions. Poster presenters must check the notice board The coloured category slips indicate under which adjacent to the Congress registration desk for registration code the delegate is attending the directions to their allocated poster area and to collect Congress. velcro and/or pins (if required). Presenting authors Blue Full delegate (Member, non-member, must be present at their posters during their allocated student/teacher/retiree) poster session on either Monday 31 January, Tuesday 1 February or Thursday 3 February from Blue Committee 1930 hrs to 2130 hrs to answer any questions. Red Exhibitor aide On Wednesday 2 February the poster session is Red Media scheduled for 1330 hrs to 1530 hrs. Red Visitors Posters can be on display from 1230 hrs and removed Red Physics in Industry only by 1030 hrs on the following day or they will be removed by Congress staff. Green Monday White Tuesday Transport Orange Wednesday AIRPORT TO CITY Purple Thursday Services depart the airport from 0715 to 1800 hrs. Yellow Friday CITY TO AIRPORT Pink Congress Staff Services depart the city (Civic interchange, platform 6) from 0730 to 1830 hrs. Internet Facilities Telephone enquiries: +61 2 6299 3722. Internet access for delegates is provided by National Instruments, sponsor of the Internet Café in Melville CITY TO ANU Hall. Alternatively, delegates can use computer lab To catch the bus from the City Interchange to the ANU, G016 in the Crisp Building (see map on page 25). take Action Bus 34. It stops at various points along Lennox Crossing, Liversidge St, Garran Rd and Daley Rd and returns along the same route. Information about bus timetables is available at Action Bus Services, telephone 13 17 10 24 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Car Parking Ursula Hall Parking is limited on the campus. There are public ‘pay Building 50, Daley Road. ANU Campus and display’ parking areas on Childers and Hutton Distance to Congress venue: 10 minutes streets within a short walk from Manning Clark Centre Tel +61 2 6279 4300 and Melville Hall. Access to these parking areas is off Fax +61 2 6279 4320 Barry Drive or Marcus Clark Street. John XXIII College Accommodation Building 51 Daley Road, ANU Campus Distance to Congress venue: 10 minutes Novotel ★★★★ Tel +61 2 6279 4999 65 Northbourne Avenue Fax +61 2 6248 6734 Distance to Congress venue: 20 minute walk Bruce Hall Tel +61 2 6245 5000 Fax +61 2 6245 5100 Building 40, ANU Campus Distance to Congress venue: 10 minutes Rydges Lakeside ★★★★ Tel +61 2 6125 6007 London Circuit Fax +61 2 6125 6010 Distance to Congress venue: 20 minute walk Tel +61 2 6247 6244 Fax +61 2 6257 3071 1 Novotel 6 Bruce Hall University House ★★★★ 2 Rydges Lakeside 7 University House Cnr Balmain Cr & Liversidge St, ANU Campus 3 Manning Clarke Centre 8 Sullivan’s Creek Carpark Distance to Congress venue: 10 minutes walk Tel +61 2 6125 5211 4 John XXIII College 9 Public Carpark Fax +61 2 6125 5252 5 Ursula Hall 10 Melville Hall 6 DALEY ROAD 4 5 DALEY ROAD 8 AD RO AD TH SOUTH O REK R O OVAL CR E N WILLOWS NORTH OVAL FELLOWS OVAL Crisp OVAL 3 Building OA D 10 S R LO W FE L KINGSLEY STREET 7 9 LIVERSIDGE STREET CHILDERS STREET 7 1 MARCUS CLARKE STREET GORDON STREET LONDON CIRCUIT 2 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 25 W ARD ROAD ELLERY CRESCENT BARRY DRIVE UNIVERSITY AVE N’S IVALL SU GARRAN ROAD 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Programme and Abstracts Contents Programme at a Glance 29 Abstracts Book 71 Accoustics and Music (AAS) 72 Detailed Programme 34 Meteorology, Climate Change and Oceanography (AMOS) 76 Plenary Speakers 45 Atomic and Molecular Physics Medals and Awards 57 and Quantum Chemistry (AMPQC) 88 Australian Optical Society and Topic Areas and Highlights 63 Quantum Physics (AOS) 99 Astronomy (ASA) 139 General Relativity and Gravitation (ASRG) 141 Synchrotron Science (ASRP) 146 Biophysics and Medical Physics (BMP) 151 Condensed Matter and Materials Surface Physics (CMMSP) 159 Complex Systems, Computational and Mathematical Physics (CSCMP) 206 Environmental Physics (EP) 210 GeoPhysics (GP) 212 Nuclear and Particle Physics (NUPP) 217 Education (PEG) 228 Plasma Physics (PP) 231 Renewable Energy (RE) 237 Solar, Terrestrial and Space Physics (STSP) 239 Women in Physics (WIP) 255 Author Index 256 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 27 The Australian Institute of Physics 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Congress Handbook and Abstracts 29 Monday 31 January MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Congress Opening 0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: K. Baldwin) Cold Dilute Alkali Gases—Bose Condensation Meets Cooper Pairing—Leggett 1000–1040 Morning Tea AOS/spectroscopy STSP ASRP NUPP AMOS BMP Chair: N. Manson Chair: I. Cairns Chair: R. Garrett Chair: L. Peak Chair: R. Griffiths Chair: S-H. Chung 1040–1100 MOA11 van Stryland MOB11 Basu MOC11 Boldeman MOD11 Urquijo MOE11 England MOF11 Schoenborn 1100–1120 MOF12 Krausz 1120–1140 MOA13 He MOB13 Reid MOC13 Peele MOD13 Parslow MOE13 Hughes MOF13 Powell 1140–1200 MOA14 Sidiroglou MOB14 Mlynczak MOC14 Townes-Andrews MOD14 Parappilly MOE14 Power MOF14 Gilmore 1200–1220 MOA15 Warrington MOB15 Kozyra MOD15 Lasscock MOE15 Muller MOF15 Corry 1220–1400 Lunch Break 1300–1400 Sutherland Lecture: Speculating about Atoms in Early 20th-century Melbourne: William Sutherland and the ‘Sutherland–Einstein’ Diffusion Relation R.W. Home AOS/nonlinear photonics STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS ASRP Chair: J. Love Chair: M. Parkinson Chair: M. Das Chair: K. Fifield Chair: J. Taylor Chair: M. Ridgway 1400–1420 MOA21 Buchler MOB21 Maher MOC21 Oitmaa MOD21 Maier MOE21 Roderick MOF21 Kluth 1420–1440 MOB22 Ables MOF22 Dhal 1440–1500 MOA23 Weily MOB23 Morley MOC23 Jakovidis MOD23 Lane MOE23 Baines MOF23 Kempson 1500–1520 MOA24 Lyytikainen MOB24 Horton MOC24 Court MOD24 Gladkis MOE24 Trewin MOF24 Liss 1520–1540 MOA25 Aruldoss MOC25 Clarke MOD25 Wilcken MOE25 Henderson-Sellers 1540–1620 Coffee Break AOS/new faces 1 STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS BMP Chair: J. Dawes Chair: M. Duldig Chair: G. Collins Chair: D. Leinweber Chair: W. Drosdowsky Chair: P. Robinson 1620–1640 MOA31 de Vine MOB31 Cane MOC31 Neumann MOD31 Atkinson MOE31 Vincent MOF31 Chelkowska 1640–1700 MOA32 Mok MOE32 Pope MOF32 Gray 1700–1720 MOA33 Harvey MOB33 Knock MOC33 Robinson MOD33 Loan MOE33 Ballinger MOF33 Rennie 1720–1740 MOA34 Briedis MOB34 Mitchell MOC34 Daniels MOD34 Dasgupta MOE34 May MOF34 Steyn-Ross 1740–1800 MOA35 Baker MOB35 Newell MOC35 Henderson MOD35 Sowerby MOF35 Drysdale 1800–1930 Dinner Break 1930–2130 Posters: Melville Hall Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. Program at a Glance Monday 31 January 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics 30 Congress Handbook and Abstracts Program at a Glance Tuesday 1 February Tuesday 1 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: D. McClelland) Gravitational Wave Detectors on the Earth and in Deep Space—Danzmann 0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: R. Elliman) “Reaction Microscopes”: The “Cloud Chambers” of Atomic and Molecular Physics—Ullrich 1000–1040 Morning Tea AOS/nonlinear photonics 2 AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG Chair: W. Krolikowski Chair: A. Henderson-Sellers Chair: J. Williams Chair: B. McKellar Chair: P. Veitch Chair: M. Sharma 1040–1100 TUA11 Eggleton TUB11 Cleugh TUC11 Sze TUD11 Hedditch TUE11 Blair TUF11 Swan 1100–1120 TUC12 Sellar TUD12 Wilson TUE12 Brooks 1120–1140 TUA13 Akhmediev TUB13 Goergen TUC13 Goh TUD13 Stutchbery TUE13 Gray TUF13 Logan 1140–1200 TUA14 Petersen TUB14 Hallal TUC14 Hill TUD14 Leinweber TUE14 Ashley TUF14 Merchant 1200–1220 TUA15 Canning TUB15 M. Box TUE15 Ware TUF15 Kruhlak 1220–1400 Lunch Break 1200–1400 Pearman National Press Club Lunch (for further information, please see section Events Programme) AOS/appetizer AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG Chair: G. Milburn Chair: S. Power Chair: S. Butcher Chair: D. Hinde Chair: D. McClelland Chair: K. Wilson 1400–1420 TUA21 A. White TUB21 Hogg TUC21 Dzurak TUD21 Dracoulis TUE21 Hartnett TUF21 Guenther 1420–1440 TUA22 Longdell TUB22 Dupre TUE22 Scott 1440–1500 TUA23 Savage TUB23 Kiss TUC23 Reusch TUD23 Watanabe TUE23 Davies TUF23 Roberts 1500–1520 TUA24 Kivshar TUB24 Wijfells TUC24 Vickers TUD24 Nieminen TUE24 Whale TUF24 Greaves 1520–1540 TUC25 Lay TUD25 Cole TUE25 Van Putten TUF25 Low 1540–1620 Coffee Break AOS/quantum systems AMOS CMMSP NUPP BMP PEG Chair: P.K. Lam Chair: A. Hogg Chair: R. Elliman Chair: B. Robson Chair: C. Charles Chair: D. Mills 1620–1640 TUA31 Drummond TUB31 Tomczak TUC31 Enderby TUD31 Bouriquet TUE31 Burden TUF31 Zadnik 1640–1700 TUB32 Turner TUD32 Boinepalli TUE32 Ramdutt 1700–1720 TUA33 Pryde TUB33 Kaempf TUC33 Stevens-Kalceff TUD33 Low TUE33 Rosenfield TUF33 Muller 1720–1740 TUA34 Lance TUB34 Bye TUC34 Singh TUD34 Hinde TUE34 Vella TUF33 Wilson 1740–1800 TUA35 Ralph TUB35 Frederickson TUC35 Lee TUE35 Boyd TUF35 O’Connor 1800–1930 Dinner Break 1930–2130 Posters: Melville Hall Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Congress Handbook and Abstracts 31 Wednesday 2 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: J. Finnigan) From Physics to Policy: The Science of Climate Change Underpinning Private and Public Policy Decisions—Pearman 0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: H. Bachor) What Can Physics Say about Life?—Chu 1000–1040 Morning Tea AOS/AMPQC PP CMMSP NUPP AMOS GP Chair: P. Hannaford Chair: R. Tarrant Chair: M. Spencer Chair: R. Delbourgo Chair: B. Trewin Chair: L. Moresi 1040–1100 WEA11 Denschlag WEB11 Goldston WEC11 Russo WED11 McCaw WEE11 Platt WEF11 Sandford 1100–1120 WEC12 Kluth WED12 Blankleider WEE12 Borlace WEF12 Kennett 1120–1140 WEA13 Hall WEB13 Hole WEC13 Larsson WED13 Tobar WEE13 Andersen WEF13 Miller 1140–1200 WEA14 Vale WEB14 Hora WEC14 Rode WED14 Flambaum WEE14 Alves WEF14 Jackson 1200–1220 WEA15 Ostrovskaya WEB15 Howard WEF15 Xing 1220–1330 Lunch Break 1330–1530 Posters: Llewellyn Hall Melville Hall Schools Outreach: 1330–1430 Future of Physics 1430–1530 Entertaining Physics 1530–1630 Physics as a Life Skill 1530 Tour of the Physics Department and Research School 1630–1730 Entertaining Physics of Physical Sciences and Engineering 1730–1830 Einstein’s Revolution 1900 for 2000 Congress Dinner Great Hall, Parliament House (for further information, please see section Events Programme) Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. Program at a Glance Wednesday 2 February 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics 32 Congress Handbook and Abstracts Program at a Glance Thursday 3 February Thursday 3 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: C. Barton) Airborne Gravity Gradiometry Applied to Mineral and Hydrocarbon Exploration—van Leeuwen 0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: B. Schmidt) A Golden Age for Astronomy—Cesarsky 1000–1040 Morning Tea AOS/AMPQC PP CMMSP GP PEG ASA Chair: A. Truscott Chair: J. Harris Chair: E. Mitchell Chair: J. Freeman Chair: D. Low Chair: B. Schmidt 1040–1100 THA11 Shlyapnikov THB11 McMillan THC11 Macfarlane THD11 Kerr THE11 Livett THF11 McClelland 1100–1120 THB12 Meige THC12 Deslandes THD12 Müller THF12 Clay 1120–1140 THA13 Martin THB13 Ostrikov THC13 Polonski THD13 Moresi THE13 Workshop–Pollard THF13 Storey 1140–1200 THA14 Robins THB14 Tarrant THC14 Schmitt THD14 Lenardic THF14 Couch 1200–1220 THA15 Davis THB15 Xia THD15 Davies THF15 Boyle 1220–1400 Lunch Break AOS AMPQC CMMSP GP AAS ASA/ASGRG Chair: B. Oreb Chair: R. McEachran Chair: T. Finlayson Chair: K. Dodds Chair: E. LePage Chair: S. Scott 1400–1420 THA21 Gilchrist THB21 Bray THC21 Foley THD21 Mason THE21 Inta THF21 Huber 1420–1440 THA22 Zvyagin THD22 GreenHalgh THE22 Poulton THF22 Reitze 1440–1500 THA23 Plakhotnik THB23 Stevenson THC23 Ling THD23 Gurevich THE23 Wolfe THF23 Searle 1500–1520 THA24 Kane THB24 Ginges THC24 Crew THD24 Freeman THE24 Parncutt THF24 Manchester 1520–1540 THB25 Chantler THC25 Tettamanzi THD25 Zhao THF25 Bailes 1540–1620 Coffee Break AOS/new faces 2 AMPQC CMMSP CSCMP AAS WIP/HOP Chair: J. Hope Chair: B. Lohmann Chair: L. Hollenberg Chair: R. Dewar Chair: N. Fletcher Chair: J. Pollard 1620–1640 THA31 McKenzie THB31 Mueller THC31 Das Sarma THD31 Di Matteo THE31 LePage THF31 Binnie 1640–1700 THA32 Dodd THB32 Campbell THF32 Stevens-Kalceff 1700–1720 THA33 Atkins THB33 Wang THC33 Butcher THD33 Gunner THE33 Pax THF33 Feteris 1720–1740 THA34 Doherty THB34 Lawrance THC34 Wahyu Utami THD34 Robins THE34 Hamilton THF33 Foley 1740–1800 THA35 O’Brien THC35 Dorsett THD35 O’Kane THE35 Buick 1800–1930 Dinner Break 1930–2130 Posters: Melville Hall 2000 Public Lecture: Questacon Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Congress Handbook and Abstracts 33 Friday 4 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 AOS/laser & applications STSP CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC EP/RE Chair: M. Hamilton Chair: B. Fraser Chair: R. Lewis Chair: M. Batchelor Chair: R. Robson Chair: J. Finnigan 0820–0840 FRA11 Arkwright FRB11 Chaston FRC11 Frenken FRD11 Moylan FRE11 Stelbovics FRF11 Drake 0840–0900 FRA12 Huntington FRD12 Quenette FRE12 Ivanov FRF12 Collings 0900–0920 FRA13 Delaubert FRB13 Terkildsen FRC13 King FRD13 Maruno FRE13 Sullivan FRF13 Aberle 0920–0940 FRA14 McManamon FRB14 Foroutan FRC14 Broekman FRD14 Kurniawan FRE14 Bromley FRF14 Richards 0940–1000 FRB15 Li FRC15 Stampfl FRD15 Barjaktarevic FRF15 Plumb 1000–1040 Morning Tea AOS/quantum information STSP CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC AOS/Laser Dev Chair: P. Drummond Chair: R. Vincent Chair: G. Stewart Chair: D. Evans Chair: R. Sang Chair: J. Munch 1040–1100 FRA21 Carmichael FRB21 Conde FRC21 Olivero FRD21 Sevick FRE21 Bieske FRF21 Hosken 1100–1120 FRC22 Khalil FRF22 Barriga 1120–1140 FRA23 Bartlett FRB23 Yizengaw FRC23 Doolan FRD23 Carberry FRE23 Orr FRF23 Pask 1140–1200 FRA24 Wiseman FRB24 Getley FRC24 Marcus FRD24 Wang FRE24 Cavanagh FRF24 Englich 1200–1220 FRA25 Brooke FRB25 Green FRD25 Williams FRE25 Uhlmann FRF25 Slagmolen 1220–1400 Lunch Break 1300–1330 AIP AGM 1330–1400 AIP PRIZES AND MEDALS 1400–1445 Plenary: (Chair: G. Stewart) Plasma Physics enters the Nano-Age—Bilek 1445–1530 Plenary: (Chair: A. Byrne) The Asymmetry Between Matter and Antimatter—in the Universe and in the Laws of Physics—Quinn 1530 Close 1530 Tour of the Department of Physics and Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering 1800 ANU BBQ Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. Program at a Glance Friday 4 February 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics 34 Congress Handbook and Abstracts Detailed Program Monday 31 January Monday 31 January MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Congress Opening 0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: K. Baldwin) Cold Dilute Alkali Gases—Bose Condensation Meets Cooper Pairing—Leggett 1000–1040 Morning Tea Topic area AOS/spectroscopy STSP ASRP NUPP AMOS BMP Chair N. Manson I. Cairns R. Garrett L. Peak R. Griffiths Shin-Ho Chung 1040–1100 MOA11 MOB11 MOC11 MOD11 MOE11 MOF11 Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy Climate and Weather of the The Australian Synchrotron— Hints of New Physics from Southern Ocean Circulation Protein Crystallography with van Stryland Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): A Status Report Measurements of CP Violation and Global Climate Spallation Neutrons SCOSTEP’s New Inter- Boldeman Urquijo England Schoenborn disciplinary Research Program 1100–1120 MOF12Basu The Most Energetic Process in Biology Krausz 1120–1140 MOA13 MOB13 MOC13 MOD13 MOE13 MOF13 Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy The Intensity of 558 nm Airglow X-ray Lithography—An Measurement of BR(B->rho l nu) The Role of Buoyancy in the The Melanins: form Experiment to with Widely Tunable Swept- at Adelaide, Australia Australian Perspective and Vub via Neutrino Energetics of the Global Over- Quantum Chemistry to Many- Frequency Lasers Reid Peele Reconstruction at Belle turning Circulation of the Oceans Body Quantum Theory He Parslow Hughes Powell 1140–1200 MOA14 MOB14 MOC14 MOD14 MOE14 MOF14 Micro-characterisation of Erbium Expanding Our Understanding of 4GLS: the UK’s Fourth Quark Propagator in Full QCD The Predictability of Interdecadal Quantum Decoherence of Doped Optical Fibers Atmospheric Ozone through Generation Light Source at from the Lattice Changes in ENSO Activity and Electronic Excitations of Sidiroglou CAWSES Daresbury Parappilly ENSO teleconnections Biomolecules Mlynczak Townes-Andrews Power Gilmore 1200–1220 MOA15 MOB15 MOD15 MOE15 MOF15 A Microwave Frequency Standard Geospace System Behavior from Pentaquark Interpolating Fields Do Massive Corals Reflect Global Electrostatic Basis of Valence in the 1015 Accuracy Range Global Observing Campaigns: in Lattice QCD Change? Coral Reconstructions Selectivity in Biological Ion Using 171Yb+ Ions Science at the Core of the Lasscock of Changes in Temperature and Channels Warrington CAWSES Space Weather Focus Carbonate Saturation State of the Corry Kozyra Surface Ocean Muller 1220–1400 Lunch Break 1300–1400 Chair: D.Jamieson Sutherland Lecture: Speculating about Atoms in Early 20th-century Melbourne: William Sutherland and the ‘Sutherland-Einstein’ Diffusion Relation (MC1) R.W. Home Topic area AOS photonics 1 STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS ASRP Chair J.Love M.Parkinson M.Das K.Fifield J.Taylor M.Ridgway 1400–1420 MOA21 MOB21 MOC21 MOD21 MOE21 MOF21 Near-field Imaging and Nowcasting and Forecasting at Quantum Mechanics Rules Shell Model Interaction around The Causes of Declining Pan Structural Characterization of Ion Manipulation of Photonic the Australian Space Forecast Oitmaa 208Pb Derived from Evaporation and Consequences Implanted Au Nanocrystals Using Crystals Center Experimental Data for the Surface Moisture Synchrotron-based Analytical Buchler Maher Maier Balance over the Last 50 Years Techniques Roderick Kluth Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Congress Handbook and Abstracts 35 1420–1440 MOB22 MOF22 Observing the Open-closed Imaging on Nanocluster Using Boundary Using Pc5 ULF Waves Coherent X-ray Diffraction and Ables Computational Phase Retrieval Technique Dhal 1440–1500 MOA23 MOB23 MOC23 MOD23 MOE23 MOF23 Output Couplers for 3D Photonic The Ionospheric Convection The Locus of High Temperature Search for ‘Doorway States’ Long-term Variations in Winter Applications of Synchrotron Crystal Waveguides Response to Transient Superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O7 Relevant to the Production and Rainfall of Southwest Australia X-Ray Sources for Forensic Weily Reconnection Jakovidis Survival of Ta-180 in Stars and Rapid Climate Change in the Characterisation of Glass Morley Lane Late 1960s Kempson Baines 1500–1520 MOA24 MOB24 MOC24 MOD24 MOE24 MOF24 Fabircation of Advanced Air-Silica Solar Wind Driven Storms and Toward Quantum-limited The AMS Technique for 53Mn An Extended High-quality High Energy Synchrotron X-rays: Structured Optical Fibres Substorms with High Energy Detection with an Aluminium Gladkis Temperature Data Set for A Tool for Bulk Investigations in Lyytikainen Electron Injections into the SQUID Amplifier Australia Physics and Materials Science Inner Magnetosphere Court Trewin Liss Horton 1520–1540 MOA25 MOC25 MOD25 MOE25 Characterisation of Optical Evolution of the Bilayer nu=1 Characterizing Uranium Ores Atmospheric Isotopes: Evolution Wavefields Propagated through Quantum Hall State under Charge with 236U and 239Pu of Stable Water Isotopologues as Scattering Media Imbalance Wilcken an Applicable Data Source Aruldoss Clarke Henderson-Sellers 1540–1620 Coffee Break Topic area AOS/new faces 1 STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS BMP Chair J. Dawes M.Duldig G.Collins D.Leinweber W.Drosdowsky P.Robinson 1620–1640 MOA31 MOB31 MOC31 MOD31 MOE31 MOF31 Cavity-enhanced, Noise- Diagnosing Solar Particle Inelastic Neutron Scattering and Atlas Status and Physics Constant Pressure Balloon Studies Visualising the Genetic Code canceling Saturation Laser Acceleration and Propagation the Dynamics of Biomolecules Program of Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes Chelkowska Spectroscopy Using Radio Emissions Neumann Atkinson in the Tropical and High-latitude de Vine Cane Lower Stratosphere Vincent 1640–1700 MOA32 MOE32 MOF32 Ultra-slow Light in Fibre Gratings Deep Convection in the Stability and Connectivity of the Mok Australian Tropics Brain Pope Gray 1700–1720 MOA33 MOB33 MOC33 MOD33 MOE33 MOF33 Holographic Mode Converters: Type II Radio Bursts: Theoretical Opportunities for Scientific Lattice Study of Possible On the Height Distribution of A Model-based Approach to EEG Laser Beams Are not Plane Predictions of Dynamic Spectra Research at Australia’s Proton Anti-proton Bound State Convection in the Tropics Spectral Analysis Waves and Source Regions Replacement Research Reactor and H-dibaryon Ballinger Rennie Harvey Knock Robinson Loan 1720–1740 MOA34 MOB34 MOC34 MOD34 MOE34 MOF34 Vortex Solitons in Nonlocal Kerr- Timing of the 2–3 kHz Radio Time Resolved Studies of Neutron Fusion Mechanism of Light Tropical Convective Systems— A Phase-transition Model for the like Media Emission within the Solar Cycle Diffraction Intensities in Weakly Bound Nuclei The Tropical Warm Pool Cycles of Natural Sleep Briedis Mitchell Association with Phase Transitions Dasgupta International Cloud Experiment Steyn-Ross Daniels May 1740–1800 MOA35 MOB35 MOC35 MOD35 MOF35 Nanofabrication Using Standing The Ion Aurora and Its Seasonal Neutron Reflectivity of Titania and Scanner for the Detection of BOLD Responses to Stimuli: Wave Optical Masks for Variations Zirconia-based Films Self-assembled Contraband in Air Cargo Dependence on Frequency, Stimulus Metastable Atom Lithography Newell at the Solid/Liquid Interface Containers Form, Amplitude and Repetition Baker Henderson Sowerby Drysdale 1800–1930 Dinner Break 1930–2130 Posters Melville Hall Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. Detailed Program Monday 31 January 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics 36 Congress Handbook and Abstracts Detailed Program Tuesday 1 February Tuesday 1 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: D. McClelland) Wave Detectors on the Earth and in Deep Space—Danzmann 0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: R. Elliman) “Reaction Microscopes”: The “Cloud Chambers” of Atomic and Molecular Physics—Ullrich 1000–1040 Morning Tea Topic area AOS/photonics 2 AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG Chair W. Krolikowsky Henderson-Sellers J. Williams B. McKellar P. Veitch M. Sharma 1040–1100 TUA11 TUB11 TUC11 TUD11 TUE11 TUF11 Microphotonic Crystal Fibres Terrestrial Carbon and Water Conducting Ni Nanoparticles in A Broad Look at Mesons with The Australian International Key to Participation Eggleton Cycles in Australian an Ion-modified Polymer Lattice QCD Gravitational Observatory Swan Landscapes: A Multi-scale Sze Hedditch Blair Approach using 1100–1120 Micrometeorology, Remote TUC12 TUD12 TUE12 Sensing and Mesoscale Models Investigation of the Growth and Excitation Energy and Spin of the Off-axis Wavefront Sensors in Cleugh Spontaneous Alignment of Yrast Superdeformed Band in High Power Gravitational Wave Lanthanum Gallate Self-Assembled 196Pb Interferometers Microdots on SI(111) Surface Wilson Brooks Sellar 1120–1140 TUA13 TUB13 TUC13 TUD13 TUE13 TUF13 Multiple Dissipative Soliton The Impact of Abrupt Land Nano-assembly of Conjugated Shell Structures in Exotic Nuclei Advanced Interferometry for The Missing Factor for Students Interactions in a Passively Mode- Cover Changes by Savannah Fire Polymer on Carbon Nanotubes: from Magnetic Moment Measure- Gravitational Wave Detection in 1st Year Physics? Locked Fiber Laser on Northern Australian Climate An STM Study ments on Radioactive Beams Gray Logan Akhmediev Goergen Goh Stutchbery 1140–1200 TUA14 TUB14 TUC14 TUD14 TUE14 TUF14 Dark Soliton Formation and Seasonal Variations in Size- Nanoporosity in a Self- Visually Revealing the Secrets Tracking the Unity Gain Using Student Authored Interaction in Nonlocal Nonlinear Resolved Properties of Aerosols Assembled Drug Delivery of QCD Frequency of the Open Loop Gain Questions to Encourage Deeper Thermal Media in the Sydney Region System Detected by Positron Leinweber Function in LIGO Interferometers Learning in Physics Petersen Hallal Annihilation Lifetime Ashley Merchant 1200–1220 TUA15 TUB15 Spectroscopy TUE15 TUF15 Air-clad Fibres with Diffractive Satellite Investigations of Aerosol Hill Measuring LISA Phase Online assessment in first year Intra-modal Cross Coupling Effect on Cloud Ware physics courses Canning M. Box Kruhlak 1220–1400 Lunch Break 1200–1400 Pearman National Press Club Lunch (for further information, please see section Events Programme) Topic area AOS/appetizer AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG Chair G. Milburn S. Power S. Butcher D. Hinde D. McClelland K. Wilson 1400–1420 TUA21 TUB21 TUC21 TUD21 TUE21 TUF21 Optical Quantum Computing: Ocean-atmosphere Dynamics in Silicon-based Quantum Deformed Nuclear Isomers Carmeli’s Cosmology Indicates Comprehensive Photonics Science-fiction, Horror-story or the Southern Ocean Computing using Buried Donor Dracoulis No Dark Matter in the Universe Education Model—The News? Hogg Architectures Hartnett Albuquerque Ladder A. White Dzurak Guenther Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Congress Handbook and Abstracts 37 1420–1440 TUA22 TUB22 TUE22 Quantum Optics with Solid State Impacts of Latitude Shifts in the Curvature Singularity Theorems Optical Centres Southern Ocean Westerly Winds for Space-time Longdell on Past and Present Climates Scott Dupre 1440–1500 TUA23 TUB23 TUC23 TUD23 TUE23 TUF23 BEC Analogues of Quantum Field Non-linear Resonance and Chaos Differentiating Dpoant and Resist Lifetime of a New High-spin Transit Time of a Freely-falling Mathematics Transfer of First Theory in Curved Space-time in an Unstable Western Boundary in Device Fabrication on the Isomer in 150Dy Quantum Particle in a Year Science Students Savage Current under Periodic Forcing Atomic Scale Watanabe Background Gravitational Field Roberts Kiss Reusch Davies 1500–1520 TUA24 TUB24 TUC24 TUD24 TUE24 TUF24 Nonlinear Light Propagation New Insights into the Magnetospectroscopy to 18T of Structure of 188TI Causal Geodesics in Space-time Developing Investigative in Periodic Structures— Indonesian Throughflow: Its Phosphorous Donor in Silicon Nieminen and the Existence of Singularities Skills Through a ‘Challenge’ Experiment vs. Theory Variability and Role in Global Vickers Whale Experiment Kivshar Heat Balances Greaves Wijfells 1520–1540 TUC25 TUD25 TUE25 TUF25 Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Measurement of BR(B–>π l ν) Cosmological Gamma-ray Back to the Future: Cafeteria Study of Ion Implanted Thermal and Vub Using Neutrino Bursts: Singlets, Doublets? Laboratories in First Year Oxide Thin Films on Silicon Reconstruction at Belle Triplets! Physics Lay Cole Van Putten Low 1540–1620 Coffee Break Topic area AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP BMP PEG Chair P.K. Lam A. Hogg R. Elliman B. Robson C. Charles D. Mills 1620–1640 TUA31 TUB31 TUC31 TUD31 TUE31 TUF31 Quantum Phase-space Applied Mixing at the Subtropical Liquid Semiconductors: Is Mott How Can We Discover New Oligonucleotide Microarrays and Changing Times—Changing to Ultra-cold Atoms Front in the Indian Ocean or Anderson Localisation Chemical Elements? Langmuir Adsorption Theory Teaching Drummond South of Australia Relevant? Bouriquet Burden Zadnik Tomczak Enderby 1640–1700 TUB32 TUD32 TUE32 The Melting of Ice in the Arctic Electromagnetic Properties of Nano-structured Surfaces for Guided Ocean: Double-Diffusive Octet Baryons Actomyosin Motility to Develop New Transport of Heat from Below Boinepalli Toxin-indicating Biosensors Turner Ramdutt 1700–1720 TUA33 TUB33 TUC33 TUD33 TUE33 TUF33 Quantum Nonlocality without Cascading-Induced Upwelling in Investigation of Subsurface Family Symmetries and the Research and Development of Video Physics Education: Falling Entanglement Submarine Canyons: A New Specimen Charging Induced in Peculiar Neutrino Mixing Matrix Semiconductor-based Instrumentation Cats and Terminal Velocity Pryde Upwelling Mechanism Buried Oxide Layers by Electron Low with Application to Medical Physics Muller Kaempf Beam Irradiation Rosenfield Stevens-Kalceff 1720–1740 TUA34 TUB34 TUC34 TUD34 TUE34 TUF34 Experimental Demonstration of Control of Mean Sea Level Change Photo-excitation Induced Reaching the Super-heavies The Key Factors which Determine The RTASO Physics Olympiad Coherent State Continuous by Net Oceanic Evaporation during Processes in Amorphous Hinde the Cooling Effect of Blood Flow Program Variable Quantum Cryptography Greenhouse Warming Semiconductors Near Ultrasonically Heated Bone Wilson Lance Bye Singh Vella 1740–1800 TUA35 TUB35 TUC35 TUE35 TUF35 Quantum Non-Demolition Seasonal Variability of Electrical Conduction Mechanism of Application of the Lattice Boltzmann The Science and Engineering Measurements on Qubits Atmospheric Teleconnection ZnO Thin Films Model to Hemodynamics with Challenge Ralph Patterns Lee Arterial Stenosis Growth O’Connor Frederickson Boyd 1800–1930 Dinner Break 1930–2130 Posters Melville Hall Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. Detailed Program Tuesday 1 February 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics 38 Congress Handbook and Abstracts Detailed Program Wednesday 2 February Wednesday 2 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: J. Finnigan) From Physics to Policy: The Science of Climate Change Underpinning Private and Public Policy Decisions—Pearman 0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: H. Bachor) What Can Physics Say about Life?—Chu 1000–1040 Morning Tea Topic area AOS/AMPQC PP CMMSP NUPP AMOS GP Chair P. Hannaford R. Tarrant M. Spencer R. Delbourgo B. Trewin L. Moresi 1040–1100 WEA11 WEB11 WEC11 WED11 WEE11 WEF11 BEC of 6Li2 Molecules: Advances in Magnetic Fusion Prediction of Surface Free An Analysis of the Spectrum for Cloud Properties from the A Most Remarkable Surface Exploring the BEC-BCS Science and the ITER Project Energy and Surface Phonon the Time Evolution of a CALIPSO Satellite Lidar and Sandiford Crossover Goldston Modes in Nanodiamond Clusters Periodically Rank-N Kicked Radiometer Denschlag Russo Hamiltonian Platt McCaw 1100–1120 WEC12 WED12 WEE12 WEF12 Ion-Irradiation-Induced Porosity In-matter Three-body Problem Effects of Air-sea Interactions on Imaging the Earth— in GaSb and InSb Blankleider the Development of Intrusions at the Nature of Seismic Kluth the Subtropical Front South of Heterogeneity Australia Kennett Borlace 1120–1140 WEA13 WEB13 WEC13 WED13 WEE13 WEF13 Bose Einstein Condensation with Equilibrium and Stability of On the Structure of Self- New Methods of Testing Lorentz Mapping Australia’s Oceans with Imaging Subducting Slabs along a Permanent Magnetic Film the Mega Ampere Spherical assembled Biomimetic Violation in Electrodynamics Over-the-Horizon Radar the Western Pacific Margin Atom Chip Tokamak Precipitates Hartnett Anderson Miller Hall Hole Larsson 1140–1200 WEA14 WEB14 WEC14 WED14 WEE14 WEF14 Bose-Einstein Condensates on New Type of Laser Produced Magnetic-Carbon Nanofoam Effects of Variation of Ocean-atmosphere Coupled Seismological Applications of an Atom Chips Ions for Simplified Fusion Rode Fundamental Constants from Forecast Models Laboratory Measurements of Vale Hora Big Bang to Atomic Clocks Alves Dispersion and Attenuation of Flambaum Upper-mantle Materials Jackson 1200–1220 WEA15 WEB15 WEF15 Vortices in Bose-Einstein Imaging Plasma Spectroscopy Finite Element Modelling of Condensates Confined by Optical Using Novel High-resolution, Crustal Dynamics with the Lattices High-speed Optical Coherence- Imaging Information of the Earth Ostrovskaya based Methods Xing Howard 1220–1330 Lunch Break Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Congress Handbook and Abstracts 39 1330–1530 Posters: Schools Outreach Melville Hall Llewellyn Hall 1330–1430 Future of Physics 1430–1530 Entertaining Physics 1530–1630 Physics as a Life Skill 1530 Tour of the Physics Department and Research School 1630–1730 Entertaining Physics of Physical Sciences and Engineering 1730–1830 Einstein’s Revolution 1900 for 2000 Congress Dinner Great Hall, Parliament House (For further details, please see section Events Programme) Detailed Program Wednesday 2 February 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics 40 Congress Handbook and Abstracts Detailed Program Thursday 3 February Thursday 3 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Plenary: (Chair: C. Barton) Airborne Gravity Gradiometry Applied to Mineral and Hydrocarbon Exploration—van Leeuwen 0915–1000 Plenary: (Chair: B. Schmidt) A Golden Age for Astronomy—Cesarsky 1000–1040 Morning Tea Topic area AOS/AMPQC PP CMMSP GP PEG ASA Chair A. Truscott J. Harris E. Mitchell J. Freeman D. Low B. Schmidt 1040–1100 THA11 THB11 THC11 THD11 THE11 THF11 New Physics with Degenerate Stability for Kinetic Ballooning Helium Vapour Pressure The Dynamics of Sheared Key Findings of the National Interferometric Gravitational Ferni Gases Modes in Stellarators Thermometry by Ultrasound Mantle Plume Tails Physics Project on Learning Wave Antenna Shlyapnikov McMillan Attenuation Kerr and Teaching McClelland Macfarlane Livett 1100–1120 THB12 THC12 THD12 THF12 One-dimensional PIC Simulation Crystallinity in Lumogen Optical The Effect of Mantle Cconvection Future High Energy Cosmic of a Current-free Double-layer in Thin Films on Surface Topography over the Ray Detection Facilities an Expanding Plasma Deslandes Last 120 Million Years: An Clay Meige Evaluation of Model Predictions Based on the Geological Record Müller 1120–1140 THA13 THB13 THC13 THD13 THE13 THF13 Reflection of Dilute Gas Bose Reactive Plasma-assisted Application of Optical Near-fields The Influence of Rheological Implications of the National Antarctic Astronomy Einstein Condensates off a Nanofabrication: Unique Features for Dry Etching Structure in the Deformation of Physics Project for Teaching and Storey Silicon Surface and Future Challenges Polonski the Lithosphere Learning Martin Ostrikov Moresi Workshop-Pollard 1140–1200 THA14 THB14 THC14 THD14 THF14 Limits to the Flux of a High-Density Pulsed Cathodic Acoustic Reflectivity of Liquid Paradoxical Behavior in a Partially ELTs: The Next Generation of Continuous Atom Laser Arc Plasmas Saturated Porous Materials Insulated Thermally Convecting Extremely Large Optical/ Robins Tarrant Schmitt System with Application to the Infrared Telescopes Thermal History of the Earth Couch Lenardic THA15 THB15 THD15 THF15 1200–1220 Dynamical Tunneling with Self-organization in Turbulence Tectonic Drivers Future Radio Facilities Bose-Einstein Condensates on as a Route to Order in Plasma Davies Boyle Atom Chips and Fluids Davis Xia 1220–1400 Lunch Break 1300 ITER Meeting (MC6) Topic area AOS AMPQC CMMSP GP AAS ASA/ASGRG Chair B. Oreb R. McEachran T. Finlayson K. Dodds E. LePage S. Scott 1400–1420 THA21 THB21 THC21 THD21 THE21 THF21 Stable Phase Imaging and Close Coupling Approach to Superconducting Quantum The Physics of Imaging Faults A Study of Ageing and Playing Testing Foundations of Physics Measurement Electron-hydrogen Ionisation Engineering at the CSIRO in Precious Mineral Reefs Effects on Violins: The First in Space — and European Plans Gilchrist Bray Foley Mason Three Years in this Matter Inta Huber Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Congress Handbook and Abstracts 41 1420–1440 THA22 THD22 THE22 THF22 Experimental Study of Full-field Seismic Imaging of Complex An Analysis of Undercut The Current Status of LIGO Fourier-Domain Optical Geological Structures Toneholes in Woodwinds Reitze Coherence Tomography Greenhalgh Poulton Zvyagin 1440–1500 THA23 THB23 THC23 THD23 THE23 THF23Impurity Centers in Solids: (e,2e) Measurements Using a Competing Types of Long-range Seismic Wave Attenuation and Singing Strategies: How Correlated Global Noise in Suppression and Enhancement Magnetic Angle Changer 3D Magnetic Order in the Layered Dispersion in Heterogeneous Tenors and Sopranos ‘Tune’ Gravitational Wave Astronomy of Matrix Induced Dephasing in Stevenson Molecular Network Compounds Porous Rocks Their Vocal Tracts Searle Strong Optical Fields ||M(NCO)2(pyz), M=Mn, Fe or Co Gurevich Wolfe Plakhotnik Ling 1500–1520 THA24 THB24 THC24 THD24 THE25 THF24 When is a Transparent Particle Violations of Parity and Time-rever- Studying Antiferromagnets Thermal Convection with a Water An Unnatural Test of a Natural Detection of Gravitational not Transparent? sal in Heavy Atoms: Calculations Using an Exchange Bias Bilayer Ice Rheology Model of Pitch Perception: The Waves Using a Pulsar Kane for Cesium and Radium Thin Film Freeman Tritone Paradox and Spectral Timing Array Ginges Crew Dominance Manchester THB25 THC25 THD25 Parncutt THF25 1520–1540 Measurement of Two-electron Surface Studies of Horse-spleen Regional Strain Pattern in the Pulsar Timing and General QED in Helium-like Titanium Ferritin Australian Plate Revealed by GPS Relativity Chantler Tettamanzi Zhao Bailes 1540–1620 Coffee Break Topic area AOS/new faces 2 AMPQC CMMSP CSCMP AAS WIP/HOP Chair J. Hope B. Lohmann L. Hollenberg R. Dewar N. Fletcher J. Pollard 1620–1640 THA31 THB31 THC31 THD31 THE31 THF31 Squeezing in the Audio Gravita- Electrical Conduction of Tidbits about Qubits: Spin Econophysics: from Statistical The Potency of Otoacoustic A History of the Australian Atomic tional Wave Detection Band Single Organic Molecules Computation in Nanostructures Physics to Economics Emissions: The Auditory Evaluation Energy Commission Mckenzie Mueller Das Sarma Di Matteo Tool for the Twenty-first Century? Binnie LePage 1640–1700 THA32 THB32 THF32Universality for Quantum Electron Cross Sections in Maximising Potential in Physics Computation of Many-Body Modelling of Auroral Emissions Stevens-Kalceff Systems with Fast Local Control Campbell Dodd THA33 THB33 THC33 THD33 THE33 THF33 1700–1720 Classical Robustness of On the Changes of Tidal Fabrication of Nano-Devices in Asymmetry of Returns in the Dynamics of SAG/AG Mills as Seating in Laboratory Classes: Quantum Unravellings Characteristics due to Sediment- Silicon Using Scanning Tunneling Australian Stock Exchange Measured by Non-Contact Achieving Critical Mass Atkins induced Stratification in a Macro- Microscopy Gunner Acoustic Measurement Feteris tidal Coastal Sea Butcher Pax Wang THA34 THB34 THC34 THD34 THE34 THF34 1720–1740 Population Inversion in a Strongly Interatomic and Intermolecular Quantum Electro-Mechanical From Hyperbolic Patterns to Interference Fringes with a Status of Women in Physics in Driven Two-level System Interactions Studied by Imaging System (QEMS) Euclidean Structures Stochastic Origin Australia and Overseas Doherty Techniques Wahyu Utami Robins Hamilton Foley THA35 Lawrance THC35 THD35 THE35 Quantum Nondemolition Electron Momentum Renormalization, Regularization Investigation of the Radiation 1740–1800 Measurement of the Polarisation Spectroscopy of Some Simple and the Statistical Mechanics of Force on Particles in an of a Single Photon Condensed Materials Topographic Rossby Wave Ultrasound Field O’Brien Dorsett Turbulence Buick O’Kane 1800–1930 Dinner Break Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. 1930–2130 Posters Melville Hall 2000 Public Lecture Questacon Detailed Program Thursday 3 February 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics 42 Congress Handbook and Abstracts Detailed Program Friday 4 February Friday 4 February MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 Topic area AOS/laser & applications STSP CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC EP/RE Chair M. Hamilton B. Fraser R. Lewis M. Batchelor R. Robson John Finnigan 0820–0840 FRA11 FRB11 FRC11 FRD11 FRE11 FRF11 Fabrication of Large Aperture The Alfvénic Aurora Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Verified Computing in GR Calculation of Stokes Radar Interrogation of Fabry Perot Etalons with Sub- Chaston of Real Time Defect Motion on Workbench Parameters for e-H(2P) High-flying Insects: nanometer Thickness Uniformity Surfaces Moylan Excitation What Bug Is That? Arkwright Frenken Stelbovics Drake 0840–0900 FRA12 FRD12 FRE12 FRF12 Ultra High Throughput Optical Achieving Scalable Computational Lippmann-Schwinger Ultrasonic Destruction Fiber Probes Modelling through Frameworks of Description of Multiphoton of Contaminants in Soil Huntington Interchangable Numerical Ionization Collings Methods: StGermain-Snark Ivanov Quenette 0900–0920 FRA13 FRB13 FRC13 FRD13 FRE13 FRF13 TEM01 Homodyne as an Optimal Fine-scale Field-aligned Current Analysis of Peptides Desorbed Soliton Resonance and Web Positron Studies for Atomic and Crystalline Silicon Thin-film Small Displacement Structures: Distribution and from Silicon by a Free Electron Structure in Discrete Integrable Molecular Physics and Materials Solar Cells on Glass - Cheap Measurement Scheme Relation to Dayside Magneto- Laser Systems Science Electricity from the Sun? Delaubert spheric Particle Boundaries King Maruno Sullivan Aberle Terkildsen 0920–0940 FRA14 FRB14 FRC14 FRD14 FRE14 FRF14 Optical Phased Array Gasdynamical Description Photoelectron Diffraction from Pathwise Solution of a Class of The Exotic World of Low-energy Modifying the Solar Spectrum: Technology Development versus Quasilinear Simulations Cu(111) Surfaces Quantum Filtering Equations Positron-atom Interactions Bridging the Gap between First McManamon for a Hot Electron Beam Broekman Kurniawan Bromley and Third Generation Propagating in a Plasma Photovoltaics Foroutan Richards 0940–1000 FRB15 FRC15 FRD15 FRF15 Quasilinear Simulation of Second Bio-molecule Adsorption Studied Quantum Teleportation by Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Harmonic Electromagnetic using Micro-beam Measurements on a Large Class Production Emission Photoemission Spectroscopy of Wavefunctions Plumb Li Stampfl Barjaktarevic Glasscock 1000–1040 Morning Tea Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Congress Handbook and Abstracts 43 Topic area AOS/Quantum Inf STSP CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC AOS/Laser Development Chair P. Drummond R. Vincent G. Stewart D. Evans R. Sang J. Munch 1040–1100 FRA21 FRB21 FRC21 FRD21 FRE21 FRF21 Quantum TRajectort Treatment Implications of Height-varying Micromachining of Single Experimental Demonstrations Trapped Clusters and 10W, Single Frequency, of the Continuous Variable Vertical Winds in Earth’s Crystal Diamond using a Novel of a New Second Law-like Nanoparticles CW Nd:YAG Laser Telportation of Quantum Fields Auroral Thermosphere Lift-off Technique Theorem Bieske Hosken Carmichael Conde Olivero Sevick 1100–1120 FRC22 FRF22 Observation of Track Formation Design of an Optical Fiter for and Track Annealing in Swift Suppresion of High Order Heavy Ion Irradiated InP Modes in High Power Khalil Continuous Mode Laser Barriga 1120–1140 FRA23 FRB23 FRC23 FRD23 FRE23 FRF23 Relativistically Invariant Tomographic Observations of the Modification of Surface & Barrier The Optical Tweezers “Capture” Rovibrational Energy Transfer in Solid-state Raman Lasers: Quantum Information Plasmasphere using FedSat Properties of Polyethylene Experiment to Demonstrate the the 4nuCH Manifold of Efficient Multi-wavelength Lasers Bartlett Dyson Terephthalate and Polycarbonate Transient Fluctuation Theorem and Acetylene, Viewed by||IR-UV for the Green-yellow-red Region Plastics by Ion Implantation the Kawasaki Identity Double Resonance Spectroscopy Pask Doolan Carberry Orr 1140–1200 FRA24 FRB24 FRC24 FRD24 FRE24 FRF24 The Preferred Ensemble Fact A Comparison of Observed and Nanoelectronics for Quantum Demonstration of the Steady- High-resolution Photoelectron Stimulated Raman Gain Cavity with Applications to Quantum Modelled Aircraft Radiation Information Processing State Fluctuation Theorem Spectroscopy via Velocity-map Ringdown (SRG-CRD) Feedback Control Dose Rates during Cosmic Ray Marcus Using a Colloidal Particle in a Imaging of Anion Radicals: Spectroscopy for High-Resolution Wiseman Transient Variations Translating Optical Trap A Window into Chemical Gas Sensing Getley Wang Reaction Dynamics Englich Cavanagh 1200–1220 FRA25 FRB25 FRD25 FRE25 FRF25 Quantum Logic in a Comparison of Large-scale Statistical Mechanics Applied to Towards Electron Momentum First Locking of a 80m Baseline Decoherence-suppressed Field-aligned Currents Calculated an Undercoooled Metastable Spectroscopy Studies of Suspended Fabry-Perot Cavity Subspace with Aatomic Qubits from SuperDARN and Iridium Liquid Clusters—A New Apparatus Slagmolen Brooke Green Williams Nixon 1220–1400 Lunch Break 1300–1330 AIP AGM 1330–1400 AIP PRIZES AND MEDALS 1400–1445 Plenary: (Chair: G. Stewart) Plasma Physics Enters the Nano-Age—Bilek 1445–1530 Plenary: (Chair: A. Byrne) The Asymmetry Between Matter and Antimatter—in the Universe and in the Laws of Physics—Quinn 1530 Close 1530 Tour of the Physics Department and Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering 1800 BBQ at the end of the Tour Note: Keynote Speakers in bold. Medal winners underlined. Detailed Program Friday 4 February 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Plenary Speakers Professor Tony Leggett Ultracold Fermi Alkali Gases: Bose Condensation Meets Cooper Pairing FRS, FAPS, FAIP Department of Physics, University of Illinois at For many years, condensed-matter theorists have Urbana-Champaign, USA appreciated that Bose-Einstein condensation of www.physics.uiuc.edu/People/Faculty/profiles/Leggett/ diatomic molecules and Cooper pairing of degenerate fermions are in some sense opposite ends of the same 2003 Nobel Prize winner in Physics “for pioneering continuous spectrum, and the problem of the contributions to the theory of superconductors and “crossover” between these two limits has been superfluids” intensively studied, in particular because of its possible Anthony J. Leggett was born in London, England in connection with issues in cuprate superconductivity. March 1938. He attended Balliol College, Oxford where Recent experimental work on the ultracold Fermi alkali he majored in Literae Humaniores (classical languages gases (6-Li and 40-K) has made it extremely plausible and literature, philosophy and Greco-Roman that this crossover actually occurs in these systems. history),and thereafter Merton College, Oxford where However, both the physical conditions and the he took a second undergraduate degree in Physics. properties most easily investigated experimentally are He completed a D.Phil. (Ph.D.) degree in theoretical rather different from those traditionally assumed in the physics under the supervision of D. terHaar. After theoretical literature. I review the salient properties of postdoctoral research in Urbana, Kyoto and elsewhere these new systems, and discuss the experimental he joined the faculty of the University of Sussex (UK) in results so far obtained and some of the challenges they 1967, being promoted to Reader in 1971 and to present to theory. Professor in 1978. In 1983 he became John D. and Catherine T. Macarthur Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a position he currently holds. His principal research interests lie in the areas of condensed matter physics, particularly high- temperature superconductivity, glasses and ultracold atomic gases, and the foundations of quantum mechanics. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 45 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Professor Karsten Danzmann Gravitational Wave Detectors on the Earth and in Deep Space Director, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Hannover, Germany Gravitational waves have been predicted more than 80 www.geo600.uni-hannover.de years ago by Einstein as a consequence of his Theory Lead scientist for the European space-based LISA of General Relativity. Although gravitational waves have gravity wave observatory and Co-Director of the GEO not yet been seen directly, their indirect influence can ground based gravity wave detector project be observed in the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16. This binary's two neutron stars are spiralling together at just Karsten Danzmann obtained his diploma and PhD the rate predicted by gravitational radiation reaction. from the Universität Hannover in Germany with work on Gravitational waves, once observed, promise us a plasma spectroscopy. Next he joined the Physikalische radically new view of the universe. Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) concentrating on optical precision measurements. From 1986–89 he was Electromagnetic waves are incoherent superpositions an Assistant Professor at Stanford University where he of emission from individual electrons, atoms or worked on high resolution spectroscopy. He returned to molecules in low-density regions. But gravitational Germany in 1990 as the leader of the project for waves will tell us about the coherent motion of huge detecting gravitational waves (GW) at the Max-Planck- amounts of mass-energy and the vibrating, non-linear Institut for Quantenoptik (MPQ) in Garching. Since spacetime curvature itself. 1993 he is full Professor at the Universität Hannover. In Several kilometres-sized laser interferometric 2002 he became the founding Director of the Hannover gravitational wave detectors have been under branch of the Max-Planck-Institut for Gravitationsphysik construction in the US and Europe over the last few (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and devotes his time to the years (LIGO, VIRGO, GEO600). LIGO and GEO600 detection of gravitational waves with earth-based and have gone into operation in 2004 and VIRGO will join in outerspace instruments. the near future, forming a world-wide network of ground-based detectors to perform routine observations of gravitational waves in the high- frequency band between a few Hz and 10 kHz, aiming at sources such as coalescing binaries or supernovae. The low-frequency band from 1 Hz down to less than a milli-Hertz is populated by waves emitted by sources as diverse as supermassive black holes at large red- shifts to short period binaries in our own galaxy. This band will never be observable on the ground due to the unshieldable background of Newtonian gravity gradients on earth. This is the domain of detectors flown in space. The European Space Agenca (ESA) and NASA in the US have reached agreement on a spaceborne laser interferometric gravitational wave detector (LISA) as a collaborative ESA/NASA mission with a launch date in 2013.The technology demonstrator mission LISA Pathfinder has entered into its final Implementation Phase in October of 2004, aiming at a launch date in 2008. 46 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics “Reaction Microscopes”: The “Cloud Chambers” of Atomic and Molecular Physics Reaction-Microscopes, developed 10 years ago in order to investigate ultra-fast electronic dynamics in ion-atom collisions[1], allow one to determine the complete vector momenta of several electrons and ions resulting from the fragmentation of atoms, molecules or clusters. In a unique combination, large solid angles close to 4π and superior momentum resolutions around a few percent of Professor Joachim Ullrich an atomic unit are typically reached in state-of-the art Director machines corresponding to energy resolutions of a few Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, µeV for ions and sub-meV for electrons. Thus, these Germany “cloud chambers” deliver precise images of the www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/ullrich/ complete final-state many-particle wave function in Leibniz Award winner, 1999 momentum space essentially for any atomic and molecular fragmentation reaction[2]. Consequently, the Joachim Ullrich studied physics and geo-physics at technique has been tremendously expanding in recent the Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität in Frankfurt. years beyond the investigation of ion-atom collisions and His PhD, about novel methods to detect small recoil- was successfully used by an increasing number of momenta in atomic or molecular fragmentation groups to explore the interaction of photons, electrons, reactions (Recoil-Ion Momentum Spectroscopy), was antiprotons and, most recently, of intense ultra-short awarded the Best Thesis Prize in 1988. At the lasers with atoms, molecules and clusters[3,4]. It turns BEVALAC of the LBL, Berkeley and as scientific staff out, that Reaction-Microscopes enable to follow in member at the GSI, Darmstadt he explored energetic unprecedented detail and completeness correlated heavy-ion atom collisions and, later, photon interactions electronic and nuclear quantum dynamics on ultra-fast at the ALS, Berkeley or at DESY, Hamburg. For the time scales from tens of femto- to sub-attoseconds. development of many-particle imaging techniques, so- called “Reaction-Microscopes”, he received the In the talk the working principle of newest machines will German Leibniz-Award in 1999. From 1997 to 2000 he be highlighted. Benchmark experiments will be held a Full Professor position at Freiburg University and presented in the various areas that have been explored was appointed Director at the Max-Planck-Institute for where atoms, molecules or clusters interact with Nuclear Physics (MPI-K), Heidelberg in 2001. He is individual eV up to 100 keV photons, with singly up to + Honorary Professor at the University of Heidelberg highly-charged U92 ions at eV to 200 GeV energies, since 2001, Managing Director at the MPI-K since with ultra-fast lasers at 1013 to 1016 W/cm 2 intensities, 2002, Consultant Professor at the Shanghai Fudan with electrons from threshold to keV energies or with University since 2003 and has published about 250 antiprotons at any velocity. articles. His main current interest is in atomic and Finally, the rich future potential of the method will be molecular many-particle dynamics in ultra-fast intense envisaged ranging from the investigation of correlated lasers, free electron lasers, in collisions with electrons, electron emission from (super-conducting) solids and heavy ions and antiparticles. He is developing storage surfaces, the possible study of single-particle (molecule) techniques, like ion-traps and sources (EBIT) as well as properties of Bose-Einstein-Condensates to proton novel storage rings for molecular ions, heavy ions and exchange (chemical) reactions at thermal energies and antiprotons. the possible control of ultra-fast correlated electronic motion in laser assisted reactions using few-cycle phase- controlled laser pulses or future free-electron lasers. [1] R. Moshammer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 3371 [2] J. Ullrich et al., J. Phys. B 30 (1997) 2917 [3] R. Dörner et al., Phys. Rep. 330 (2000) 95 [4] J. Ullrich et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 66 (2003) 1463 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 47 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics programs); Acting Chair of the Board of Greenfleet Australia; Deputy Chair of the ICSU Committee for Strategic Planning and Review (Paris). He currently serves on the Advisory Bodies of WWF and Environment Business Australia and Chairs the Antarctic Research Assessment Committee (Physical Sciences) of the Australian Antarctic Division. From Physics to Policy: The Science of Climate Change Underpinning Private and Public Policy Decisions Professor Graeme Pearman Analyses of countries around the world demonstrate a AM, FAA, Chief of Sustainability Science, Monash growing need through this century for energy in response University, Australia; formerly Chief, CSIRO Division of to increasing life-style expectations and population. At least Atmospheric Research for some time, these needs can be met only by a continued www.dar.csiro.au/profile/pearman.html utilisation of fossil-fuel energy that in turn results, with CSIRO Medal, 1988 current technologies, in the emission of carbon dioxide. UNEP Global 500 Award, 1989 The accumulation of this gas in the earth’s atmosphere has Professor Graeme Pearman obtained his degrees already changed the climate of the earth and more change from the University of Western Australia where he was is likely. In 2001, the international science community trained as a biologist. He joined CSIRO, in 1971 where reported it is now clear that the earth he was Chief of the CSIRO Division of Atmospheric warmed through the last century; most of this warming was Research for ten years 1992–2002. He established an likely due to increasing levels of greenhouse active research team looking at the biogeochemical gases; the demand for energy will ensure that carbon cycles of climatically active trace gases. dioxide continues to accumulate in the atmosphere and thus the climate warm through this century; and He contributed over 150 scientific journal papers there are many observed and anticipated impacts of this primarily on aspects of the global carbon budget. In warming on natural ecosystems and human activities 2003 he established the CSIRO CLIMATE program a around the world. thirteen-Division CSIRO wide research activity in climate change and variability. In 2004 he joined the Australian Since that time, the science has progressed further and Climate Group and left CSIRO to start a consultancy here in Australia, evidence for warming, other climatic company and to develop Sustainability Science at changes and impacts is growing. Monash University. So what is the solution to this apparent conflict for the He was awarded a United Nation’s Environment future? Is it in new technologies? Is there a single response Program Global 500 Award in 1989 for his involvement that will save the day? Or is there a demand for a new in a national awareness program on the climate change portfolio of energy production and utilisation technologies issue. He was elected to Fellowship of the Australian that meet the demands for the amenity that energy delivers, Academy of Science in 1988 and to Fellowship of the but does not compromise the future? Royal Society of Victoria in 1997 for his contribution to Are there economic gains to be made through early scientific knowledge. engagement in a new vision of energy futures? Can we In 1999 he was awarded the Australian Medal of the usefully extrapolate our existing energy systems into the Order of Australia for his services to atmospheric future? Or is the solution in behavioural change, and new science and promotion of the science of climate expectations for economic growth and social security? change to the public. In 2002 he was a finalist in Prime Graeme Pearman will outline some of the more recent Minister’s Environmentalist of the Year, and in 2001 he evidence for climate change; address the issue of how was awarded a Federation Medal in 2003. much change might turn out to be “dangerous”; discuss the Examples of his membership are: Past member of the dynamic between a still incomplete and developing science National Greenhouse Science Advisory Committee; Past and the perceived need for intervention and legislative President of the Australia Meteorological and action to deal with climate change; and the risks that this Oceanographic Society; Past Co-Chairman of the imposes on the operating environment of the commercial Science Advisory Group for the Asia Pacific Network for and industrial world, both through the impact of climate global change (Kobi); Past Chairman of the Joint change itself and through the need for adaptive and Australian Academies Committee for Sustainability; Past mitigative responses to the issue. Chairman of the National Committee for Sustainability He will discuss also the nature of a new paradigm for the (AAS); current Chairman of START International development of policy, both private and public, that (Washington; System for Analysis, Research and maximise delivery of these needs. Training of the IGBP, WCRP and IHDP international 48 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Professor Steven Chu What Can Physics Say about Life? Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and An increasing number of physical scientists are Stanford University, USA beginning to devote considerable attention to www.stanford.edu/group/chugroup biological problems. As more physical/mechanistic understandings of biological systems emerge, we are 1997 Nobel Prize winner in Physics “for development beginning to develop a deeper, quantitative of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light” understanding of how biological systems work. With Steven Chu is the Director of the Lawrence Berkeley this understanding, we are beginning to appreciate the National Laboratory and a Professor of Physics and extraordinarily clever ways living systems have chosen Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of to solve can be though of as essentially engineering California, Berkeley. problems. I will present examples of the engineering problems and solutions that life has taken that allow us His thesis and postdoctoral work was the observation to hear music and make proteins. Finally, if time of parity non-conservation in atomic transitions. While permits, I will discuss how nature can give us insights at Bell Laboratories he and Allen Mills did the first laser into how we might solve the challenge of realizing a spectroscopy of positronium and muonium. Chu led a sustainable, CO neutral source of energy before out group that showed how to first cool and then trap 2 fossil fuel supply is depleted. atoms with light. The “optical tweezers” trap is also widely used in biology. Other contributions include the demonstration of the magneto-optic trap, the theory of laser cooling (also by Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and Jean Dalibard), the first atomic fountain, and precision atom interferometry based on optical pulses of light. Using the optical tweezers, Chu introduced methods to simultaneously visualize and manipulate single bio- molecules in 1990. His group is also applying methods such as fluorescence energy transfer, optical tweezers and atomic force microscope methods to study the biology at the single molecule level. Chu has been awarded numerous prizes that include co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics with William Phillips and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (1997). He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Academia Sinica, and a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Korean Academy of Science and Engineering. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 49 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics on the earth’s surface are of the order of 10–6 of the average value of 9.81 ms–2. Even today, that is a major measurement challenge. The instrumentalists of the late 1800s solved the problem the way all good instrumentalists approach such a problem; they turned it into a differential measurement. Thus the Eotvos gradiometer was developed that measured the difference between the gravitational attractions at two points about a meter apart. While excruciatingly slow to use (8 hours per measurement), and very sensitive to external Dr Edwin Hans van Leeuwen influences (eg. temperature), this remained the standard technology for five decades. FAA By the 1950s, gravimeters (that measure the gravitational Manager Exploration Technologies, BHP Billiton, acceleration directly) had been developed to the point that Melbourne, Australia. http://falcon.bhpbilliton.com/ they replaced the gravity gradiometer for most applications. Clunies Ross National Science and Technology However, a new need arose in the 1970s, when it was Award winner, 2002 recognised that the accuracy with which a missile would hit Leader, development team for the FALCON airborne it’s target was strongly influenced by the gravity gradient at gravity gradiometer the point of launch. This drove a new wave of research that led to an entirely new generation of gravity gradiometers. Dr Edwin van Leeuwen is the Global Manager of BHP Billiton’s Exploration and Mining Technologies Group and While the gravimeter had satisfied many of the needs of is responsible for developing new exploration and mining mineral and petroleum explorers since 1950, it had failed technologies to ensure BHP Billiton stays at the forefront almost totally in one important application; namely in of its competitive business’s. airborne geophysics. Once again it is easy to understand why; the gravitational signals of interest are a factor of <10–7 Dr van Leeuwen has held several senior positions with of the accelerations of the aircraft and are indistinguishable BHP Billiton managing the Advanced Systems from them at a point measurement. Engineering Group, BHP’s External Research and Development Portfolio and Business Development Starting in 1991, BHP Billiton surveyed all the known gravity Group. Prior to his career with BHP Billiton he spent five technologies and in particular gravity gradiometer years working in the Australian Defence Department. technologies to assess the practicability of developing an operational airborne system with the sensitivity, reliability, and He currently serves on the Board of several international operating costs required by the minerals industry. The goal consortia involving Australia, Japan, USA, Canada, South of the team was to determine whether BHP Billiton could Korea and Europe and is the international chairman of a achieve a competitive advantage in mineral and program on Advanced Systems. He also sits on several hydrocarbon exploration industry by building the ‘worlds first’ University Boards and Research Centres in Australia. airborne gravity gradiometer system. In 2000, Dr van Leeuwen was elected a fellow of the Since 1999, BHP Billiton has successfully built and deployed Australian Academy of Technology Science and three airborne gravity gradiometer systems, (Newton, Engineering. In 2002 he was awarded the Centenary Einstein, and Galileo) based upon the Bell Aerospace (now Medal for services to Australian Society in Research and Lockheed Martin) Gravity Gradient Instruments. A second- Development and the prestigious ATSE Clunies Ross generation digital gravity gradiometer (Feynnman) is Award for his contributions to exploration geophysics. presently undergoing airborne testing. The GGI technology He is also responsible for leading the team that is based on groups of four (4) accelerometers where the developed the world’s first airborne gravity gradiometer accelerometers are equi-spaced on a circle with the sensing system for mapping mineral and hydrocarbon structures axis tangential to the circle. The configuration successfully from a light aircraft. This technology has won the team rejects both common mode accelerations and rotations the CSIRO award for excellence in science and the about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the complement. Graham Sands award from the Australian Society for The BHP Billiton AGG technology provides high quality Exploration Geophysics. gravity maps with a resolution and sensitivity to map gravity anomalies associated with both minerals and Airborne Gravity Gradiometry Applied to hydrocarbon deposits. Mineral and Hydrocarbon Exploration This paper presents an overview of the technology and Gravity, the most ubiquitous of all forces, is difficult to technical challenges in developing an airborne gravity measure with the accuracy needed for both fundamental gradiometer by using a partially declassified military research, and for applications such as geodesy, mineral technology and the success BHP Billiton has achieved in exploration, and defence. The reason is easy to deploying technology for the detection of mineral and understand, the variations in gravity from point to point hydrocarbon targets. 50 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Dr Catherine Cesarsky A Golden Age for Astronomy Director-General, European Southern Observatory, We live in a truly exceptional age of discovery in Garching, Germany astronomy and cosmology. Revolutionary advances www.europa.eu.int/comm/research/eurab/cvcesarsky.html have taken place in our knowledge in these fields, COSPAR Space Science Award winner, 1998 ranging from our local galactic environment to the President of the International Astronomical Union, 2006 entire Universe. Thanks to new and powerful observational facilities, on the ground and in space, Born in France, Catherine Cesarsky graduated in virtually every stage of evolution of the universe and its Physics from the University of Buenos Aires in 1965 components is now within reach. and obtained a Doctorate in Astronomy in 1971 from Harvard University. She then worked at the California Following the discovery of the first planets outside our Institute of Technology, before returning to France in solar system a decade ago, well over a hundred are 1974. She spent the major part of her career at the now known. At the other end of the scale, the large- “Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA)”. She has scale properties of the Universe have been determined been the Head of the Service d’Astrophysique from with astonishing precision over just the last few years. 1985 to 1993, and the Directeur des Sciences de la The existence of pervasive dark matter has been Matiére, responsible for all activities in basic research confirmed, and new discoveries have revealed the in physics and chemistry at CEA from 1994 to 1999. existence of a mysterious dark energy that dominates She was the Principal Investigator of the ISOCAM the expansion of the Universe. The presence of black instrument on board of the ESA ISO satellite. holes in the centers of galaxies, including our own, the Milky Way, has been ascertained. Since September 1999, Catherine Cesarsky is Director General of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) While several of the classic questions of the last which has the La Silla Observatory, four 8m telescopes century have been answered, a whole host of new and (VLT) at Monte Paranal, and is constructing in a world profound questions has arisen. Will we find earth-like wide collaboration the ALMA Observatory, all in Chile. planets, capable of sustaining life, as we know it? How do stars and planets form and how do they evolve? She is a member of many national and international What are the dark matter and dark energy that associations and organisations within physics, comprise 96% of our Universe? The ultimate question astrophysics and space sciences, as well as of can now begin to be addressed: What is the origin and Academia Europeae and of the National Academy of fate of our Universe? Sciences (USA, as foreign associate). She is the president elect of the International Astronomical Union. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 51 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics properties of thin films deposited from plasma sources and to control the directionality of reactive ion etching processes. Recently, research has been focused on the development of devices with features at the nanoscale. Whether ion based technologies will continue to dominate this new field is uncertain. Scale down of top-down machining methods, such as most ion based methods, is difficult, with control of the process on such a fine scale presenting the biggest problem. Professor Marcela Bilek The creation of nanostructures in nature occurs by University of Sydney, Australia bottom-up processes, such as self-assembly, where www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~mmmb/ the molecular building blocks organize themselves into the final structures. Self assembly is based on the Malcolm McIntosh Prize for Physical Scientist concept that a system will move under natural forces to of the Year, 2002 the minimum energy state it can reach given the time Federation Fellow, 2003 and energy available to it. Control can be achieved by Marcela Bilek was appointed Professor of Applied ensuring that the properties of the system and the Physics at the University of Sydney in 2000 and nanoscale building blocks in it are such that energy awarded an ARC Federation Fellowship in 2003. She minimization under the applied external constraints holds a PhD in Engineering from the University of leads to the desired structures. An example of such an Cambridge, UK, a B.Sc. in Physics from the University approach is the self organization, in water, of a of Sydney and an MBA degree from the Rochester dispersion of nanoparticles with hydrophobic and Institute of Technology, USA. Prior to her present hydrophilic surfaces, produced by polymer grafting or appointment she held a visiting Professorship at the co-polymerisation. These particles self assemble Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Germany, because energy minimization principles dictate that the and a Research Fellowship at Emmanuel College, hydrophobic parts cluster together away from the University of Cambridge, UK. She also worked as a solution while the hydrophilic surfaces make contact visiting Research Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley with the solution. Structures such as spheres, rods and Laboratory, University of California, USA. Aside from planes have been demonstrated depending on the her academic experience, Marcela has spent time ratios of hydrophobic to hydrophilic surfaces on the working in industry as a Research Scientist at Comalco self-assembling nanoparticles. Plasma processing has Research Centre, Melbourne, and at the IBM Asia the potential to play an important role in the production Pacific Group Headquarters in Tokyo, Japan. Her of nanoscale devices in treating or grafting the research focus is plasma processing for materials surfaces of particles or in producing substrates and synthesis and surface modification. She has published templates with anchoring, control and readout over 60 referred journal articles and won a number of functions for the devices. prizes, including the Malcolm McIntosh Prize for This paper will review recent applications of ions Physical Scientist of the Year in 2002, an MIT TR100 extracted from plasma with controlled energy to Young Innovator award in 2003, and the Australian produce structure at the nanoscale. Strategies, Academy of Science’s Pawsey Medal in 2004. systems and processes to create nanoscale multilayered structures, nanocomposites and patterned Plasma Physics Enters the surfaces will be presented. The experimental results Nano-Age presented show the range of structures which can be Ions, the positively charged species extracted from a achieved and in particular the power of these methods plasma, have an established role as the work horse of to produce preferred crystallographic orientations and the microelectronics age. Their use as machining and metastable phases within nanostructured materials. fabrication tools in the microelectronics and now in the Plasmas can be used to control the MEMs industries is well established. Ions are hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of surfaces to commonly used for deposition of thin film layers and prepare them for interaction with molecules and the etching of features which make up sub micron particles in solution. Plasma methods to produce scale devices. Because of their charge, their energies functional groups on surfaces for interaction with self- are easily controlled by the application of electric assembling particles and biomolecules, such as fields. With control of ion energy, it is relatively proteins and antibodies, will also be discussed. straightforward to tailor the microstructure and 52 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Professor Helen Quinn The Asymmetry between Matter and Antimatter—in the Universe and in FAPS, FAAAS Stanford Linear Accelerator, USA the Laws of Physics www.slac.stanford.edu/slac/faculty/hepfaculty/quinn.html A major outstanding puzzle at the intersection of Dirac Prize winner, 2000 particle physics and cosmology is the asymmetry President of the American Physical Society, 2004 between matter and antimatter. The Universe contains significant amounts of matter and an insignificant Helen Rhoda (Arnold) Quinn was born in Melbourne. amount of antimatter. The puzzle is how this can occur After matriculating from Tintern CEGGS in 1959, she when the laws of physics for matter and antimatter are attended Melbourne University for two years. She very close to identical. Unless it arises from a very emigrated to the United States in 1962 with her family, finely tuned initial condition that is maintained by an following a career opportunity for her father. She absolute conservation law, the matter-antimatter enrolled at Stanford University where she received a asymmetry of the Universe can only occur due to an B.Sc. in 1963 and a Ph.D in Physics in 1967. She was asymmetry between matter and antimatter in the laws a postdoctoral researcher at the Deutches Elektronen of physics. In technical terms this asymmetry in the Synchrotron in Hamburg in 1968–69. Returning to the laws of physics is known as CP violation, where C is United States she had one year with no employment the operation that interchanges all particles and and then took a postdoctoral position at Harvard antiparticles and P is the operation that reverses all University, and later became Assistant and then spatial coordinate directions (mirror reflection plus Associate Professor. In 1976 she followed her husband rotation about an axis perpendicular to the mirror). back to California and to Stanford using a Sloan Foundation Fellowship to support her research for the I will review how CP violation can arise in particle year. She took up a staff position at Stanford Linear theories. In the current (extended) Standard Model of Accelerator Center in 1977 and in 2003 was promoted particle physics CP violation can appear in only two to Professor of Physics. places, one affecting heavy quark decays and the other, which enters only after the theory is expanded to Her research has been recognized with a Dirac Medal include neutrino masses, affecting heavy neutrino from the International Center for Theoretical Physics in decays. Extensions of the theory can add additional Trieste, Italy in 2000 and by election to both the CP violating effects. I will explain why this is so. American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1998) and the (US) National Academy of Science (2003). I will also discuss the status of experiments aimed at investigating these features of the theory in further Helen married Daniel Quinn in 1966. They have two detail. I will then discuss scenarios for the evolution of children and two grandchildren. matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe based on each of these possibilities. In either case it seems that the current Standard Model theory must be extended in some way to give the observed Universe. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 53 E T F M The Australian Synchrotron will open in 2007 and will offer researchers access to diverse techniques and capabilities beyond those currently available within Australia. Key contacts: Australian Synchrotron Lighting the path to innovation melbourneaustralia 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Medals and Awards AIP Walsh Medal Awards for Excellence This award recognizes significant contributions by apracticing physicist to industry in Australia. It is named The Congress will highlight discipline for the late Sir Alan Walsh, Kt, FAA, FTS, FRS, one ofAustralia’s most eminent and distinguished scientists, contributions to Physics for the Nation who was the originator and developer of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and pioneered its through the awarding of prizes for application as a tool in chemical analysis. excellence. The AIP will have a Born in Lancashire in 1916 and educated at Darwen special awards ceremony immediately Grammar School, Sir Alan studied physics at Manchester University. After a few years in industry in preceding the closing plenary session the UK, he was recruited in 1946 to join the newly- on the Friday, and will present the created Chemical Physics Section of the CSIR (now CSIRO) Division of Industrial Chemistry in Melbourne. Massey, Education, Boas, Bragg and In 1952 he had the idea of using atomic absorption Walsh medals and the Women in spectra, rather than atomic emission and molecular absorption spectra, in spectrochemical analysis. The Physics Lecturer Award. The subsequent development of AAS as a simple, rapid individual discipline societies will be and inexpensive method for the analysis of minutetraces of metals (and some non-metals) is a tribute to encouraged to present their awards in Sir Alan’s extraordinary creativity, his business acumen the discipline sessions. All winners of and his infectious enthusiasm. He promoted theestablishment of an Australian manufacturer of the Australian Medals (including those atomic absorption spectrophotometer, the original company Techtron Pty Ltd eventually growing into awarded by the AIP) will have their Varian Australia, now one of the world’s leading presentations highlighted at the spectroscopic instrument companies. opening ceremony. The award consists of a Medal and is open to competition every second year among persons resident in Australia for at least five of the seven years preceding the closing date for applications. The award will be given for physics research and/or development that has led to patents, processes or inventions which, in the opinion of the judging panel, have led to significant industrial and/or commercial outcomes, such as devices that are being manufactured or have influenced a major industrial process. Winners: Brian Sowerby and James Tickner (NUPP MOD35) Brian Sowerby Brian Sowerby is currently Chief Research Scientist, On-Line Analysis and Control in CSIRO Minerals at Lucas Heights. He holds a B.Sc. (Hons. 1) in Physics from the University of NSW and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the Australian National University. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 57 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Following post-doctoral work in Canada he has, since 1969, carried out research and development on the Malcolm McIntosh Medal application of nuclear and ultrasonic techniques in the The Malcolm McIntosh Prize for Physical Scientist of mineral and energy industries in the Australian Atomic the Year is awarded for an outstanding achievement in Energy Commission and CSIRO. This work has led to science that advances, or has the potential to the commercialisation of techniques for the bulk advance, human welfare or benefits society. This Prize analysis of copper and nickel ores, the on-line analysis is awarded only to an individual. The Malcolm McIntosh of coal (two of the Coalscan gauges) and the on-belt Prize is comprised of a silver medallion and a grant determination of coke moisture. His work also led to the of $50,000. development of the UltraPS particle size analysers, the The objectives of the Prize are to recognise and reward UltraPF coal mass flow measurement system and outstanding research by younger scientists; and to various on-conveyor belt analysers. His current main demonstrate to the public, and to school students and research interest is the development and application of science undergraduates in particular, that early-stage techniques to detect contraband in air cargo. He has career achievement in science can be of world-class received ten awards for his work including the importance. inaugural Sir Ian McLennan Achievement for Industry Award (1985) and the 1992 Australia Prize (shared with Winner: Ben Eggleton (AOS TUA11) Watt, Cutmore and Howarth). He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering in 1986. Benjamin J. Eggleton is currently an ARC Federation Fellow and Professor of Physics at the University of Sydney and the Director of CUDOS, an ARC Centre of James Tickner Excellence. In 1996, he joined Bell Laboratories, James read physics at Oxford University, graduating in Lucent Technologies as a Postdoctoral Member of staff 1994. He completed his DPhil at the same institution, then transferred to the Optical Fiber Research measuring proton structure functions at the ZEUS Department. In 2000 he was promoted to Research experiment based at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg. Director within the Specialty Fiber Business Division In 1998 he moved to Australia to join the On-line where he was responsible for forward-looking research Analysis and Control group at CSIRO Minerals. Since supporting Lucent Technologies business in optical then he has worked on the development of nuclear fiber devices. Prof. Eggleton has co-authored over 100 instrumentation for the minerals industry and more journal publications and numerous conference papers recently for security applications, specialising in the and was the recipient of the 2004 Malcolm McIntosh development of Monte Carlo methods for designing Prize, the 2003 ICO prize from the International and optimising nuclear analysers. In 1999 he joined the Commission on Optics, the 1998 Adolph Lomb Medal International Atomic Energy Agency’s coordinated from the OSA the distinguished lecturer award from the research project on the application of nuclear IEEE/LEOS, is an OSA fellow and recipient of an technologies for humanitarian demining, developing R&D100 award. the concept for a hand-held, 3-dimensional gamma-ray camera capable of one-sided imaging. In 2002 he co- developed the fast-neutron/gamma-ray radiography method for cargo screening which is due to be trialled at Brisbane airport next year. James has authored over 70 publications and patents in the fields of particle physics and nuclear instrumentation. 58 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics ANZAAS Medal Boas Medal His Excellency Major General Michael Jeffery AC CVO The Medal was established in 1984 to promote MC, Governor-General of the Commonwealth of excellence in research in Physics and to perpetuate Australia will be presenting the medal at 1330 hrs at the name of Walter Boas. The award is for physics Llewellyn Hall at the opening of the Outreach research carried out in the five years prior to the date programme. of the award, as demonstrated by both published The ANZAAS medal is awarded for services in the papers and unpublished papers prepared for advancement of science or administration and publication, a list of which should accompany the organisation of scientific activities, or the teaching of nomination. science throughout Australia and New Zealand and in contributions to science which lie beyond normal Winner: Professor George Dracoulis professional activities. The ANZAAS Medal is only (NUPP TUD21) presented to the recipient at a suitably prestigious scientific gathering or event. Winner: David Blair (ASRG TUE11) In recognition of his outstanding contribution to world science through his pioneering research work on gravity waves, the Council of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science has awarded the ANZAAS Medal to Professor David Blair. Professor Blair, from the School of Physics at the University of Western Australia, is a high profile George Dracoulis is a graduate of Melbourne scientist who has researched gravity waves for more University and has been on the staff at the Australian than 25 years. This research has led to the National University since 1973. He has been Head of development of the world’s most accurate clock and to the Department of Nuclear Physics since 1991. That the development of a new form of astronomy— Department operates a major facility based on a gravitational wave astronomy—the spectrum of which Heavy Ion Accelerator, which is used for a broad range is awaiting discovery. When harnessed, gravitational of research, from basic studies in nuclear physics and waves will offer a powerful new probe of the universe. nuclear reactions, to innovative applications. This research has received has much media attention His main interests, pursued at both the local and and captured the public’s imagination. various international facilities, are in the structure of Professor Blair is Director of the Australian unusual nuclear states populated in heavy ion International Gravitational Research Centre at Gingin, reactions and studied with time-correlated, gamma-ray approximately 80 km north east of Perth, in Western spectroscopy. The recent focus of this work has been Australia. The Centre involves collaboration between on the identification of metastable states, or Isomers, Australian and international scientists and incorporates and in their use as a probe of the underlying nuclear one of the largest astronomy centres in the southern structure, including elucidation of the mechanisms hemisphere, the Australian International Gravitation which control the formation of multi-quasiparticle states Observatory. The public arm of the Observatory is the in deformed nuclei, and the orbital-dependence Gravity Discovery Centre which features science controlling nuclear shape co-existence. education and tourist displays designed to stimulate interest in science. He was awarded the 2003 Lyle Medal of the Australian Professor David Blair’s commitments to the Academy of Science advancement of science and to the promotion of science for secondary and tertiary students make him an outstanding role model and worthy recipient of the ANZAAS Medal. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 59 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics 2004 AIP Massey Medal The most significant work was the development ofnovel theoretical phase-space representations of The Massey Medal was proposed at the AIP Congress quantum operators. A practical application of this in 1988 as a gift from the Institute of Physics, UK, to the technique was the prediction of the first evidence for AIP, to mark the 25th anniversary of the founding of the quantum solitons in optical fibers. AIP as a separate institution in 1963. It was first awarded in 1990. This was verified in several laboratories, and featured on Nature’s front cover. Sir Harrie Massey, born near Melbourne in 1908, had a distinguished career in the UK and in 1931 with In addition, he has contributed to the field of Edward Bullard, published the first experimental computational physics, through the development of evidence for electron diffraction in gases. He saw the new programs and algorithms, which are widely potential of using direct rocket probes of the available to the physics community. He is currently atmosphere layers and eventually, as Chairman of the working on new techniques for correlated fermions. British National Committee for Space Research, he guided the entire UK space research program. From 1960 to 1964 he was President of the European AIP Education Medal Preparatory Commission for Space Research. He was knighted in 1960. The purpose of the prize is to recognize an outstanding contribution to physics education in Australia. It was The medal is awarded every two years for contributions proposed as an initiative of the Physics Education to physics or its applications made by an Australian Group at the 2002 AIP Congress in Adelaide. The prize physicist working anywhere in the world, or by a non- is awarded to any member of the AIP who is judged to Australian physicist resident in and for work carried out have made a significant contribution to physics in Australia. education in Australia. In determining the recipient of the award, the quality of the work, the significance to Winner: Peter Drummond (AOS TUA31) physics education, and the creativity displayed will be taken into account. The inaugural prize will be presented at the 2005 AIP Congress in Canberra. Winner: Marjan Zadnik (PEG TUF31) Peter Drummond is the Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Queensland, and UQ Director of the Australian Centre for Quantum-Atom Optics. He has degrees from Auckland, Harvard and Waikato Universities, and is a Fellow of the AIP, APS and AAS. Marjan Zadnik is the inaugural Professor and Dean of He has worked on: techniques and tests of quantum Teaching and Learning in the Division of Engineering, theory, theory of quantum and classical solitons, Science and Technology at Curtin University of computational physics, physics of communication and Technology. Prior to this position he taught and carried out research in the Department of Applied Physics at information, laser physics, Bose-Einstein condensation Curtin. Before joining Curtin he carried out research on and atom lasers. the isotopic composition of noble gases trapped in He has published over 135 research papers in refereed meteoritical and terrestrial samples at the Enrico Fermi journals, with more than 4100 citations. The Institute, University of Chicago, and at the Max-Planck- calculations are generally closely related to Institut für Chemie, in Germany. He has a strong experiments—and have been verified in many commitment to student learning and supporting staff laboratories in the USA, Europe, Japan and elsewhere. improve their teaching. He has been a co-investigator 60 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics on over 40 competitive research and development Territory University in Darwin. The main result of this grants totalling over $1.2 M. These include 5 national research was the identification of a number of new Committee for the Advancement of University Teaching positronic atoms (i.e. atoms which could stably bind a and the Committee for University Teaching and Staff positron to them). Development grants, plus a large ARC research grant. Post-PhD, he has been a Research Associate at Awards and honours include the Vice-Chancellor’s Kansas State University (U.S.A.) investigating atom Award for Excellence in 1993, a CAUT National Teaching Fellowship in 1996, the inaugural Curtin optical elements (“atom chips”) with Prof. Brett Esry. He Student nominated Guild Award for Excellence in recently returned to Australia for a short-term Teaching (1999), the Dean of Science Medal (2000), Postdoctoral Fellow position at the (now renamed) the Most Valuable Paper published in 2000 in the Aust Charles Darwin University, while looking for further Science Teachers Journal and was a National Finalist work. He was a Young Australian of the Year winner in for the Australia Awards for University Teaching, in 2001 (Northern Territory, Science and Technology 2002. He has published over 120 papers and category) and, as of October 2004, has published 23 presented at over 100 conferences. scientific papers with an emphasis on computational atomic physics; ranging from the electronic structure of atoms through to matter-wave (eg. Bose-Einstein 2003 AIP Bragg Medal condensate) propagation and manipulation. The Bragg Medal was established in 1992 as an initiative of the South Australian Branch, to commemorated Sir Laurence Bragg and his father Sir William Bragg. The medal is awarded annually to the student who is judged to have completed the most outstanding PhD thesis in Physics under the auspices of an Australian university. Nominations from each university are submitted to the State Branch Committee, which selects a state winner. A national selection panel then selects the national winner. The medal will be presented to the winner at the congress by the President of the AIP. Winner: Michael Bromley (AMPQC FRE14) Michael completed his PhD on “Positron-atom interactions studied using configuration-interaction methods” in 2002 for which he was awarded the 2003 Australian Institute of Physics Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics. His computer-based research, on anti-matter/matter interactions, was performed under the supervision of Dr. Jim Mitroy at the Northern Congress Handbook and Abstracts 61 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Topic Areas and inexperienced instruments. When the PowerhouseMuseum wanted to buy for its collection an instrument Highlights from renowned maker Harry Vatiliotis, an opportunity arose to examine these questions. Three years ago, Celebrating Einstein’s two very similar instruments were made from seasonedwooden plates that had originally been intended to Miraculous Year 1905: make a cello. They were subjected to acoustical, The International Year of playing and listening tests. Since then, one has been Physics 2005 maintained in museum conditions, unplayed, while the other belongs to busy Sydney musician Romano The year 2005 is the 100th anniversary of Albert Crivici. How have they changed? Ra Inta will explain Einstein’s “MiraculousYear” of 1905 when Einstein that on Thursday. published four revolutionary ideas that forever changed Did the pitch rise or fall? And what does that say about the way we see the world. To celebrate this the nature of pitch perception? A range of odd anniversary, the year 2005 has been declared the psychophysical results are produced by octave- International Year of Physics by the United Nations. complex tones—tones whose frequency components This provides Australian physicists with an opportunity are spaced one octave apart. When such tones jump to raise the public awareness of physics and by half an octave (a dissonant interval that also Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to our society corresponds to the maximum harmonic distance (see http://www.physics2005.org/). The four ideas between two musical keys), listeners may disagree on were: (i) The idea of the light quantum, (ii) the idea of whether it rose or fell. Richard Parncutt uses molecular motion leading to the very useful diffusion experiments like these to test different theories on the relation, (iii) the theory of special relativity and (iv) the way humans perceive pitch. idea that mass and energy are linker by E=mc2. Throughout the Congress you will find many presentations of current research that have extended Atomic and Molecular Physics these ideas. They include also topics relating to and Quantum Chemistry Einstein’s later work, such as the use of quantum (AMPQC) entanglement and Bose-Einstein Condensation. These Topics to be covered in the Atomic and Molecular themes will be covered by several of the plenary Physics and Quantum Chemistry (AMPQC) sessions lecture and in the topical areas. span the full research spectrum from the fundamental In addition we have a special lecture, lunchtime to the applied. Monday, which shows the historical link to early work in At the fundamental level, Michael Bromley Australia and we have an outreach program on (Bragg Medal Winner 2004) will discuss recent Wednesday featuring future work in relativity and progress made in the theoretical treatment of the quanta of light. interaction of positrons with isolated atoms. This talk is complimented by James Sullivan describing the new The highlights listed by the individual experimental positron facility presently under construction. Igor Bray will review the longstanding discipline groups include: difficulties in describing the Coulomb few-body breakup problem and describe how resolution of Acoustics and Music (AAS) outstanding problems has led to unprecedented You’re not the only one who is listening to your ears! agreement between theory and experiment. A Once you know that the human ear has a dynamic subsequent talk by Andris Stelbovics will describe in range of over 120 dB and a frequency range of detail their development of a new formulation of the 10 octaves and a precision of a fraction of a percent, theory of electron-impact ionization of atoms. Chris it’s no suprise to learn that the cochlea, its acoustical- Chantler will describe measurements performed on electrical and analogue-digital converter, has active highly charged titanium ions which provide critical tests elements. And active elements mean that, yes, the of QED in a new regime. Results for many-body atomic ear can make sounds too. Come to an invited talk by structure calculations probing violations of parity and Eric LePage . time reversal will be presented by Jacinda Ginges. Do violins really get better with age, and how could you Linda Uhlmann will present results for the scattering of tell? Whether it is the passage of time, the exposure to electrons from trapped metastable helium atoms. the atmosphere, or the amount of playing, many The interaction of photons with matter will be violinists believe that oldies are goodies, and spurn addressed by a number of speakers. Evan Bieske will Congress Handbook and Abstracts 63 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics discuss the dynamics of trapped clusters and Keynote speakers in meteorology and climate include nano-particles probed with infrared light and describe Michael Roderick (session 2), who will offer a physical and how information regarding molecular bonds explanation for the measured global trend of and intra-molecular energy transfer can be extracted decreasing pan evaporation rate despite climate from experiment. warming, and Peter May (session 3), who will discuss Brian Orr (OSA William F. Meggers Award 2004) will observations of tropical convection and clouds. In speak on intramolecular dynamics studied by time- session 4, Helen Cleugh will talk about interactions resolved infrared-ultraviolet double resonance between climate and land processes, including the spectroscopy. The powerful technique of velocity map terrestrial carbon cycle and its relationship to the imaging will be reviewed by Warren Lawrence. He will water cycle. There are additional contributions on the describe how it can be applied to determine the role of aerosols in climate and weather, evidence for a binding energies of van der Waals molecules and long-term trend of decreasing rainfall over southern provide insights into the dissociation process. The Australia and the nonlinear relationship between velocity map imaging technique is also being pursued Australian climate and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in Canberra with first results to be presented by Steve phenomenon. Cavanagh. On the theoretical front, Igor Ivanov will Oscar Alves, will unite the two AMOS threads of discuss a formalism and computational procedure to oceanography and meteorology. Specifically, he will treat the process of multiphoton ionization in strong highlight current efforts to use ocean data assimilation laser fields. models to help with seasonal climate predictions. A Environmental and technological applications of atomic number of other talks on coupled ocean-atmosphere and molecular physics also form a key theme of our interactions, covering a range of temporal and spatial sessions. Recent advances in computational models scales (from small-scale wind-driven mixing to ocean describing auroral emissions will be presented by basin climate variability), are included in the AMOS Laurie Campbell. The question of whether a detailed sessions. comparison between predictions and measurements can be used to discriminate between different cross- Australian Optical Society and section measurements will be discussed. Results of Quantum Physics (AOS) investigations into the electrical conduction properties of single organic molecules will be addressed in the The special feature of the Australian Optical Society talk of Karl-Heinz Mueller with the development of meeting is its breadth and depth. It starts on the molecular electronics depending crucially on the Monday with a session on aspects of spectroscopy, understanding of such phenomena. Finally, the results including a keynote address by Eric van Stryland of calculations on different tautometric forms of the (USA) and followed by sessions on the Monday and biologically important molecule adenine will be Tuesday with talks showing new developments in non- presented by Feng Wang. linear optics and photonic crystals. You can find out what’s happening in the field of optics and lasers, laser development and laser applications from the sessions Meteorology, Climate Change on Thursday and Friday mornings. and Oceanography (AMOS) Quantum physics, quantum information, quantum The AMOS program includes contributions from the control and quantum logic are fields of considerable fields of meteorology, climate and oceanography and, interest which flourish in Australia and New Zealand. by extension, ocean-atmosphere interactions. This topic has two sessions on Tuesday and Friday. The oceanography part of the program begins in Similarly quantum & atom optics, with an emphasis on session 1 with keynote speaker Matthew England Bose Einstein Condensation and Fermi gases, has two exploring the role of the Southern Ocean in climate full sessions, jointly organised with atomic physics, on change using climate models. Susan Wijffels, also a Wednesday and Thursday. These topics feature several keynote speaker (in session 5), will present keynote speakers from Australia, New Zealand, plus measurements of the Indonesian Throughflow, the Gora Schlapnikov (France) and Johannes Denschlag ocean current system which transports heat between (Austria). the Pacific and Indian oceans. Other oceanography On the Tuesday and Thursday we hold a session talks will cover the dynamics of the global thermohaline which is restricted to ‘new faces’: early career and circulation, nonlinearity and chaos in the wind-driven student speakers. Another session on Tuesday ocean circulation and methods for the reconstruction of afternoon has a less conventional format in that the palaeo-climate changes from coral reefs. audience will be given an introduction to four interesting and separate topics. 64 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Within the AOS program there are Keynote talks from wide. The AIP Congress will feature two sessions winners of significant scientific awards: Ben Eggleton, dedicated to synchrotron science. The first will focus winner of the Australian Government Malcolm McIntosh on the future and includes an update on the design Prize, and Peter Drummond, winner of the AIP Massey and construction of both the Australian Synchrotron Medal. Keynote and contributed papers also feature and the Fourth Generation Light Source planned for the Presidents-elect of our sister societies OSA (Eric van UK. The second will highlight the present and includes Stryland) and SPIE (Paul McManamon) and three Australian examples of the application of synchrotron- Federation Fellows. radiation-based techniques to materials- All the presentations could be highlights but you have science/condensed-matter research. Two years time to be there to find out! will see the opening of a new national and regional facility that will transform the agenda for Australian science. Our two sessions of synchrotron science at General Relativity and the AIP Congress are but one step in preparing the Gravitation (ASRG) physics community for March 2007 and beyond. General Relativity and Gravitation features in three sessions during the Congress, two on Tuesday and a Astrophysics (AAS) joint session with Astronomy on Thursday. David Blair The coming decade will see a range of new (ANZAAS medal winner) will lead off with the bigger astronomical instrumentation covering the whole picture of research and public outreach in Western electromagnetic spectrum from gamma rays to the Australia. Optical techniques the US LIGO project and metre-wave radio, and including other areas such as the international LISA project are all featured. Look out gravitational wave and high-energy cosmic ray for other presentations on gravitational wave detection. In the sessions on Thursday, we have five interferometry in the AOS sessions on Monday, eminent leaders of the Australian Astronomical Thursday and Friday and Tuesday’s poster session. community describing ongoing and proposed work in The afternoon session on Tuesday is devoted to the key areas of new instrumentation. John Storey of general relativity theory. John Hartnett kicks off with a UNSW will discuss Australian plans for building novel application of 5D cosmology to the issue of dark telescopes in Antarctica. The Director of the Australian matter in the Universe. The long-standing question of Telescope National Facility, Brian Boyle will describe whether the famous cosmological singularity theorem the new generation of Australian radio telescope by Hawking actually predicts a curvature singularity will facilities. Roger Clay of Adelaide will describe High- be resolved by S. Scott. The well-known author and energy cosmic ray Facilities. David McClelland of ANU science communicator Paul Davies will present will describe Australian involvement in Gravitational interesting consequences of the study of the transit Wave Facilities. Warrick Couch UNSW will talk about time of a freely-falling particle in a background the next generation of Extremely Large Telescopes. gravitational field. Thursday’s joint session with Astronomy continues the Biophysics and Medical theme of the earlier Astronomy session by featuring Physics (BMP) large projects. Martin Huber, Switzerland, provides an overview of the ESA program in fundamental physics. The collection of material to be presented paints a vivid David Reitze’s update on the US LIGO Project will picture of the crucial role of physics plays in modern report that LIGO is close to its design sensitivity. The biology. The first session looks chiefly at how proteins gravitational wave theme will then move to the ultra low provide a rich opportunity for physicists to bridge-build frequency regime with talks by Robert Manchester from towards biology. From the very structure of these CSIRO and Matthew Bailes from Swinburne University complex biopolymers (Benno Schoenborn) to the on pulsar timing and the detection of gravitational cooperative higher functions such as signal waves using a pulsar timing array. transduction (Ben Corry). The influence of quantum mechanics is also discussed in light of electronic and photonic properties in a number of systems ranging Australian Synchrotron from photosynthesis, to the role of melanin, and to act Science (ASRP) of vision . The Australian Synchrotron is now under construction The second session draws upon the physics of signal in Melbourne with a scheduled opening date of March processing and visualisation of fundamental patterns in 2007. Despite the historical lack of a domestic facility, biology. The scene is set with an analysis of genetic Synchrotron science is well established in Australia patterns. The brain is the next source of complex with researchers utilizing numerous synchrotrons world- signals and presents a dynamic network which begs Congress Handbook and Abstracts 65 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics visualisation. The electrical activity of the brain is one Theorem, with further contributions in computational of the key experimental quantities that lends itself to and mathematical physics. physical interpretation. MRI allows the brain to be The topic of econo-physics is a new and rapidly monitored for a response to a given stimulus, blood developing field of activity in which principles of oxygen levels for example. statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics, dealing An important role for physics is to develop novel with correlations and complexity, are being used to devices, techniques and algorithms to extend the uncover universal laws in economic phenomena. possibilities for biologists. In the final session, it is Details can be found at www.econophysics.org shown that silicon-based biosensors and microarrays The Friday sessions are mainly devoted to the are greatly increasing throughput and scope of testing Fluctuation Theorem, including the recent experimental regimes for protein and gene-based screening. The demonstrations using a colloidal particle in an optical safe operation of medical devices relies on a practical trap. This is groundbreaking work which has generated physical understanding, not in the least the ultrasonic great interest in the international press, with reports heating of bone or the hydrodynamics of blood around appearing in The New York Times and The Wall Street a stent. The Biophysics and Medical Physics sessions Journal among others. span the spectrum of physics and should be both of general and specific interest. Environmental Physics/ Condensed Matter and Renewable Energy (EP/RE) Materials and Surface Physics Nearly all solar modules use crystalline silicon solarcells. The cost of the silicon wafer is half of the cost of (CMMSP) the module, with solar cell fabrication and The program in Condensed Matter, Materials and encapsulating comprising the other half of the cost. Surface Physics highlights many of the contemporary Large reductions in cost of PV electricity require that frontiers in condensed matter physics and its the cost of the solar cell substrate be reduced. applications including nanomaterials, quantum Armin Aberle and Andrew Blakers will present a paper computing, superconductivity and novel magnetic on the use of thin crystalline silicon solar cells to systems, along with scientific opportunities arising from reduce the amount of expensive pure silicon by 90% or the development of the Replacement Research more. Bryce Richards will talk about alternative Reactor, a major new facility for Australian research. materials that might be capable of very high Over two hundred individual contributions will be efficiencies. And Ian Plumb’s paper deals with the presented in eleven oral sessions and two production of hydrogen directly from water. comprehensive poster sessions. The program has a Special Insect Monitoring Radars have been used to strong international character with contributions from track swarming or migrating insects for quite a few Europe and North America—too numerous to list here years. A key problem is to decide what insects are in detail. At the same time the full cross section of being observed. Alistair Drake will describe advances Australian research is included, including many early in beam modulation and retrieval techniques that allow career and student presenters. us to tell what bug is in the beam. Excellence in presentation is encouraged, and prizes Soil decontamination can be an intractable problem will be awarded for best poster, best oral presentations when reclaiming industrial sites for reuse. Recent and best student oral presentation. research by Tony Collings and colleagues has shown the potential of a novel technique that uses ultrasound to generate regions of high temperature within soil Complex Systems, pores, thereby denaturing the contaminants. Computational and Mathematical Physics (CSCMP) Education (PEG) This topic covers related themes not supported by a The Australian Universities Teaching Committee single society. The study of complex systems science (AUTC) and The Carrick Institute for Learning and in Australia has been invigorated by recent funding Teaching in Higher Education are funding a review of initiatives in CSIRO and the University sector. “Learning Outcomes and Curriculum Development in The Thursday session highlights include overviews Physics” through 2004–2005. As part of the Stage One of the new field of econo-physics and recent review, Michelle Livett will present “Key Findings from experimental demonstrations of the Fluctuation the National Physics Project on Learning and 66 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Teaching”, which will be followed by a one-hour Nuclear and Particle Physics Workshop/Panel Session (led by Judith Pollard, with the (NUPP) AUTC Project Team) . The meeting has presentations from the full spectrum The inaugural AIP Education Medallist, Marjan (Mario) activities of Australia’s active Nuclear and Particle Zadnik, will present a keynote entitled “Changing Time- Physics community. These range from the theory of Changing Teaching”, where he will discuss his fundamental interactions and reports from large personal teaching philosophy and present some international collaborations to advances in the practical strategies that individuals and groups may understanding of nuclear reaction dynamics and wish to consider. Mario promises to challenge the nuclear structure and the applications of nuclear audience to critically review their own attitudes and techniques to other areas. The keynote speakers below beliefs regarding teaching and learning, in light of the have been selected to reflect this diversity. changes he identifies have occurred in recent times. The presentation by Victor Flambaum will explore the Arthur Guenther, Past President for the International nature of the fundamental constants and Derek Commission for Optics, will present a “Comprehensive Leinweber will provide a rare visual presentation of the Photonics Education Model” established in basic strong interaction physics of quark confinement, Albuquerque in direct response to the needs of the which is notoriously difficult to analyze, using local optics and photonics sector (both industry and advanced computer graphics to represent results from government). This model enables individuals to lattice gauge theory calculations. enter and return to the workforce routinely as they ascend the educational chain, starting from high The talks by Tom Atkinson and Phill Urquijo will look at school and progressing through the degree stream to large the international facilities at CERN and KEK, with the doctoral level. Tom discussing the Large Hadron Collider, the largest particle accelerator ever constructed, which will begin Secondary teachers will find much to interest them taking data in late 2007. It hopes to discover the Higgs throughout the programme. There are contributions boson and hence begin to solve the problem of the on the Rio Tinto Australian Science Olympiads origin of mass. An overview of the LHC and the ATLAS (Kate Wilson), the Science and Engineering Challenge detector will be provided, including the substantial (John O’Connor), the transfer of mathematics contribution being made by Australian physicists. knowledge and understanding from high school to Phill will review some of the many exciting results in university (Andrew Roberts). this area emerging from the Belle experiment which has over the last several years has collected some GeoPhysics (GP) 300 million decays of pairs of particles known as B mesons. Using these, subtle differences between The first session focuses on understanding the the behaviour of matter and antimatter have been Earth of today. The agonizingly slow dynamics of established, through a process known as CP violation. the Earth’s interior records easily discernible patterns in the changing modern landscape. David Hinde will be discussing the present We examine how geoscientists image the inaccessible understanding of the mechanisms controlling nuclear deep interior of the planet with seismic tomography as fusion reaction, in particular the implication that the a key to understanding the long geological history of results that recent measurements on light systems have plate motions, and explore into the Earth’s mantle to for the formation super-heavy elements. George see what happens when the tectonic plates are Dracoulis will be showing how nuclear metastable swallowed up. states (isomers) can be used as powerful probes in the understanding of fundamental nuclear properties and The second session probes the planetary engines that Hugo Maier will show how the nuclear shell model can power geology on the billion year timescale. Just how be used to explain the behaviour of nuclei near the does heat escaping from the Earth organize plate heaviest doubly magic system. motion and continental drift? Are the continents just pushed around by convection in the deep Earth or do The meeting will also celebrate the recent AIP awards they control what goes on down below? What would to G. Dracoulis (Boas Medal) and B. Sowerby/J. Tickner the Earth have looked like 2 billion years ago—a place (Walsh Medal). where we could feel at home or an alien world with a surface like Venus? Congress Handbook and Abstracts 67 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Plasma Physics (PP) and contributed talks will be given in five sessions on Monday and Friday. The bulk of the Australian STSP Laboratory plasma physics encompasses studies of community will be present at the poster session on ionised gases from a few thousand degrees C for Thursday. In addition a lunchtime meeting for the STSP plasma materials processing to hundreds of millions of Group will be held. degrees for fusion energy development. On Friday afternoon, Prof. Marcela Bilek, a Federation Fellow from The CAWSES program will be summarised and the University of Sydney, will give a plenary lecture on Janet Kozyra (USA) discusses magnetospheric "Plasma Physics Enters the Nano-Age" describing the physics. The theme of space weather in Earth’s many uses of plasmas in producing nano-structured ionosphere and magnetosphere continues into the materials. At the opposite end of the temperature second session, including predictions of transient scale, Prof. Robert Goldston, the Director of Princeton events and a presentation by Wendell Horton (USA) on Plasma Physics Laboratory in the United States will a new integrated theory for electron acceleration and give a keynote lecture on “Advances in Magnetic magnetic substorms. The third session focuses on the Fusion Science” on Wednesday morning which physics of the Sun and interplanetary medium and their describes advances in understanding of the complex links with auroral activity. Hilary Cane (Australia) will behaviour of high energy confined plasmas, its discuss solar flares, coronal mass ejections, radio relationship to astrophysical phenomena, and its role in emissions, and particle acceleration. developing the basis for the large International The first Friday session addresses the plasma physics Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, for of Earth’s auroral region and the generation and which final site selection is imminent. propagation of energetic particles, starting with a Other oral (Wednesday and Thursday mornings) and Keynote talk by Christopher Chaston (Australia). The poster presentations will cover the plasma confinement final session links the neutral atmosphere with the in stellarator, spherical torus and compact torus ionosphere and magnetosphere. It includes a review devices, the physics of laser-compressed fusion by Mark Conde (Australia) and presentations on plasmas, plasma thrusters for space propulsion, tomographic reconstruction and the radiation dose on innovative diagnostic techniques for high and low airplanes due to energetic particles. temperature laboratory plasmas, and the use of plasmas for efficient production of high-value thin films and other material. Plasmas being highly non- Women in Physics (WIP) equilibrium complex physical systems, the theory, The level of involvement of women in this year’s modelling, and experimental study of plasma stability Congress is quite remarkable, with high profile female and turbulence is represented and forms a cross- physicists making a mark in many of the discipline disciplinary link with space and astrophysical plasma groups. The Women in Physics Group of the AIP physics, fluid dynamics and complex systems theory. particularly welcomes the large proportion of women plenary and keynote speakers, illustrating the high quality contribution that women make to physics Solar-Terrestrial and Space research in Australia and overseas. Physics (STSP) This year’s Women in Physics Group program has been These sessions address the physics of phenomena specially designed to mesh with the Physics Education ranging from Earth’s neutral atmosphere and Group, as there are many topics of interest to both magnetosphere to the Sun and the outer boundaries of streams. Our parallel session (Thursday afternoon) our solar system, where the Sun’s solar wind meets the includes contributions on ways to improve retention local interstellar medium. A major focus for these rates for female undergraduate students and also sessions is the international program CAWSES (Climate equity issues facing women later in an academic/ and Weather of the Sun Earth System), which research career. All those interested in these and combines research on solar and interplanetary physics related issues are encouraged to attend the keynote with magnetospheric, ionospheric, and atmospheric talk by Cathy Foley which will close the WiP session. physics, and with cosmic rays and the solar system’s interstellar environment. Observational data are This session includes the History of Physics obtained from spacecraft, including Australia’s FedSat, presentations. and ground-based sources, while the interpretative and theoretical work primarily involves plasma physics. Invited Keynote presentations 68 Congress Handbook and Abstracts Industrial Physics We are one of the largest, most diverse collection of physicists, engineers and technicians in Australia. 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Last updated by Peter. © Copyright 1997-2004, CSIRO Australia Use of this web Saunders@csiro.au site and information available from it is subject to our 23 November, 2004 Legal Notice and Disclaimer and Privacy Statement http://www.cip.csiro.au/24/11/2004 10:43:22 PM 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Book of Abstracts Abstracts have been organised by topic area acronym in alphabetical order. Within the topic area, oral presentations are in program order. Keynotes and medalists are highlighted in blue background. Posters follow the oral presentations on the day of presentation. Presenting authors are underlined. Proceedings are available on a CD Rom provided to each delegate as a satchel insert. Submission of papers was optional. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 71 Book of Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Acoustics and Music AAS THE23 (AAS) Thursday 1440–1500 hrs Singing Strategies: How Tenors and AAS THE21 Sopranos ‘Tune’ Their Vocal Tracts Thursday 1400–1420 hrs N. Henrich1,2, E. Joliveau1, J. Smith1 and J.Wolfe1 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney A Study of Ageing and Playing 2. Laboratoire d’Acoustique Musicale, Paris Effects on Violins: The First e-mail of corresponding author: J.Wolfe@unsw.edu.au Three Years The vocal tract is a horn transmitting periodic, harmonic- R. Inta, J. Smith and J. Wolf rich signals from the vocal folds to the radiation field[1]. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney The tract resonances transmit some frequency bands e-mail of corresponding author: ra@phys.unsw.edu.au (formants) more effectively than others. What happens We have begun a long-term experiment designed to when the pitch frequencies (and therefore the spacing of measure the changes over time in two very similar violins. harmonics) approaches or exceeds that of the[2] One is stored under controlled conditions and not played, resonances? It has been suggested that sopranos might while the other is played regularly by a professional sometimes ‘tune’ tract resonances to the fundamental.[3] musician. Vibro-acoustic measurements were performed Using technology we developed for speech , we show[4,5] on the instruments and parts thereof during and after that this is the case , and we compare this with the less construction. Playing and listening tests by a panel of obvious strategies used by tenors. experienced violinists were conducted at completion, after [1] G. Fant. Speech Sounds and Features. MIT, Cambridge, three years with no adjustment, and then after sound-post Mass (1973) and other adjustments were made on the played violin [2] J. Sundberg, The Science of the Singing Voice, Northern Illinois Univ. Press. (1987) only. The results in all cases were consistent with the hypothesis that the violins were identical. [3] J. Epps, J. Smith and J. Wolfe, Measurement Science andTechnology, 8, 1112 (1997) [4] Joliveau, E., Smith, J. and Wolfe, J. Nature, 427, 116. (2004) AAS THE22 [5] www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/soprane.html Thursday 1420–1440 hrs An Analysis of Undercut Toneholes AAS THE25 in Woodwinds Thursday 1500–1540 hrs Geoffrey T. Poulton An Unnatural Test of a Natural Model CSIRO ICT Centre, Sydney of Pitch Perception: The Tritone e-mail of corresponding author: geoff.poulton@csiro.au Paradox and Spectral Dominance An analysis is presented for undercut toneholes in Richard Parncutt and Amos Tan woodwind musical instruments of circular cross-section, University of Graz extending previous results for cylindrical toneholes e-mail of the corresponding author: parncutt@uni-graz.at perpendicular to the axis of the instrument[1]. The [1] undercut region takes the form of a sloped elliptical cone, Octave-complex tones (OCTs, cf. ) elicit paradoxical [2] representing the most common types of undercutting. pitch effects, e.g. C-F# may rise or fall . Speech-based explanations are problematic[3]. Terhardt[4] assumed A hybrid analysis technique combining moment and finite sensitivity to naturally occurring sounds; e.g. partials difference methods is used to generate three-port around 700 Hz strongly influence virtual pitch because scattering matrices for single tonehole/bore junctions. A they also determine speech vowels. Variations in this simple equivalent circuit is derived which approximates “dominance region” may explain the “tritone paradox”. Our the scattering matrices quite well over a range of tonehole listeners (i) indicated whether tritones of OCTs rose or fell, parameters, and this model is used to comment on the (ii) rated the absolute pitch height of individual OCTs, and effects of undercutting on the fine tuning of woodwinds. (iii) compared the pitch of OCTs and pure tones. Results of [1] V. Dubos et al, Acustica, 85, 153–169 (1999). (ii) and (iii) mostly predicted results of (i), supporting[4]. [1] Shepard, R.N. (1964). Circularity in judgments of relative pitch. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 36, 2346–2353. [2] Deutsch, D. (1986). A musical paradox. Music Perception, 3, 275–280. [3] Repp, B. H. (1994). The tritone paradox and the pitch range of the speaking voice: A dubious connection. Music Perception, 12, 227–255. [4] Terhardt, E., Stoll, G., & Seewann, M. (1982). Algorithm for extraction of pitch and pitch salience from complex tonal signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 71, 679–688. 72 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AAS THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AAS THE31 AAS THE34 Thursday 1620–1700 hrs Thursday 1720–1740 hrs The Potency of Otoacoustic Interference Fringes with a Emissions: The Auditory Evaluation Stochastic Origin Tool for the Twenty-first Century? M.W. Hamilton and B-L Nguyen E.L. LePage, N.M. Murray, J.D. Seymour Physics Dept., The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia National Acoustic Laboratories, Chatswood, NSW e-mail of corresponding author: murray.hamilton@adelaide.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: Eric.LePage@nal.gov.au; An acoustic experiment is described in which interference ericlepage@optusnet.com.au fringes are observed that have maximum visibility for Otoacoustic emissions (sounds produced by the ear itself, partial field coherence[1]. These fringes arise from due to outer hair cell activity) have emerged from curiosity measurements of fourth order field correlations; this is of status, to a powerful tool for evaluating the performance of higher order than the usual second order correlation any ear and its response to noise trauma. It also quantifies measured in ordinary interference experiments. The origin binaural interactions involved in stereo perception. This of the fringes is stochastic, rather than due to the talk will review recent history and present hot topics in oscillation of the sign or direction of the field with audiological evaluation, using data from musicians to coal changing phase, as will be explained in this presentation. miners. It will show how the technique, now part of an These fringes may also be observed with a wave to which Australian Standard[1], may be used to estimate how pseudorandom modulation has been applied, rather than much normal hearing any person has left. a truly random modulation, in order to produce partial [1] AS/NZS 1269.4:2004 Occupational noise management. coherence. Such modulation is used by GPS satellites, APPENDIX H — OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS (Informative) for example. Using Early Warning Properties Of Click-Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions For Application To Hearing Loss Prevention. (2004) In this presentation, we will focus on the limitations to measurement of distances with this high order interference that are imposed by the use of pseudorandom modulation. AAS THE33 [1] M.W. Hamilton, Physical Review Letters, vol89, 173901, (2002) Thursday 1700–1720 hrs Dynamics of SAG/AG Mills as AAS THE35 Measured by Non-Contact Acoustic Thursday 1740–1800 hrs Measurement Investigation of the Radiation Force R. A. Pax on Particles in an Ultrasound Field Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia using the Lattice Boltzmann Model e-mail of corresponding author: r.pax@mailbox.uq.edu.au J.M. Buick Mineral processing operations use semi autogenous Physics and Electronics, School of Biological, Biomedical (SAG) and fully autogenous (AG) grinding mills to provide and Molecular Sciences, The University of New England, liberated valuable minerals for subsequent separation Armidale, NSW, Australia from waste. These unit operations are hostile to e-mail of corresponding author: jbuick@une conventional instrumentation. Significant acoustic The lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) is a relatively recent emissions occur to allow a non-contact measurement development in computational fluid dynamics which is approach that allows the determination the mechanisms of increasingly being recognized as an alternative to more the internal operation of these mills. By understanding the traditional numerical techniques. The application of the information that is available from the acoustic emissions LBM to acoustical studies can benefit from the features of emanating from mills, the physical processes that occur the method which have been utalised in fluid dynamics; inside the mills can be determined. The information thus however, it has only been utalised in a limited number of obtained can then be used for optimisation and control of studies. In this paper the background to the LBM and its this unit operation. Key processes that can be identified application to acoustics is reviewed. The LBM is then are the impact breakage, abrasion as well as some of the applied to study the radiation force on particles in an details of charge composition. In this paper an ultrasound field. Finally future applications are briefly implementation for non-contact acoustic measurement considered. as well as some results of studies conducted using a variety of acoustic arrays on a number of industrial mills will be presented. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 73 AAS THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics POSTERS the human ear, is clearly evident when the spectral content of the tones produced by the piano is examined. AAS PTH 1 A microphone with flat frequency response from 100Hz to 12 kHz was placed at a distance of 0.5m from each piano “Virtual” Flutes and Clarinets: string while it was being struck repetitively several times. Acoustic Modelling at the Service of Microphone output was fed to an audio spectrum analyser Performing Musicians which detected a time averaged spectrum of each tone. All pianos tested, including Steinway, Boesendorfer, A. Botros, J. Smith and J. Wolfe Yamaha, Kawai, Stuart & Steinbach grand pianos, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney possessed 8–12 notes in the third & fourth octaves where e-mail of corresponding author: abotros@phys.unsw.edu.au the fundamental had much lower intensity than one or To be useful to musicians, acoustic applications must more overtones. The Boesendorfer piano produced the exhibit a high degree of accuracy. The virtual woodwind largest number of these tones. Of all pianos examined the project at UNSW provides technical advice to hundreds of Stuart pianos produced “tones” in the first octave with musicians per day. It applies a waveguide model of the simplest detected spectral content. woodwind acoustic response to every fingering of the instrument (tens of thousands), guided by an extensive database of measurements. An expert system searches AAS PTH 4 the resultant spectra for notes and multiphonics, to which Designing Musical Plates Using it ascribes pitch and playability predictions. These are Numerical Optimisation accessed via a musician-friendly web interface[1]. This paper reports the success of the original flute project[2], J.Petrolito and K.A. Legge its extensions and work on a Virtual Clarinet. Department of Physical Sciences and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bendigo [1] “The Virtual Flute”— http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/flute/virtual e-mail of corresponding author: k.legge@latrobe.edu.au [2] A. Botros, J. Smith and J. Wolfe, Acoustics Australia, 30 (2002). Numerical techniques have often been used to analyse the vibrational patterns of musical structures, less often for AAS PTH 2 the actual design of a structure. The authors havepreviously applied numerical optimisation techniques to a Modeling the Acoustics of Woodwind percussive bar modelled as a one-dimensional beam. In Instruments: A New Tool for Makers. this paper we extend the technique to a two-dimensional model through the design of plates with specified P. Dickens1, T. McGee2, J. Smith1 and J. Wolfe1 characteristic frequencies. The technique is illustrated 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney using a circular plate, which is tuned through variations in NSW; 2. Flutemaker, 61 Calder Crescent, Holder ACT its thickness. e-mail of corresponding author: pdickens@phys.unsw.edu.au The study of acoustics is as old as physics itself, and the AAS PTH 5 acoustics of woodwind instruments is in general well understood. Only recently, however, have measurement A New Independent Component and modeling techniques become precise enough to be Analysis Algorithm: Joint of benefit to makers. This work combines precise Approximate Diagonalization of measurements of acoustic impedance with a one- dimensional model of woodwind instruments to produce Simplified Cumulant Matrices an interactive tool for instrument makers to use in Xianhua Liu and R. B. Randall designing new instruments. In collaboration with Australian School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering flute maker Terry McGee and the Powerhouse Museum, the work will bring many insights in both contemporary The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia and historical instrument making, and may influence the e-mail of corresponding author: continuing development of musical instruments. xianhua@student.unsw.edu.au This paper proposes a new algorithm to improve AAS PTH 3 robustness, reliability and efficiency for blind signal separation[1–8] with a different diagonal cumulant Spectral Content of Pianoforte Tones maximization criterion. It calculates a fraction of the fourth K.R. Doolan order cumulant set and avoids the eigenmatrix School of Engineering & Industrial Design, University of decomposition to considerably reduce the separation cost Western Sydney, Penrith for large-scale problems. Experimental separation shows e-mail of corresponding author: k.doolan@uws.edu.au that the new algorithm is robust, reliable and efficient for both large and small-scale separation problems, thus has An experimental study has been undertaken to record and combined merits of the well-known JADE and FastICA compare spectral content of musical tones produced by a algorithms. Mixed music and speech signal separation is variety of grand and upright pianos. Certain tones presented in this paper. produced by a piano have a distinctly different timbre and [1] P. Comon, C. Jutten, and J. Herault, “Blind separation of audio spectrum from most of the other tones played on sources, part II: problems statement”, Signal Processing, 24, that piano. The difference in timbre, which is detectable by pp. 11–21 (1991) 74 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AAS THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics [2] P. Comon, ‘Independent component analysis: A new concept?’ Signal Processing, 36, pp. 287–314 (1994) AAS PTH 6 [3] X. Liu, R. B. Randall and J. Antoni, “Blind source separation of internal combustion engine vibration signals,” The 4th Effects of the Player’s Vocal Tract Australian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM, Melbourne, on Sound Production in Wind Australia (2005) Instruments [4] J. F. Cardoso and Antoine Souloumiac, “Blind beamforming for non Gaussian signals”, Journal of IEE Proceedings-F, 140(6), A.Z. Tarnopolsky1, J. Wolfe1, N.H. Fletcher2, pp. 362–370 (1993) L.C.L. Hollenberg3, J. Smith1 [5] A. Hyvärinen, J. Karhunen and E. Oja, Independent 1. University of New South Wales, Sydney; 2. Australian Component Analysis, New York, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons National University, Canberra; 3. University of Melbourne, (2001) Melboubne [6] J. F. Cardoso and P. Comon, “Tensor base independent e-mail of corresponding author: alext@phys.unsw.edu.au component analysis,” in Pro. EUSIPCO (1990) [7] G. H. Golub and C. F. Van Loan, Matrix Computations, The In brass instruments and the didjeridu, the lips are a Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 3rd ed. (1996) control oscillator, which interacts with the strong [8] X. Liu and R. B. Randall, “Redundant data elimination: A new resonances of the instrument and the weaker resonances way of simplifying blind source separation from a different of the player’s vocal tract. Vocal tract changes (especially information point of view,” International Journal of Acoustics tongue position) clearly change timbre in the didjeridu, and Vibration, submitted October (2004). and brass players claim that they affect timbre and pitch. It is difficult to control parameters independently in live players, so we report measurements using artificial lips and vocal tracts whose geometrical and mechanical properties are well controlled and defined. We demonstrate changes in pitch, register and timbre, which we relate to the impedance spectra of the tract. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 75 AAS THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Meteorology and Climate Change, and Oceanography (AMOS) AMOS MOE11 Monday 1040–1120 hrs AMOS MOE14 Monday 1140–1200 hrs Southern Ocean Circulation and Global Climate The Predictability of Interdecadal Changes in ENSO Activity and ENSO M.H. England Teleconnections Centre for Environmental Modelling and Prediction (CEMAP), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Scott Power e-mail of corresponding author: M.England@unsw.edu.au Bureau of Meteorology The role of the Southern Ocean in the Earth’s climate Email of corresponding author: s.power@bom.gov.au system is assessed. This first involves exploring a series The character of year-to-year changes in the El Niño- of climate model simulations employing different Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and ENSO’s impact on geometries in the Drake Passage gap[1]. A profound and Australian climate both vary on interdecadal time-scales in surprising global climate response is obtained[2]. Apart the observational record and in the BMRC global coupled from this paleo-perspective, the Southern Ocean’s role in atmosphere-ocean climate model. Sensitivity experiments climate and climate change is explored on time scales of with this model indicate that these interdecadal changes years to centuries. Of particular interest is: (i) the response have low levels of predictability. The apparent modulation of the climate system and the ocean carbon cycle to of ENSO and ENSO’s impact on Australia can be at least latitude shifts in the subpolar westerly winds[3,4], (ii) partially attributed to a surprising but robust nonlinear Antarctic water-mass variability and its role in regional relationship between ENSO and Australian climate. climate[5] and (iii) the response of the Southern Ocean to Implications for climate prediction and climate prediction Antarctic meltwater changes[6]. services are discussed. [1] Sijp, W.P., and M.H. England, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1254–1266 (2004) AMOS MOE15 [2] Sijp, W.P., and M.H. England, J. Climate, accepted (2004) [3] Oke, P.R., and M.H. England, J. Climate, 17, 1040–1054 (2004) Monday 1200–1220 hrs [4] England, M.H. et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted (2004) Do Massive Corals Reflect Global [5] Santoso, A., and M.H. England, J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press Change?—Coral Reconstructions of (2004) Changes in Temperature and [6] Bates, M., W.P. Sijp, and M.H. England, Met. Atmos. Phys., submitted (2004) Carbonate Saturation State of the Surface Ocean AMOS MOE13 A. Müller1, M.K.Gagan2 and J.M.Lough3 Monday 1120–1140 hrs 1. Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 2. Research School of The Role of Buoyancy in the Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Energetics of the Global Overturning Australia; 3. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Circulation of the Oceans Townsville, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: a.mueller@uq.edu.au G.O. Hughes and R.W. Griffiths Anticipated future effects of the global warming scenario Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia include an increase of ocean surface temperature as well as changes in surface ocean chemistry resulting in e-mail of corresponding author: graham.hughes@anu.edu.au reduced coral calcification. In massive corals from Laboratory observations show that convection driven by a Western Australia, early marine diagenesis results in an gradient of temperature or heat flux along one horizontal apparent ~25% decrease in skeletal density towards the boundary produces a localized turbulent plume and an present, which misleadingly matches the nonlinear otherwise stably stratified circulation. We develop a model twentieth century decrease in coral calcification predicted describing the energetics of this convection and examine by recent modelling and experimental studies. A nonlinear the implications for the zonally-averaged meridional decrease in coral _13C towards the present mimics the overturning (thermohaline circulation) of the oceans. decrease expected from the oceanic Suess effect Given the meridional heat flux at the ocean surface, we because diagenetic aragonite is enriched in 13C relative predict the rate of production of available potential energy to coral aragonite. From Sr/Ca and _18O values, we also (0.5 x 1012 W), the average vertical turbulent diffusivity see an apparent temperature decrease. Based on our (k = O(10–5) m2/s) and a thermocline depth (300–530 m), results we suggest that a number of global climate change in agreement with measurements. studies relying on observational data from massive corals may need revision. 76 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics relationships that these two substantial changes are AMOS MOE21 connected, the latter change being the consequence of Monday 1400–1440 hrs the former. These changes in Sahel and SWWA rainfall are The Causes of Declining Pan part of a coordinated rapid global change in the late 1960s that seems to be largely independent of global Evaporation and Consequences for warming and ENSO, and has only recently been the Surface Moisture Balance over recognised. the Last 50 Years M. L. Roderick and G. D. Farquhar AMOS MOE24 CRC for Greenhouse Accounting, Research School of Monday 1500–1520 hrs Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia An Extended High-quality e-mail of corresponding author: Michael.Roderick@anu.edu.au Temperature Data Set for Australia It has long been assumed that surface warming as a Blair C. Trewin consequence of the enhanced greenhouse effect would National Climate Centre, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, result in increasing evaporative demand over terrestrial Melbourne surfaces. However, while the surface has steadily warmed e-mail of corresponding author: b.trewin@bom.gov.au over the last 50 years, the evaporative demand has steadily declined. We know this because the evaporation A long-term daily temperature data set has been of water from meteorological pans has been decreasing produced for Australia. This includes daily maximum and almost everywhere over the past 50 years[1]. Why has this minimum temperatures for 103 locations, with 50 locations happened while it has been warming—is there something having data from 1910 to the present. These data have wrong with the pan evaporation measurements? A simple been homogenised to make them suitable for use in physical analysis shows that there is nothing wrong with climate change research. The new set extends the [1] the pan evaporation measurements. The analysis shows previous version , which covered the period from 1957 to that pan evaporation, and hence evaporative demand, is 1996, by including recent data and pre-1957 daily data not very sensitive to changes in average temperature. which have recently been digitised, and complements the Instead, pan evaporation is mostly sensitive to variations in existing 1910–2003 data set of homogenised annual mean [2] sunlight, vapour pressure deficit and wind speed. When temperatures . Results will be presented using the new viewed from a physics-based perspective, the trend for data set to determine trends in the frequency of decreasing pan evaporation is consistent with temperature extremes in Australia. observations from around the world showing decreasing [1] B.Trewin, 11th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and [2] Instrumentation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 14–18 Januarysunlight and possibly wind speed. In this talk, we 2001, 279–284 (2001) summarise the observations and present a physical basis [2] P. Della-Marta, D. Collins and K. Braganza, Aust. Meteor. Mag., for understanding them. When combined with rainfall 53, 73–94 (2004) measurements, the same physical arguments show that the terrestrial surface has become less arid. One analogy is that the terrestrial surface is more like a gardener’s AMOS MOE25 greenhouse[3]. Monday 1520–1540 hrs [1] T.C. Peterson, V.S. Golubev, P.Y. Groisman, Nature, 377, 687 (1995) Atmospheric Isotopes: Evolution of [2] M.L. Roderick, G.D. Farquhar, Science, 298, 1410 (2002) Stable Water Isotopologues as an [3] M.L. Roderick, G.D. Farquhar. International Journal of Applicable Data Source Climatology, 24, 1077 (2004) A. Henderson-Sellers1, K. McGuffie2 1. Environment, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology AMOS MOE23 Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW; 2. Department of Applied Monday 1440–1500 hrs Physics, University of Technology, Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: ahssec@ansto.gov.au The Long-term Rainfall Decrease in Southwest WA and the Rapid Global Stable water isotopes have been employed as a means ofchallenging, validating and improving numerical models of Climate Change of the Late 1960s basin-scale water processes since the 1980s. Two rare but Peter G. Baines naturally occurring isotopologues of water, 1H 182 O and 1 16 School of Mathematics, Bristol, UK, and Dept. of Civil and H2H O, are coming to be of practical use in diagnosis Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Australia of water cycle system changes. Recent developments e-mail of corresponding author: have served to illustrate how detection and attribution of p.baines@civenv.unimelb.edu.au both human impacts and natural variations in surface- atmosphere water exchanges can beneficially exploit The rainfall of southwest Western Australia (SWWA) stable water isotope observations and simulations. suffered a 20% long-term decrease in the late 1960s, The promise for isotopic finger-printing of near-surface which continues to the present day. This change water cycle changes is illustrated here for three approximately coincides with the well-known long-term important basins. decrease of rainfall in the African Sahel. It is demonstrated here by a combination of statistical and dynamical Congress Handbook and Abstracts 77 AMOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AMOS MOE31 AMOS MOE33 Monday 1620–1640 hrs Monday 1700–1720 hrs Constant Pressure Balloon Studies On the Height Distribution of of Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes in Convection in the Tropics the Tropical and High-latitude Lower A.P. Ballinger1 Stratosphere 1. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, R. A. Vincent1, A. Hertzog2, F. Vial2 Melbourne 1. Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Australia; e-mail of corresponding author: 2. LMD, École Polytechnique, Paris, France andrew.ballinger@maths.monash.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: robert.vincent@adelaide.edu.au This report gives a brief analysis of a storm dataset Constant pressure balloons provide a unique method of covering the 2003/2004 wet season. An extensive studying the properties of gravity waves in the lower database of storm characteristics measured with the stratosphere. We describe observations made on long- Berrimah (Darwin) and Marburg (Brisbane) radars, duration flights launched from sites in South America and covering the period from November 2003 until February in the Arctic. Measurements of pressure, temperature and 2004 was assembled. position using GPS techniques allow important wave The report investigates the distribution of the maximum parameters, including momentum fluxes, to be measured height of convective clouds over Darwin and Brisbane. It as a function of intrinsic frequency. Using wavelet seeks to give some insight into the diurnal evolution of techniques we show that it is also possible to obtain cloud-top heights, and the variation between the modes of intrinsic phase speeds, which provides a complete picture convection seen in monsoonal flow regimes, compared of the wave field. Considerable spatial and temporal with that in ‘break’ periods. It will also briefly discuss the intermittency in wave activity are found and the results are impact of these observations on the concept of a ‘Trimodal related to possible wave sources. The results will be distribution’[1] of convection in the tropics. discussed with relevance to the VORCORE campaign [1] Johnson et al. 1999: Trimodal Characteristics of Tropical using constant pressure balloons to study the Antarctic Convection. Journal of Climate: Vol. 12, No. 8, pp. 2397–2418. stratosphere in spring 2005. AMOS MOE34 AMOS MOE32 Monday 1720–1800 hrs Monday 1640–1700 hrs Tropical Convective Systems—The Deep Convection in the Australian Tropical Warm Pool International Tropics Cloud Experiment M. Pope1, C. Jacob2 and M. Reeder3 Peter May 1. Bureau of Meteorology Training Centre, Bureau of Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre Meteorology, Melbourne; 2. Bureau of Meteorology Research email of presenting author: p.may@bom.gov.au Centre, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne; 3. Centre for Dynamical Meteorology and Oceanography, Monash A major international field experiment to study the University, Melbourne evolution, structure and impact of tropical convective e-mail of corresponding author: M.Pope@bom.gov.au clouds is being undertaken around Darwin in early 2006. This paper reports on the early stages of a study that The scientific issues behind this experiment will be seeks to understand how tropical convection contributes discussed followed by the science objectives and then the to the large-scale radiation and precipitation budget. This experimental design will be described. The aim will be to involves the study of cloud systems using a dataset of follow the cloud evolution and impact from the initial hourly observations of GMS5 IR1 (10.5–11.5 convective clouds through to the remnant cirrus and theirµm) from September to April (seasons 1995–96 to 2000–01). Over impact on the chemical, water and radiative budgets of Northern Australia, this entails a “build up” period, active the troposphere and lower stratosphere. and break monsoon conditions and following transition season. Cloud regimes are identified with a view to finding objective classifications and their representativeness for the study area. Preliminary results on the identification and classification of cloud systems will be presented. 78 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics POSTERS on a linear model[1], which relates the sunglint bicoherence and cumulants with the corresponding slope AMOS PMO 1 bicoherence and cumulants. This model is then inverted and applied to the simulated sunglint bicoherence to Seasonal Cycles in Aerosol Optical retrieve the slope bicoherence and cumulants. The Thickness in Sydney and Darwin retrieved slope bicoherence is then Fourier transformed to Z. Bouya and G.P. Box obtain the slope bispectrum. We examine the retrieved School of Physics, University of NSW, Sydney slope bispectrum to infer such quantities as the ratio of primary to quadratically coupled wave power at particular e-mail of corresponding author: g.box@unsw.edu.au wavenumbers, and the sign of the slope skewness, which Aerosol optical thickness measurements provide a way of provides an indication of the direction of wave travel. monitoring the temporal variation of aerosol column [1] J. Alvarez-Borrego, Wave height spectrum from sunglint loading. Analysis of radiometer measurements of aerosol patterns: an inverse problem, J. Geophys. Res., 98, C6 (1993) optical thickness from Sydney and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site in Darwin show clear annual cycles for both cities. In Sydney the highest aerosol AMOS PMO 4 loading occurs during the summer months, while the Classification of the Australian annual cycle for the Angstrom coefficient indicates larger Summer Monsoon using SOM particles in the autumn. The Darwin data shows a strong Analysis seasonal cycle in aerosol optical thickness, with marked periods of low optical depth during March–August, while W. Drosdowsky periods of high optical depth coincide with the biomass- Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne burning season (September–November). e-mail of corresponding author: w.drosdowsky@bom.gov.au Self Organising Maps (SOMs) are used to classify AMOS PMO 2 synoptic scale circulation patterns associated with the summer monsoon over Indonesia and northern Australia. CSIRO Mk3 Climate System Model SOMs are a class of artificial neural networks which Integrations for IPCC AR4: Status produce similar groupings to, but have some advantages and Results over, those obtained by traditional statistical clustering Mark Collier, Tony Hirst, Martin Dix techniques. Experimentation with different sized arrays n produced generally similar results, with the final solutionCSIRO Atmospheric Research being a 5 by 3 SOM array. While all nodes show strongContact e-mail: mark.collier@csiro.au w persistence, the transition matrix depicts the preferredCSIRO is in the process of finalising a minimum of 10 evolution between relatively inactive heat low and moreexperiments with the Mk3 Climatea System Model (CSM) for convectively active monsoon situations.contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Data Distribution Cdentre. This data archive has akey role in the writing of the influential IPCC 4th AMOS PMO 5Assessment Report onh Climate Change. Enhancement of a SeabreezeWe will provide miost of the requested high priority fields. Circulation Due to UpwellingThe most important deficiency in our submission is the C.M. Ewenz1 and W. Lieff2lack of ensembles, overcoming this would help reduce W 1. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flindersuncertainty in estimates of model trends and variability. University, Adelaide; 2. CWLabs Environmental Research andThis paper will describe basic features of the Mk3 CSM, Consulting, Bridgewater, South Australia our data processing methodology and some key results e-mail of corresponding author: Caecilia.Ewenz@flinders.edu.au describing model sensitivity and performance. Coastal upwelling causes cooler sea surface temperatures (SST) in a limited region offshore by as much as 5˚C AMOS PMO 3 compared to the surrounding ocean. The increase in land- sea contrast thus enhances the sea breeze circulation[1]. Retrieval of Higher Order Ocean To evaluate the change in strength and initial development Spectra from Sunglint of the seabreeze due to upwelling, model simulations are Geoff P. Cureton1, Mervyn J. Lynch1, Brendan T. McGann1 carried out with a limited area model [2]. Atmospheric and Stuart J. Anderson2 conditions favourable for upwelling off southern Eyre 1. Dept. Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, WA, Peninsula [3] are simplified to extract the change due to the Australia; 2. Defence Science and Technology Organisation, upwelling signal. A characteristic sea breeze during these SA, Australia conditions exhibits a weak front and propagates fast inland. In comparison, a case with no-upwelling shows a e-mail of corresponding author: geoff.cureton@physics.org significant change in the ocean surface fluxes in the We employ Monte Carlo methods to generate multiple proposed region. During upwelling an earlier development realisations of the nonlinear ocean surface, from which of the seabreeze and an enhanced propagation over land sunglint realisations, and the correponding bicoherence, as well as a stronger front are evident. can be simulated. A forward model is developed, based Congress Handbook and Abstracts 79 AMOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics [1] S.H. Franchito, Rao, V.B., Stech, J.L., Lorenzzetti, J.A., The effect of coastal upwelling on the sea-breeze circulation at AMOS PMO 8 Cabo Frio, Brazil: a numerical experiment. Ann. Geophysicae, 16, 866–881 (1998) TROMP: Detecting Water Property [2] Y. Shao, Sogalla, M., Kerschgens, M.J., Brücher, W., Effects of Changes from a Time Series of land surface heterogeneity upon surface fluxes and turbulent Oceanographic Data conditions. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 78, 157–181 (2001) A.G. Henry-Edwards1 and M. Tomczak2 [3] J. Kämpf, Doubell, M., Griffin, D., Matthews, R.L., and Ward, T., 1. School of Chemistry Physics & Earth Sciences, Flinders Evidence of a large seasonal coastal upwelling system along University of South Australia, Adelaide the southern shelf of Australia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09310, doi:10.1029/2003GL019221 (2004) e-mail of corresponding author: henr0037@flinders.edu.au A constrained minimisation technique is used to identify AMOS PMO 6 variations in the properties of source water types (SWT) present in a time series of oceanographic data. Two Application of Artificial Neural simulated data sets are analysed with small variations in Network Forecasts to Predict Fog temperature and salinity being successfully identified. It is at Canberra Airport found that by targeting which water properties are allowed to vary within the minimisation small changes in individual D. Fabbian and R. de Dear source water properties can be identified. Analysis of a Department of Physical Geography, Division of Earth and time series collected in the Sargasso Sea in the North Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Atlantic Ocean is ongoing. Corresponding author e-mail: dfabbian@penman.es.mq.edu.au The occurrence of fog and low level stratus clouds AMOS PMO 9 impinge upon aviation safety. The prediction of fog occurrence remains difficult despite improvement in A Historical Monthly Pan-evaporation numerical guidance and models. This research aims to Dataset for Australia explore the ability of a relatively new approach, namely Branislava Jovanovic1, David A. Jones1, Neville Nicholls2 Artificial Neural Networks, to provide accurate forecasts of such events. Canberra International Airport experiences 1. National Climate Centre, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia; 2. Bureau of Meteorology Research an average of 46 fog days per year. Extensive consultation Centre, Melbourne, Australia with representatives from the Bureau of Meteorology has established a requirement for increased fog forecast skill. It is known that discontinuities in climatological time-series A forward feeding Multi Layer Perceptron, utilising the can be caused by a range of factors. Station moves, back propagation of errors during batch training on a changes in the type of instrument or exposure, and 40year dataset (obtained from the Bureau of Meteorology) calibration of instruments all feature prominently in the was employed in the development of several fog literature. For monitoring long-term climate fluctuations forecasting aids. At present, preliminary modelling has and trends, it is thus important to develop homogenous shown this methodology capable of analogous forecast series that are adjusted for such factors. skill, versus traditional methods, and further development In this paper we will present a newly developed high- should offer increased forecasting ability. quality monthly pan-evaporation dataset produced in order to monitor long-term pan-evaporation trends in Australia. AMOS PMO 7 Necessary adjustments of time-series were determined using station metadata and an objective analysis method A “Recycling Box” Model of the based on Barnes successive correction technique. Global Overturning Circulation of the Oceans: Replacing the Missing AMOS PMO 10 Mixing with a Missing Process Numerical Study of Seasonal R.W. Griffiths and G.O. Hughes Variations of the Circulation in the Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National Persian Gulf University, Canberra ACT e-mail of corresponding author: ross.griffiths@anu.edu.au M. Sadrinasab and J. Kämpf School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders Warm equatorial surface waters are cooled as they are University, Adelaide, Australia carried polewards by the global overturning circulation in the oceans. These waters sink in turbulent plumes against e-mail of corresponding author: jochen.kaempf@flinders.edu.au high-latitude continental margins, replenishing abyssal A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is employed to waters of the oceans. In order to examine the roles of study the seasonal cycle of water mass properties and buoyancy, entrainment (into the descending plumes) and circulation in the Persian Gulf. Findings are in general interior mixing, we develop an analytical model describing agreement with previous hydrographic data but give the steady circulation in an ocean driven by a surface heat additional information of processes during autumn and flux. Given realistic surface fluxes and the measured early winter where field data are sparse. In particular, we ocean mixing rate this model successfully predicts an find that a gulf-wide cyclonic circulation establishes during overturning circulation that is consistent with a wide range summer, but this becomes dynamically unstable and of observations from the global oceans. develops into mesoscale eddies during autumn and 80 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics winter. The exchange circulation through the Strait of Hormuz, however, appears to be largely unaffected by this AMOS PMO 13 seasonal collapse of the circulation. The Effect of Coastal Diabatic Heating Gradients on the Dynamics AMOS PMO 11 of Cold Fronts Mesoscale Variations in Nearground L.Muir1 and M.Reeder2 Impurities 1. School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne; 2. Centre for Dynamical Meteorology and O.G. Khutorova, G.M. Teptin, P.V. Pestryakov, Oceanography, Monash University, Melbourne A.M. Bashenov e-mail of corresponding author: les.muir@sci.monash.edu.au Department of Physics, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia The present paper examines how the cold fronts that form olga.khutorova@ksu.ru in a confluent deformation model are affected by sharp Local wave structure of variations in concentrations of heating gradients associated with coastlines. For example, aerosol and minor gaseous impurities as well as cold fronts commonly develop over the ocean and sweep meteoparameters is investigated. Simultaneous onshore in the southern part of the continent. measurements at five stations placed one from another The numerical model is two-dimensional mesoscale model within 1–6 km allow us to calculate parameters of formulated in sigma coordinates on an f-plane. For mesoscale wave variations in concentration such as: simplicity moist processes are neglected. wavelengths (1–150 km), periods (1–16 hours), azimuths and phase speeds. Wavelet analysis is used for revealing The results from 4 numerical experiments will be the characteristics of time variations for each station discussed. simultaneously. It is shown that internal gravity waves 1. The first numerical experiment investigates caused by orography are the reason of meteopameters frontogenesis due to confluent deformation above a and impurities variations. This work is supported by RFBR homogeneous land surface. (04-05-64194, 03-05-96211) 2. The second numerical experiment adds sea to the calculation, but without a synoptic cold front. AMOS PMO 12 3. The third numerical experiment examines the interaction of a cold front with a heated land mass and Nuclear Geophysiology: Stable sea breeze. In this experiment the cold front is offshore Water Isotopes as Evaluators of initially. Hydroclimate Predictions in the 4. The fourth numerical experiment examines the Murray-Darling Basin interaction of a continental front as it approaches a 1 2 1 coastline and interacts with the sea breeze and theAnn Henderson-Sellers , Kendal McGuffie , Peter Airey maritime boundary layer. 1. Environment, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Menai NSW, Australia; 2. Applied Physics, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia AMOS PMO 14 e-mail: kendal.mcguffie@uts.edu.au Coherence and Shock in Sea Waves Isotopic data from two end-range and one central aquifer Bryan Ruxton in the Murray Darling Basin are used to determine precipitation intensity thresholds for evaluation of GCM University of Canberra, ACT predictions. Applying these to ‘good’ and ‘poor’ e-mail of corresponding author: Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) Janet.Palmer-Allen@Canberra.edu.au simulations of the Murray Darling gives rise to large Only 40% of coastal seawater is hydrogen bonded. differences in rainfall amount (30% to 62%). Selecting only Some of the remainder is hydrophobic about abundant ‘good’ models shows a >150mm annual groundwater tiny bits, hydrophilic clustering around hydration shells, or recharge loss in El Niño cf. La Niña climates. These have high polymers in patchy weak gels. This structure- isotopic techniques are applicable to future model making can cause coherence with some slab-like lips in scenarios of basin-scale hydrology, especially in difficult to plunging waves. simulate semi-arid basins. Oblique wave trains give nodes where accelerating single jets emanate from concave wave faces. Negative pressure causes cavities and cavitation in the jet with shock and spray in mid-air. Near parallel wave trains reinforce at times giving initial throw upwards. Prior to breaking the noses of cuspate horns may emit a series of visible shock waves into the atmosphere. There is a venturi shape in plan and a log spiral shape in section. The nose ends in a coil of spume. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 81 AMOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Averaged over one month, the model displays good skill, AMOS PMO 15 giving confidence that is it well suited to simulating longer- Towards an Understanding of the term effects such as the average impact of emissions on Flushing of Bass Strait air quality. However, a case study approach shows that the model has shortcomings in reproducing the details of Paul A. Sandery1 boundary layer evolution accompanying mesoscale events 1. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences Flinders such as a frontal passage. This may make TAPM less University Adelaide-Australia useful as a forecasting tool for specific episodes. e-mail of corresponding author: paul.sandery@flinders.edu.au This study investigates winter-spring flushing of Bass Strait AMOS PMO 18 with a two-dimensional non-linear depth-averaged shallow-water model. An advection-diffusion scheme for On the Changes of Tidal several tracers is used to reveal the flushing Characteristics due to Sediment- pattern/timescale of the region. The study considers induced Stratification in a Macro- how external water masses flush strait waters. Results tidal Coastal Sea show that the central area of the strait is a stagnation- 1 1,4 2 3 area of weak currents and relatively long flushing times X.H. Wang , D.S. Byun , X.L. Wang and Y.K. Cho (>160 days). The influence of external water masses on 1. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical the stagnation-area is estimated. The findings have Sciences, University of New South Wales at Australian implications for marine ecosystems, residence times, air- Defence Force Academy, Canberra; 2. Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; 3. sea modifications of water mass properties and dense Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, water formation in the region. Gwangju, Korea; 4. Department of Resource Research, Jeollanam-do Fisheries Research Institute, Jeonnam, Korea AMOS PMO 16 e-mail of corresponding author: hua.wang@adfa.edu.au Observations of New Particle A numerical modelling study on the effects of sediment Formation in Response to a Frontal induced stratification on tidal currents is conducted for theregion of the western tip of the southwest muddy coast of Passage Korea. The numerical model is a three dimensional Justin Peter1, Steve Siems2, Jorgen Jensen3 oceanic sediment transport model capable of predicting 1. School of Environmental and Earth Science, University of dynamics of Newtonian fluid mud layers due to coupling Leeds; 2. Centre for Dynamical Meteorology and of the sea water density and suspended sediment Oceanography, Monash University; 3. National Center for concentration. The model uses a re-parameterized bottom Atmospheric Research drag coefficient that incorporates a linear stability function Airborne measurements of condensation nuclei with radius of flux Richardson number. The study has shown that the greater than 1.3 nm were measured in the vicinity of a sediment induced stratification in the bottom boundary cold front passing over southern Japan during the ACE- layer (BBL) reduces the vertical eddy viscosity and bottom Asia experiment. Measurements were made in both the shear stress. In response to these apparent reductions, boundary layer and free troposphere, before and after the the tidal current shear is increased in the water column. cold front. The observations suggest that existing particle surface area is not a determinant in the production of new AMOS PMO 19 particles, but rather mixing processes appear to be the main process accompanying new particle production. The Multiple Equilibria in Barotropic general effect of the front was found to decrease the Flows over Topography aerosol concentration in both the free troposphere and the M. Zidikheri1, J. Frederiksen2, and T. O’Kane2 boundary layer. 1. Department of Theoretical Physics, RSPhysSE (ANU), ACT, Australia; 2. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research, AMOS PMO 17 Aspendale, Victoria, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: meelis.zidikheri@csiro.au Verification of a Mesoscale Model using Boundary Layer Wind Several investigations using severely truncated models, as well as high resolution ones, have shown that more than Profiler Data one equilibrium state is possible for atmospheric flows J.R. Taylor1, P. Zawar-Reza2, D.J. Low1 and P. Aryal3 over topography, for certain ranges of parameters. One 1. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical equilibrium state is typically dominated by transient eddy Sciences, UNSW@ADFA, Australian Defence Force Academy, activity while the other is dominated by large scale zonal Canberra, ACT; 2. Department of Geography, University of flow. We attempt to reproduce these results using a Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; 3. Genesis Software model similar to that used in[1]. Preliminary findings Pty. Ltd., North Adelaide, SA confirm the existence of multiple equilibria for realistic e-mail of corresponding author: j.taylor@adfa.edu.au values of parameters. We aim to investigate this issue We present an evaluation of the mesoscale model TAPM further using both an ensemble of flows and by comparing simulations with sodar and electromagnetic Inhomogeneous Closure Theory. wind profiler observations. The remote sensing instruments [1] G. Holloway and J. Eert, 1987: Intransitive multiple equilibria in eddy-active barotropic flows, J.Atmos.Sci., 44, 2001–2005. themselves were verified against standard balloon data. 82 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AMOS TUB11 AMOS TUB13 Tuesday 1040–1120 hrs Tuesday 1120–1140 hrs Terrestrial Carbon and Water The Impact of Abrupt Land Cover Cycles in Australian Landscapes: Changes by Savannah Fire on A Multi-scale Approach Using Northern Australian Climate Micrometeorology, Remote Sensing K. Görgen1, A. Lynch1, C. Enticott, J. Beringer1, and Mesoscale Models D. Abramson3, N. Tapper1 1. School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash Helen A Cleugh University, Melbourne; 2. Distributed Systems Technology CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Pye Laboratory Centre, Monash University, Melbourne; 3. School of Computer The coupled cycles of carbon and water in the terrestrial Science and Software Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne biosphere are a critical element of our climate system. For example the future trajectory of atmospheric CO e-mail: klaus.goergen@arts.monash.edu.au2 concentrations depends on the longevity and vulnerability Dry season fires in northern Australia annually cause of the terrestrial sink, while climate change will almost abrupt changes in vegetation properties, influencing local certainly modify the terrestrial water balance—especially boundary layer processes. Some evidence also suggests losses via land surface evaporation. Local and regional impacts on the monsoon development. In the last 50 climates can be altered by changes in land cover, as years, a tendency to more destructive late dry season fires demonstrated for SW Australia by Pitman et al (2004). This is evident. Vegetation succession after fire is analyzed interest in the terrestrial biosphere—especially its role in using a GCM. In addition, preliminary results of parallel the global carbon cycle—has led to an enhanced effort to experiments with varying fire properties using NIMROD/G quantify the cycling of carbon and water in terrestrial are presented. Integrative output metrics are combined ecosystems, at scales that range from individual plants to with the forcing to express the response as a multi- extensive canopies; and from regions to continents. dimensional reduced-form non-linear model; an efficient Atmospheric techniques, where land-air exchanges of way to explore the physical relationships between fires carbon and water are inferred from measurements of and the Australian Monsoon. atmospheric concentrations, have contributed much to this effort at both global and local scales (1–10 km2). In AMOS TUB14 particular, micrometeorological methods have been Tuesday 1140–1200 hrs implemented to obtain long-term and continuous measurements of evaporation and net carbon exchanges Seasonal Variations in Size-Resolved in a global network (Fluxnet) of over 200 flux stations Properties of Aerosols in the Sydney across a diverse range of ecosystems and climates. Region This presentation will describe, and present key results T. Hallal and G.P. Box from, the multi-scale approach that has been used over the last 5 years to quantify the terrestrial carbon and water School of Physics, University of NSW, Sydney cycles in Australian landscapes at multiple space and e-mail of corresponding author: g.box@unsw.edu.au time scales—combining atmospheric measurements, Size resolved chemical composition of atmospheric modelling and remote sensing. Particular focus will be on aerosols is important in determining their optical the methodological challenges and strengths of using properties, which in turn affect the way radiation is micrometeorology to determine fluxes of water, CO2 and scattered and absorbed as it passes through the non-CO2 greenhouse gases in real landscapes; and the atmosphere. Aerosol samples (PM2.5 and PM10) were approaches being developed to extrapolate from local to collected at four sites around Sydney during 2003 and regional scales. have been analysed using Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). IBA analyses indicate seasonal differences within sites, and between sites, as well as differences between PM2.5 and PM10–PM2.5 composition at particular sites. SEM results are currently being analysed to obtain information about particle size and shape. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 83 AMOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AMOS TUB15 AMOS TUB22 Tuesday 1200–1220 hrs Tuesday 1420–1440 hrs Satellite Investigations of Aerosol Impacts of Latitude Shifts in the Effect on Clouds Southern Ocean Subpolar Westerly Michael A. Box1, Anju Thiruna Vukarasu1, Janet Yu1, and Winds on Past and Present Climates Sundar A. Christopher1,2 S. Dupre and M.H. England 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney; Centre for Environmental Modelling and Prediction, School of 2. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Mathematics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Alabama in Huntsville, Alabama Corresponding author e-mail: stephd@maths.unsw.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: mab@phys.unsw.edu.au The climate response to an equatorward and poleward Atmospheric aerosols are among the most heterogeneous shift in the latitude of the mid-latitude westerlies in the of the Earth’s atmospheric components and influence the Southern Hemisphere is analysed in a coupled climate Earth’s climate, at both global and regional scales. model of intermediate complexity. This has relevance to Aerosols scatter sunlight back to space, leading to a the interpretation of past and future climates, as wind planetary cooling and act as cloud condensation nuclei shifts are projected under enhanced greenhouse forcing, thereby altering the reflective properties of clouds. Using and the wind axis appears to oscillate in paleoclimate multiple sensors on the Terra satellite we examine the records. The long term response of the ocean’s relationship between aerosol optical thickness and cloud thermohaline circulation and CO2 uptake are examined. particle size, and the top of atmosphere radiative fluxes, We find an increase (decrease) in the formation of quantified for polluted and unpolluted cases. Preliminary Antarctic Intermediate Water and a lower (higher) oceanic results indicate that in high aerosol loading cases the uptake of CO2 for a poleward (equatorward) shift, cloud droplet sizes decrease. respectively. Other important adjustments are noted in regional ocean and climate patterns, confirming that AMOS TUB21 subtle latitude shifts in the mid-latitude westerlies can significantly alter our climate system. Tuesday 1400–1420 hrs Ocean-atmosphere Dynamics in the AMOS TUB23 Southern Ocean Tuesday 1440–1500 hrs A. McC. Hogg1 and J. R. Blundell2 Nonlinear Resonance and Chaos in 1. Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University; 2. Southampton Oceanography Centre, an Unstable Western Boundary Southampton, UK Current under Periodic Forcing e-mail of corresponding author: Andy.Hogg@anu.edu.au A.E. Kiss In this study we present results from QGCM[1], an School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical idealised coupled ocean-atmosphere model which Sciences, University of New South Wales at ADFA, Canberra, emphasises the role of nonlinear ocean dynamics and ACT Australia turbulence in the climate system. We concentrate on the e-mail of corresponding author: a.kiss@adfa.edu.au role of ocean eddies in governing both the mean flow and Heat transported by western boundary currents (WBCs) is the variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) important in the global climate system, and WBC in the Southern Ocean. It is demonstrated that the mean variability is implicated in climate fluctuations. Results are flow pattern of the ACC is strongly dependent upon presented from a numerical study of WBC variability under parameters which govern turbulence. In strongly turbulent periodic wind forcing. The model WBC has a periodic parameter regimes, ocean and climate variability at all oscillation under steady forcing, but under periodic forcing time scales is enhanced by the explicit simulation of it may lock onto a rational multiple of the forcing period ocean eddies. (nonlinear resonance), or be quasiperiodic (unlocked), or [1] A. McC. Hogg, W. K. Dewar, P. D. Killworth & J. R. Blundell, chaotic (partially locked, with variability on longer Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 2261 (2003) timescales than either the natural or forcing periods). The locking mechanism is discussed in terms of Rossby waves and the theory of forced nonlinear oscillators. 84 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AMOS TUB24 AMOS TUB32 Tuesday 1500–1540 hrs Tuesday 1640–1700 hrs New Insights into the Indonesian The Melting of Ice in the Arctic Throughflow: Its Variability and Role Ocean: Double-Diffusive Transport of in Global Heat Balances Heat from Below Susan Wijffels J. Stewart Turner CSIRO Marine Reseach, Hobart TAS Australia Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National In the early 1980’s a network of frequently repeated University, Canberra, Australia eXendable BathyThermograph (XBT) sections were e-mail of corresponding author: Stewart.Turner@anu.edu.au established in the eastern South Indian Ocean as part of Observations have shown that over several decades a the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere experiment. Nearly layer of warm water has been advancing across the Arctic twenty years later these lines are still operating and are Ocean below the halocline, and that currently the sea ice shedding light on the mean structure of the Indonesian is melting at an increased rate. Recent laboratory Throughflow and its interannual variability. In particular, experiments[1] suggest that these two phenomena could seasonal anomalies of subsurface temperature variability be linked, and that the expected heat flux due to double- in the Throughflow region can be seen as largely due to diffusive convection will be larger when the salinity the interaction of remotely wind driven waves originating gradient is smaller. Ocean data, laboratory results and along the Indian and Pacific Ocean equators. Transport various theories are used to quantify this transport, and variability is less easily understood. The barotropic Island compare it with the heat flux from the atmosphere to the Rule cannot account for the observed baroclinic transport surface layer. changes. Mean transports relative to 800m are near 9Sv [1] J.S. Turner & G. Veronis, J. Marine Systems, 45, 21–37 (2004). (geostrophic plus Ekman), with the Throughflow characterized by a subsurface velocity maximum near 100m. Comparisons with moored transport estimates AMOS TUB33 guide estimates of the deep portion of the Throughflow, Tuesday 1700–1720 hrs and thus allow exploration of implications for global heat balances. Unprecedented observations of the Throughflow Cascading-Induced Upwelling in are being collected by the five-nation INSTANT program. Submarine Canyons: A New Some early results of its field phase will be shown. Upwelling Mechanism J. Kämpf AMOS TUB31 School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders Tuesday 1620–1640 hrs University, Adelaide, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: jochen.kaempf@flinders.edu.au Mixing at the Subtropical Front in Findings of process-oriented modelling confirm my initial the Indian Ocean South of Australia research hypothesis stating that dense water cascading M. Tomczak1, L. Pender2 and S. Liefrink1 down a submarine canyon induces localised upwelling of 1. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, deeper water onto the shelf. This process, not described Flinders University, Adelaide, SA; 2. CSIRO Marine Research, before, is associated with internal deformation radii Hobart, TAS inherent with the cascading process being less the e-mail of corresponding author: canyon width and geostrophic adjustment of a density matthias.tomczak@flinders.edu.au front that establishes along the canyon axis. Since A detailed high resolution survey of a small region (68 by submarine canyons are common to continental margins, 68 km) of the Subtropical Front south of Australia is used this paper has identified a key process triggering the to study the interaction between the mixed layer and the renewal of shelf waters at high latitudes. permanent frontal structure underneath. Intrusions and water mass parcels are found just below the mixed layer, AMOS TUB34 produced as a result of the relative movement of the front Tuesday 1720–1740 hrs in and below the mixed layer. The results suggest that any study aimed at understanding the interaction between the Control of Mean Sea Level Change mixed layer and the layers below in oceanic fronts will by Net Oceanic Evaporation during have to address wind-driven dynamics and frontal Greenhouse Warming dynamics together. J.A.T. Bye1 and J-O. Wolff2 1. School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville; 2. ICBM, The University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany e-mail of corresponding author: jbye@unimelb.edu.au A study of the dynamics of the coupled atmosphere- ocean-ice global system, using an analytical model, will be presented which takes account of the embedding of Congress Handbook and Abstracts 85 AMOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics the greenhouse warming event in the glacial-interglacial environment. In a short period warming, occurring on a AMOS WEE12 time scale much less than the geological time scales set Wednesday 1100–1120 hrs by the dynamics of the ice fields, it is found that the net Effects of Air-sea Interactions on the oceanic evaporation anomaly is the main control on sea level, and that the likely impact of anthropogenic warming Development of Intrusions at the will be to increase evaporation sufficiently to cause sea Subtropical Front South of Australia level to fall after the maximum heat flux has occurred. M. Tomczak and S.J. Borlace Flinders Institute for Atmospheric and Marine Sciences, The AMOS TUB35 Flinders University of South Australia Tuesday 1740–1800 hrs e-mail of corresponding author: simon.borlace@flinders.edu.au Seasonal Variability of Atmospheric High resolution observational data collected at the Subtropical Front south of Australia by the RV Franklin, Teleconnection Patterns between the 16th February and 6th March 2001, clearly J.S. Frederiksen1 and G. Branstator2 display evidence of intrusive water parcels, characteristic 1. CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria, of the mixed layer water, at depths below the mixed layer. Australia; 2. National Center for Atmospheric Research, These intrusions are believed to be the result of relative Boulder, Colorado, USA frontal movement both in and below the mixed layer. A e-mail of corresponding author: Jorgen.Frederiksen@csiro.au high resolution (kilometre scale) atmospherically forced upper ocean model has been used in this investigation to The seasonal variability of 300-hPa global streamfunction gain a further understanding of how intrusions develop in fields taken from a 40-year observational data set is the region, with particular emphasis placed on the effects analysed in terms of empirical orthogonal functions, of wind and heat flux on both frontal dynamics and principal oscillation patterns and finite-time principal convective frontal mixing. oscillation patterns (FTPOPs). The leading FTPOPs are large-scale teleconnections patterns that have similar seasonal cycles of relative growth rates and amplitudes to AMOS WEE13 the leading finite-time normal modes of the barotropic Wednesday 1120–1140 hrs vorticity equation with basic states that change with the annual cycle. We find a close relationship between the Mapping Australia’s Oceans with boreal spring predictability barrier for climate prediction over-the-Horizon Radar and the amplitudes of large-scale instabilities and S.J. Anderson teleconnection patterns of the atmospheric circulation. Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, SA AMOS WEE11 e-mail of corresponding author: Wednesday 1040–1100 hrs stuart.anderson@dsto.defence.gov.au Cloud Properties from the Calipso The scattering of HF radar signals from the sea surface can be described in terms of a highly selective resonance Satellite Lidar mechanism which links the resulting radar Doppler C. Martin Platt spectrum directly to the autocorrelation structure of the Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA and CSIRO, sea surface and hence with the directional wave Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, VIC spectrum. Of the various HF radar configurations which Email of correspondence: mplatt@net2000.com.au exploit this effect, two have been developed to the point where they can claim some degree of operational status— The NASA ‘Cloud and Aerosol Lidar and Infrared HF surface wave radar and HF skywave radar. The former Pathfinder Satellite Observations’ (CALIPSO) satellite can measure the directional wave spectrum at ranges of instrument, to be launched in mid 2005, will be used to typically 100–200 kilometres, while the latter may provide retrieve cloud and aerosol optical properties globally. estimates at ranges up to several thousand kilometres. Values of cirrus ice cloud extinction-to-backscatter ratio, But, whereas signals processed by the former and their variation with temperature, have been obtained configuration have been modulated almost exclusively by by CSIRO in Australia using ground-based observations of the sea surface dynamics of interest, signals from mid-latitude and tropical cirrus clouds with lidar and filter skywave radars are inevitably subjected to a wide variety radiometers. These will be used to retrieve cirrus cloud of additional modulations imposed in the course of their extinction from CALIPSO data. Extinction to backscatter propagation via the ionosphere. The key to practical HF values obtained from the scattering phase functions of radio oceanography is the combination of ionospheric various ice crystal habits are compared with those distortion correction, sophisticated mathematical inversion obtained theoretically. techniques, detailed electromagnetic scattering models and rigorous consideration of the physics of the ocean surface. This paper will survey the distinctive remote sensing capabilities of HF radar, illustrated with results from several of Australia’s current menagerie of over-the-horizon radars. 86 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics (ACOM2). The POAMA-1 system uses a sophisticated AMOS WEE14 ocean data assimilation system that incorporates the latest Wednesday 1140–1220 hrs oceanic observations into the initialisation procedure for Ocean-atmosphere Coupled the model forecasts. It is also one of the few models that uses real atmospheric data, taken from the Bureau’s Forecast Models operational weather forecast system. Oscar Alves The initial focus of POAMA is the prediction of El Nino. Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre The operational system and latest results will be Email of corresponding author: o.alves@bom.gov.au described. Results show that the skill of POAMA forecasts Most major climate modelling centres now have dynamical is at least as good as the best international models. Also seasonal prediction systems. The POAMA (Predictive discussed is the model’s unique ability to simulate and Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia) system was predict intra-seasonal variability, such as, the Madden- developed jointly by BMRC and CSIRO Marine Research. Julian Oscillation (MJO). A review of dynamical seasonal prediction systems A new version, POAMA-2, is being developed for will be presented. operational implementation in 2005. For POAMA-2 a large A description of the POAMA system will also be comprehensive set of ensemble hind-casts will be presented. The first version, POAMA-1, went operational performed to assess the model skill and to develop new during October 2002. The model is based on the latest products. POAMA-2 will be used to forecast Australian version of BMRC’s unified climate/NWP atmosphere model rainfall and temperature anomalies in addition to El Nino (BAM) and the Australian Community Ocean Model conditions. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 87 AMOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Atomic and Molecular AMPQC THB21 Physics and Quantum Thursday 1400–1440 hrs Close Coupling Approach to Chemistry (AMPQC) Electron-hydrogen Ionisation I. Bray1, K. Bartschat2 and A. T. Stelbovics1 AMPQC THA11 1. Physics & Energy Studies, Murdoch University, Perth, Thursday 1040–1120 hrs Western Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Drake University, Iowa, USA See AOS THA11 e-mail of corresponding author: I.Bray@murdoch.edu.au New Physics with Degenerate Accurate calculation of electron-impact ionisation of atoms Fermi Gases has been an intractable problem for many decades. The G.V. Shlyapnikov fundamental problem is due to the long-ranged Coulomb interaction between three charged particles continuing out to infinite distances. Though the formal treatment of this AMPQC THA13 problem has been recently given[1], it followed only after two Thursday 1120–1140 hrs computational approaches were developed[2,3]. Here we will present the most general approach to atomic Reflection of Dilute Gas Bose- collisions, the convergent close-coupling (CCC) method, Einstein Condensates off a Silicon and apply it to fully differential measurements of electron- Surface hydrogen ionisation, yielding unprecedented agreement with experiment. A.M. Martin1, R.G. Scott2, T.M. Fromhold2 and 2 [1] A. S. Kadyrov, A. M. Mukhamedzhanov, A. T. Stelbovics, and I.F.W. Sheard Bray, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 253202 (2003). 1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC [2] T. N. Rescigno, M. Baertschy, W. A. Isaacs, and C. W. Australia; 2. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of McCurdy, Science 286, 2474 (1999). Nottingham, U.K. [3] I. Bray, K. Bartschat, and A. T. Stelbovics, Phys. Rev. A 67, e-mail of corresponding author: amm@physics.unimelb.edu.au 060704(R) (2003). As a Bose-Einstein condensate approaches a Silicon surface it experiences an abrupt (attractive) change in the AMPQC THB23 potential (Casimir-Polder). We show through numerical investigation of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation that this abrupt Thursday 1440–1500 hrs change can cause a condensate to partially reflect at low (e,2e) Measurements Using a incident velocities. We compare our results to recent Magnetic Angle Changer experiments[1] and find good qualitative agreement. We also show that for low velocities and high condensate densities, it M.A.Stevenson and B.Lohmann is possible for the condensate to form solitons and vortex Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan, rings, which disrupt the reflected cloud significantly. This is Qld, Australia analogous to the production of excitations within a E-mail of corresponding author: M.Stevenson@Griffith.edu.au condensate as it Bragg reflects in an optical lattice[2]. (e,2e) triple differential cross section measurements have [1] T.A. Pasquini, Yong-Il Shin, C. Sanner, M. Saba, A. Schirotzek, been performed on the inner 3s orbital of argon for an D. Pritchard and W. Ketterle, cond-mat/0405530. incident energy of 113.5 eV and several low ejected [2] R.G. Scott, A.M. Martin, T.M. Fromhold, S. Bujkiewicz, F.W. Sheard and M. Leadbeater, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 110404 (2003). electron energies. Large structures are predicted by theory in regions which have been previously inaccessible experimentally due to angular constraints of the AMPQC THA14 apparatus. A magnetic angle changer was used to deflect Thursday 1140–1200 hrs these regions to angles which were accessible to with our apparatus. This represents the first (e,2e) measurements See AOS THA14 using this technique. Limits to the Flux of a Continuous Atom Laser AMPQC THB24 N.P. Robins, A. Morrison and J.D. Close Thursday 1500–1520 hrs Violations of Parity and Time- AMPQC THA15 reversal in Heavy Atoms: Thursday 1200–1220 hrs Calculations for Cesium and Radium See AOS THA15 V.A. Dzuba, V.V. Flambaum, and J.S.M. Ginges Dynamical Tunneling with Bose- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Einstein Condensates on Atom Chips e-mail of corresponding author: ginges@phys.unsw.edu.au M. Lenz, M. J. Davis, G. J. Milburn, and C. A. Holmes High-precision measurements of violations of fundamental symmetries (e.g., parity and time-reversal) in heavy atoms 88 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMPQC THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics provide an effective and relatively inexpensive means of collisional quenching, predissociation and chemical testing the standard model of elementary particles and reactions) and the variability of auroral and atmospheric searching for new physics. Atomic structure calculations parameters. Here predictions of auroral ultraviolet are required for interpretation of these measurements. emissions from molecular nitrogen are compared with We present our atomic many-body calculations for two measurements, in order to evaluate the accuracy and systems of current interest: parity violation in cesium, for significance of different electron impact cross sections. It which the most precise measurements and calculations is found that using more recent electron impact cross exist; and the (parity and time-reversal violating) electric sections gives better agreement with measurements than dipole moment in radium, under experimental investigation using a previous set. at two major laboratories. AMPQC THB33 AMPQC THB25 Thursday 1700–1720 hrs Thursday 1520–1540 hrs Proton Transfer of Adenine Measurement of Two-electron QED Tautomers Studied in Configuration in Helium-like Titanium and Momentum Spaces C. T. Chantler, M. Kinnane, J. Kimpton, G. Christodoulou, F. Wang1 and M. Sykes2 C-H. Su 1. Centre for Molecular Simulation, Faculty of Information & School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Communication Technology, Swinburne University of VIC Australia Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 2. Department of We have measured the resonance lines for the two- Chemistry, The Universiy of Sheffield, UK electron titanium ion at the NIST Electron-Beam Ion Trap. e-mail of corresponding author: fwang@swin.edu.au Results show a statistical precision of 6 ppm, well in The existence of “rare” tautomeric forms of DNA bases advance of earlier work. This allows a critical test of QED increases the possibility of mispairing of purine and in a new regime. pyrimidines that may lead to spontaneous point mutations[3]. The information of adenine tautomers AMPQC THB31 provided by even high level quantum mechanical Thursday 1620–1640 hrs calculations in configuration space is not so sensitive with respect to the proton transfer[2]. When the orbital are Electrical Conduction of Single mapped into momentum space using a Fourier transform, Organic Molecules which is also known as the dual space analysis (DSA) approach[1], the orbital momentum distributions of the K.-H. Müller, J. Herrmann, T. Böhme, B. Raguse, M. Roberts, G. Wei and L. Wieczorek tautomers are sensitive to orbitals related to the proton transfer. In this work, we present our most recent results CSIRO, Industrial Physics, Sydney, Australia for a detailed understanding of adenine tautomerism. e-mail of corresponding author: Karl.Muller@csiro.au [1] F. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 10199 (2003). An essential initial requirement for developing molecular [2] F. Wang, M. Downton and N. Kidwani, J. Theor. & Comput. electronics is a detailed understanding of the electrical Chem., (accepted, 2004). conduction properties of molecules placed between two [3] J. Gu, J. Leszczynski, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 2744 (1999). metal electrodes. We have used first-principle quantum mechanical calculations based on the density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green’s function techniques to AMPQC THB34 calculate the conduction of single organic molecules. Thursday 1720–1740 hrs Our results are compared with experiments where molecules in solution bridge the gap between gold Interatomic and Intermolecular electrodes of a break-junction. Our calculations reveal a Interactions Studied by Imaging strong dependence of the conduction on the atomic Techniques configuration of the electrodes. W. D. Lawrance School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders AMPQC THB32 University, Adelaide SA Thursday 1640–1700 hrs e-mail of corresponding author: Warren.Lawrance@flinders.edu.au Electron Cross Sections in Modelling Non-covalent interatomic and intermolecular interactions of Auroral Emissions govern behaviour in a wide variety of environments. For example, they determine the aggregation of atoms and L. Campbell, M.J. Brunger and P.J.O. Teubner molecules, govern the structure of polymers and biological School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders molecules, determine solvation properties, and modify University, Adelaide, SA, Australia chemical reactions in solution. The fundamental e-mail of corresponding author: Laurence.Campbell@flinders.edu.au understanding of these interactions can be approached Accurate cross sections are vital for predictions of auroral particularly well via spectroscopic probing of van der emissions produced by electron impact excitation of Waals molecules, with small model systems providing molecules. Verification of the role of the cross sections is insights into the essential interaction mechanisms. Van der difficult due to other interacting processes (such as Waals molecules are dimers, or larger aggregates, of two Congress Handbook and Abstracts 89 AMPQC THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics or more species held together by non-covalent interactions. AMPQC PTH 8 A crucial experimental value is the binding energy of the van der Waals molecules, which measures the strength of Evolution of the UWA Solid the intermolecular bond. This is difficult to measure. For Nitrogen Dual Mode Sapphire example, the benzene-Ar complex has been studied for Oscillator, JULIA over 20 years because it is one of the simplest examples of dispersion interactions involving an aromatic, and such J.D. Anstie, J.G. Hartnett, M.E. Tobar, E.N. Ivanov, interactions are important in a biological context, yet its P.L. Stanwix binding energy has remained elusive. School of Physics The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia Our group has used the technique of velocity map e-mail of corresponding autho:r anstie@physics.uwa.edu.au imaging to investigate the translational energy released in the dissociation of van der Waals molecules. The cut-off in Operating at the quantum limit of an atomic fountain clock the translational energy release distribution allows the requires an extremely stable fly-wheel oscillator with fractional frequency instability (FFI) on the order of 10–14 binding energy of the complex to be determined. This over 1s integration time. Helium cooled sapphire approach has been applied to a number of van der Waals oscillators are the current standard, with FFI on the order species. The translational energy released, in combination of 10–15 at 1s, but are expensive to run. A new dual-mode with spectroscopic probes, allows the distribution of temperature compensation technique has been used in rotational energy in the fragments to be determined, which constructing a 50K solid nitrogen cooled sapphire provides insights into the dissociation process. The oscillator, nicknamed JULIA. This method, along with a presentation will review the method and give a number of novel temperature control technique, has given FFI of examples from the systems studied to date. 4.3 x 10–14 at 1s dropping to 3.5 x 10–14 at 30 s Recently, we have begun velocity map imaging studies of integration time. NO-Ar dissociation as a precursor to studies of the dissociation of NO-diatomic species. The aim of this work is to determine the correlated product distributions, AMPQC PTH 9 thereby providing detailed data for comparison with Isotope Shift and the Search for theoretical calculations. A summary of progress in this Variation of the Fine Structure project to date will be presented. Constant J.C. Berengut1, V.A. Dzuba1, V.V. Flambaum1 and POSTERS M.G. Kozlov2 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, AMPQC PTH 7 Sydney, Australia; 2.Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia Atomic Clocks and the Search for e-mail of corresponding author: jcb@phys.unsw.edu.au Variation of the Fine Structure Recent studies of quasar absorption spectra suggest that Constant the fine structure constant, α, was different in an earlier E. J. Angstmann, V. A. Dzuba and V. V. Flambaum epoch. A dangerous systematic effect in these studies is School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney that the isotope abundances in the gas clouds sampled e-mail of corresponding author: lizb@phys.unsw.edu.au may differ from terrestrial abundances, introducing frequency shifts that could mimic α variation. To help Analyses of quasar absorption spectra suggest that the resolve these systematic effects, we have calculated the fine structure constant, α, may be varying[1]. In the isotope shift in a variety of astronomically important atoms, presence of α variation relativistic effects cause spectral using relativistic Hartree-Fock as a zero-approximation lines to shift relative to each other. No observation of and adding core-correlation and configuration-interaction α variation has yet been obtained from a laboratory effects. Our calculations can also be used to study experiment, possibly because of the small size of the variation of isotope abundances in the Universe and test spectral line shifts. However, the shift of the spectral lines cosmic evolution theories. can be larger in heavier atoms. Our results indicate useful atomic transitions to use in atomic-clock-type experiments designed to test whether α varies in time. We perform AMPQC PTH 10 calculations using the relativistic Hartree-Fock method with many-body perturbation theory and configuration Close Coupling Approach to interaction methods to calculate how a varying α would Electron-hydrogen Ionisation shift different spectral lines. I. Bray1, K. Bartschat2 and A. T. Stelbovics1 [1] J. K Webb, M. T. Murphy, V. V. Flambaum, V. A. Dzuba, J. D. 1. Physics & Energy Studies, Murdoch University, Perth, Barrow, C. W. Churchill, J. X. Prochaska, and A. M. Wolfe, Western Australia; 2.Department of Physics, Drake University, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 091301 (2001). Iowa, USA e-mail of corresponding author: I.Bray@murdoch.edu.au Accurate calculation of electron-impact ionisation of atoms has been an intractable problem for many decades. The fundamental problem is due to the long-ranged Coulomb interaction between three charged particles continuing out 90 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMPQC THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics to infinite distances. Though the formal treatment of this problem has been recently given[1], it followed only after AMPQC PTH 13 two computational approaches were developed[2,3]. Electron Impact Excitation of Zinc Here we will present the most general approach to atomic Atoms Studied by the Electron— collisions, the convergent close-coupling (CCC) method, and apply it to fully differential measurements of electron- Photon Polarization Correlation hydrogen ionisation, yielding unprecedented agreement Method with experiment. S. Napier, D. Cvejanović, and J.F. Williams [1] A. S. Kadyrov, A. M. Mukhamedzhanov, A. T. Stelbovics, Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, and I. Bray, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 253202 (2003). Nedlands [2] T. N. Rescigno, M. Baertschy, W. A. Isaacs, and C. W. e-mail of corresponding author: danica.cvejanovic@uwa.edu.au McCurdy, Science 286, 2474 (1999). [3] I. Bray, K. Bartschat, and A. T. Stelbovics, Phys. Rev. A 67, A high resolution electron impact spectrometer 060704(R) (2003). incorporating both the unpolarised and polarized electron beams is developed to study excitation of multi-electron metal atoms, initially zinc. Choice of electron polarization AMPQC PTH 11 (zero, 28 or 75%) will highlight the spin-dependent effects. X-Ray Extended-Range Technique for Detection of the scattered electron and polarized decay Precision Measurement of the X-Ray photon will be used to measure differential Stokes Mass Attenuation Coefficient and parameters and spin up-down asymmetries. Symmetry- and spin-forbidden excitation of the 41D and 43D states of Im(F) for Molybdenum Using zinc is expected to show a full range of many-electron Synchrotron Radiation effects which need to be adequately modelled. Details C. T. Chantler, M. D. de Jonge, Z. Barnea, C. Q. Tran of experiment and preliminary results will be presented at School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, the Congress. VIC, Australia The accuracy of atomic form factors has long been a AMPQC PTH 14 concern of the International Union of Crystallography. We present our latest results for Molybdenum featuring an Quantum State Tomography of BECs absolutely calibrated energy scale, harmonic component and Atom Lasers determination to 1 photon in 104 and sample thickness J.J. Hope and A.J. Ferris calibration. The range of the attenuation measurement far ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Atom Optics exceeds the Nordfors range of 2 < ln (Io/I) < 4, resulting Department of Physics, The Australian National University, in a precision and accuracy below 0.1% in the range from Canberra 13.5 keV to 41.5 keV. The new result challenges available e-mail of corresponding author: u3354887@anu.edu.au theoretical calculations and challenges us to develop a theory of XAFS capable of understanding the absolute We investigate the possibilities of reconstructing the magnitude of fine structure oscillations. quantum state of ultracold atomic sources. In optics the quantum state of a single mode can be reconstructed using a series of homodyne detection experiments, but AMPQC PTH 12 this process depends on the existence of a strong local X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge oscillator, which does not exist for atomic fields. We aim to show how to construct a quasi-probability distribution, Structure Calculations for Silver such as the Wigner function, by adapting methods used in C. T. Chantler, E. C. Cosgriff, C. Witte, L.F. Smale, quantum optics where no local oscillator field is available. C Q. Tran, M. D. de Jonge, Z. Barnea Using a full non-relativistic field theory description of the School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, system, we have found that there are limitations on what is VIC, Australia measurable depending on the available resources. New calculations of atomic-cluster x-ray absorption spectra are compared to high precision measurements of AMPQC PTH 15 the x-ray mass attenuation coefficient for silver. The near- edge region is considered in order to examine the The Polarisation of Radiation applicability of the finite difference method. Discrepancies Emitted from Molecular States between the theory and experimental results are Excited by Polarised Electrons and discussed. The results indicate that the method proposed Polarised Synchrotron Radiation by Joly is relevant and useful in the near-edge region. 1 2 Additionally, the periodicity of the peaks and the variation John E. Furst And Timothy J. Gay of the widths are not predicted by the theory, inviting 1. School of Applied Sciences, University of Newcastle, further research. Ourimbah, NSW; 2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA e-mail of corresponding author: john.furst@newcastle.edu.au Recent experiments[1–3] have investigated the transfer of spin angular momentum into molecular systems, using spin-polarised electrons and observing the circular Congress Handbook and Abstracts 91 AMPQC THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics polarisation of the emitted radiation. The results have been present measurements of the A2 spin asymmetry for interesting since circular polarization has been observed inelastic and elastic scattering of spin-polarised electrons in fluorescence from molecular hydrogen[1] and from from rubidium, at intermediate energies. Our results atomic fragments created in the photo-dissociation of indicate that under these collision conditions, relativistic molecular hydrogen[1,3] but not in the fluorescence from effects are measurable, in qualitative agreement with the molecular nitrogen[2]. This paper discusses the way in available theory. which angular momentum is shared in molecular systems and compares the results obtained in electron scattering experiments with measurements of the circular polarization AMPQC PTH 18 obtained from various molecular states in H2 and N2 The Squeezed Atom Laser excited with circularly-polarised synchrotron radiation. S. A. Haine and J. J. Hope [1] A. S. Green, G. A. Gallup, M. A. Rosenberry, and T. J. Gay, Physical Review Letters 92, 093201 (2004). ARC COE for Quantum-Atom Optics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia [2] G. F. Hanne, in Novel Aspects of Electron Molecule Collisions edited by K. Becker (World Scientific, Singapore, 1998). e-mail of corresponding author: Simon.Haine@anu.edu.au [3] J. F. Williams and D. H. Yu, Physical Review Letters 93, We theoretically investigate how to produce an atom laser 073201 (2004). with a nonclassical output by using squeezed light. We show that by outcoupling atoms using a Raman transition AMPQC PTH 16 with squeezed light, under appropriate conditions, that the quantum statistics of the light are almost entirely mapped Predissociation in the B3Σ -u – X3Σg to the atoms, and that entangled atom laser beams could -Spectrum of S be produced by using two-mode squeezed light. We2 investigate the possibility of measuring quantum S.T. Gibson1, S.J. Cavanagh1, E.H. Roberts1, B.R. Lewis1 correlations in the atomic beam with a realistic and G. Stark2 experimental set up. 1. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT; 2. Department of Physics, Wellesley College, Wellesley AMPQC PTH 19 MA, USA e-mail of corresponding author: Stephen.Gibson@anu.edu.au Advances in the Spectroscopy of Molecular Radicals As well as being observed in planetary atmospheres, the B 3Σ -u – X3Σ -g transition in S plays a key role in the white L.R. Hargreaves 1, T.M. Maddern1, M.J. Brunger1, 2 light emission produced by high-efficiency sulfur P.J.O. Teubner1 and S.J. Buckman2 discharge lamps. However, its spectrum has yet to be 1. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders fully explained. University, Adelaide SA, Australia; 2. Atomic and Molecular Physics Labs, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, We have applied a coupled-channel Schrödinger equation Australia model to examine the mechanisms for dissociation. The e-mail of corresponding author: leigh.hargreaves@flinders.edu.au calculations clearly identify the role of each of the electronic states responsible for predissociation, and We report a novel technique for measurement of low- illustrate that, contrary to another study, the 3π state plays energy elastic differential cross sections for electronu a key role in the dissociation process. A diverse variation scattering from molecular radicals. A pulsed target beam of resonance widths and line-shapes arises from the is photolysed, forming a mixed radical beam. The complex interplay between the electronic states of S . differential scattering cross sections of the mixed beam,2 σmixed, are determined by the Relative Flow Technique using a fixed multi-analyser array. Time-of-flight mass AMPQC PTH 17 spectroscopy then provides the fractional composition, I , of species i in the mixed beam. The cross sections of Spin-Polarised Electron Scattering iindividual radicals, σ , are then given by: from Rubidium Atoms: A Search for i σ = I σ [1] Relativistic Effects mixed Σ i ii W.E. Guinea1, G.F. Hanne3, M.R. Went4, M.L. Daniell1, B. Lohmann1 and W.R. Macgillivray1,2 AMPQC PTH 20 1. Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan, Electron Collisions with Molecules of Qld, Australia; 2. Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia; 3. Physikalisches Environmental and Technological Institut, Universität Münster, Germany; 4. Atomic and Interest Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research School of Physical Milica Jelisavcic Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia Australian National University E-mail of corresponding author: W.Guinea@griffith.edu.au Electron-driven processes are known to be important A search for relativistic effects in electron-alkali scattering across a vast range of everyday processes, from those is currently underway. The A spin asymmetry is a direct effecting our living environment to applications in2 technologies that are based around discharge and plasma measure of relativistic effects in the collision process, as devices. This paper will discuss recent experimental it is entirely dependent on the spin-orbit effect. We measurements of electron scattering in molecules such 92 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMPQC THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics as NO, C2F4, C4F8, and H2O, all of which have applications in our contemporary lives. We shall also AMPQC PTH 23 discuss plans for measurements in the near future on Theory of Ionization of Atoms by biologically relevant molecules. Electron Impact and the Coulomb Three-Body Breakup Problem AMPQC PTH 21 A. S. Kadyrov1, A. M. Mukhamedzhanov2, Stabilisation of an Atom Laser Using A. T. Stelbovics1 and I. Bray1 Feedback 1. Centre for Atomic, Molecular and Surface Physics, Murdoch University, Perth; 2. Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, M. T. Johnsson and J. J. Hope1 College Station, Texas, USA 1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Atom Optics, e-mail of corresponding author: A.Kadyrov@murdoch.edu.au Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia The Peterkop-Rudge formalism for electron-impact e-mail of corresponding author: mattias.johnsson@anu.edu.au ionization of atoms was given almost four decades ago. Despite the knowledge that this formulation suffers from a To obtain an atom laser exhibiting temporal coherence number of serious formal problems little progress has and high spectral density requires that it is continuously been made in their resolution. At the congress we report a pumped and comes to a steady state. It has been shown development of a new formulation of the theory of that increasing the nonlinear coupling between atoms in a electron-impact ionization of atoms[1,2] that addresses condensate encourages stability[1], as does choosing a these issues. In particular, we show that the ionization spatially dependent pumping method[2]. We present amplitude has four alternative, but equivalent, surface- detailed numerical simulations of an pumped, outcoupled integral forms ideally suited for practical calculations. We atom laser using Gross-Pitaevski equations, including then extend the formulation to amplitudes of all possible spatially dependent pumping and a feedback stabilisation scattering processes taking place in an arbitrary three- scheme. body system. A well-defined post form of the breakup [1] S. A. Haine, J. J. Hope, N. P. Robbins, C. M. Savage, Phys. amplitude valid for arbitrary potentials including the long- Rev. Lett. 88, 170403 (2002) range Coulomb interaction is also presented. [2] S. A. Haine and J. J. Hope, Phys. Rev. A, 68, 023607 (2003) [1] A. S. Kadyrov, A. M. Mukhamedzhanov, A. T. Stelbovics and I. Bray, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 253202 (2003). AMPQC PTH 22 [2] A. S. Kadyrov, A. M. Mukhamedzhanov, A. T. Stelbovics and I. Bray, Phys. Rev. A 70 (2004) in press. An Electron Momentum Spectroscopy, Density Functional and Greens AMPQC PTH 24 Function Theories Study of the Outer Valence Electronic Structure of Isotopic Vacuum-Ultraviolet Laser Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,5-dione Spectroscopy of O2 1 1 1 D.B. Jones1, S. Knippenberg2, F. Wang3, R. Gleiter4, M. Kono , B.R. Lewis , and K.G.H. Baldwin P. Loeb4, D.A. Winkler5, J-P. Francois2, M.S. Deleuze2 1. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, and M.J. Brunger1 The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia 1. School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, Flinders e-mail of corresponding author: mitsu.kono@anu.edu.au University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 2. Department SBG, Molecular oxygen plays an important role in the Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Belgium; 3.Centre for photochemistry of the terrestrial atmosphere, and its Molecular Simulation and School of Information Technology, spectroscopy is complicated by perturbations near the Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, second dissociation limit. Analysis of isotopic spectra can Australia; 4. Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Heidelberg, Germany; 5.CSIRO Molecular Science, Clayton improve the state of knowledge of these perturbations. We South, Victoria, Australia present the results of a high-resolution (~0.1 cm –1) e-mail of corresponding author: darryl.jones@flinders.edu.au photoabsorption study of the B 3Σ –u ← X 3Σ –g transition of 18O2, applying a laser-based two-photon-resonant We report our preliminary results for an electron difference-frequency four-wave mixing technique. The momentum spectroscopy (EMS) study of the outer valence results are analyzed to provide new spectroscopic electronic region of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,5-dione. The parameters for the B state of 18O2 which help to measured binding energy spectra are presented for the investigate the perturbations between the B and other azimuthal angles 0˚, 10˚ and 0˚ + 10˚ and are compared electronic states. to new He(Iα) photoelectron spectroscopy results. These data are then compared with results from theoretical computations, using Greens Function theories. Derived momentum distributions are compared against those obtained by calculations which employ the plane-wave impulse approximation. These calculations use basis sets obtained from Density Functional Theory calculations at the triple zeta valence polarization level with a collection of different exchange correlation functionals. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 93 AMPQC THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AMPQC PTH 25 AMPQC PTH 27 Measurements of Differential, Near- Signatures of Mott-Insulator Threshold Electron Excitation Cross Transition of Ultracold Fermions in Sections Using Time-of-Flight One-Dimensional Optical Lattices Techniques Xia-Ji Liu1, Hui Hu2 and Peter. D. Drummond1 Michael Lange 1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Australian National University Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 2. NEST-INFM and Classe di Scienze Scuola We have developed a new, pulsed-electron, time-of-flight Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy scattering technique for the measurement of near- e-mail of corresponding author: xiaji@physics.uq.edu.au threshold, absolute electron excitation cross sections for atoms and molecules. A crossed beam geometry is used, Using the Luttinger Liquid theory and local density together with a large area position sensitive detector, approximation, we show that the measurement of which enables the simultaneous detection of scattered collective oscillations of the atomic mass density provides electrons over a wide angular range in order to greatly a useful diagnosis for the phase boundary between the enhance the sensitivity and efficiency of the metallic and the Mott-insulator phases. measurements. Design considerations and preliminary measurements will be presented. AMPQC PTH 28 Quantum-State Resolved Electron AMPQC PTH 26 Atom/Molecule Collision Experiments High Resolution XUV Laser Susan Bellm1, Julian Lower1, Jake Parks2 and Spectroscopy and Coupled-Channel Don Madison2 Studies of Isotopic Molecular 1. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Nitrogen Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. University of Missouri, Rolla, MO, USA J.P. Sprengers1, B.R. Lewis2, W. Ubachs1, S.T. Gibson, e-mail of corresponding author: Julian.Lower@anu.edu.au K.G.H. Baldwin2 and H. Lefebvre-Brion3 Electron collisions with atoms and molecules yield 1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laser Centre, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2. Atomic and information on bound state electron motion and probe the Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research School of Physical many-body behaviour of many-electron systems. By Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, employing beams of spin-polarized electrons and/or spin Canberra, ACT; 3. Laboratoire de Photophysique Moleculaire, polarized laser-excited atoms and coincidence Universite de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France measurement techniques, contributions from electron e-mail of corresponding author: brl121@rsphysse.anu.edu.au exchange, relativity and angular momentum transfer can Molecular nitrogen is a major absorber of extreme be untangled from the measurement. We will present ultraviolet (XUV) solar radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere, recent experimental and theoretical results for the electron- and is associated with 1 + and 1 states[1] which xenon system which show the sensitivity of calculation toΣu πu undergo strong predissociation via 3 states. Knowledge the treatment of exchange and electron correlation.πu of the spectroscopy and dissociation dynamics of N are Planned experiments probing the spin dependence of2 also vital to analyse data from, e.g., the current encounter molecular cross sections will also be discussed. of Cassini with Titan. We have determined new N isotopic lifetimes via AMPQC PTH 292 ultrahigh resolution XUV + UV laser ionization (resolving Characterisation of a Ne* MOT power 107). The lifetimes depend strongly on the vibrational level and the isotope. A coupled Schrodinger K.J. Matherson, J.P. Ashmore, W.R. MacGillivray and equation model for the linewidths reveals new information R.T. Sang about the predissocation processes that determine these Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan, lifetimes. Brisbane e-mail of corresponding author: R.Sang@griffith.edu.au [1] J.P Sprengers, W. Ubachs, K.G.H. Baldwin, B.R. Lewis and W.- U. L. Tchang-Brillet, J. Chem. Phys. 119 (6), 3160–3173 (2003). We will present the results from the characterisation of our metastable neon magneto optical trap with a comparison of different methods used. Fluorescence imaging is currently used to obtain volume and atom number information in the trap. This will be combined with the implementation of a photodiode to measure the fluorescence from the atomic cloud as well as the use of multi-channel plates to determine the density distribution across the trap. The combination of these techniques will give a measure of the excited state fraction across the trap. 94 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMPQC THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics been observed in existing depositional atom lithography AMPQC PTH 30 schemes for producing these structures[2]. Uncertainties in CO2 VUV Extinction We will present an alternative scheme to circumvent these Cross Sections: Impact on Venus problems, whereby a metastable neon beam damages a and Mars Atmospheric Modelling self-assembled monolayer (SAM) resist on a gold and iron covered silicon substrate through a grid-patterned mask F.P. Mills1, M. Allen2 and Y.L. Yung with pitch of 40µm[3]. We have developed an etching 1. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering and process that is then implemented to produce 40µm iron Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian dots on the substrate. This proof-in-principle experiment National University, Canberra; 2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, holds promise for reduction in feature dimensions by way California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; 3. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of of standing wave atom lithography methods Technology, Pasadena [1] J. I. Martín, J. Nogués, K. Liu, J. L. Vicent, and I. K. Schuller, e-mail of corresponding author: Frank.Mills@anu.edu.au J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 256 449 (2003) [2] E. Te Sligte, B. Smeets, R.C.M. Bosch, K.M.R. van der Stam, L. A key question in studies of the Venusian and Martian P. Maguire, R.E. Scholten, H.C.W. Beijerink, K.A.H. van atmospheres is what chemical mechanism(s) stabilize Leeuwen, Microelectronic Engineering 67–68 (2003) 664–669 their primary constituent (CO2) against ultraviolet (UV) [3] M. Baker, A.J. Palmer, W.R. MacGillivray and R.T. Sang radiation. The efficiency of the chemistry required to Nanotechnology 15 (2004) 1356. balance CO2 photolysis depends on the photolysis rate, so accurate laboratory measurements of the VUV cross sections for CO2 are required. Based on numerical AMPQC PTH 33 sensitivity analyses, existing uncertainties in these cross The Dissipative Dicke Model: Cavity sections, particularly near 200 nm, lead to atmospheric model uncertainties ~100% in the CO photolysis rate Fluorescence and the Quantum2 near its maximum. The overall impact of these Phase Transition uncertainties and comparisons among the most recent B. Estienne1,2, F. Dimer1, S. Parkins1, and H. Carmichael1 laboratory measurements will be presented. 1. Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; 2. Department of Physics, Ecole Normale AMPQC PTH 31 Supérieure, Paris, France e-mail of corresponding author: s.parkins@auckland.ac.nz Electron Impact Ionization of H2 at The Dicke Model of an ensemble of two-state atoms Intermediate Energies interacting with a single quantised cavity mode exhibits a D.S. Milne-Brownlie and Birgit Lohmann zero-temperature quantum phase transition to a super- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan, radiant state at a critical atom-cavity coupling strength. We Queensland, Australia propose and analyse a scheme based on multilevel atoms e-mail of corresponding author: D.Milne-Brownlie@griffith.edu.au and cavity-mediated Raman transitions to realise an Theoretical studies of the Triple Differential Cross Section effective Dicke system operating in the phase transition (TDCS) for the ionization of H by photon impact have regime. Cavity fluorescence provides a measurable output2 predicted an oscillatory structure due to interference channel from the system and displays clear signatures of effects[1]. More recently, studies have shown that critical behaviour in the transition regime. The scheme interference effects are also predicted for ionization by should be realisable with existing experimental parameters electron impact at incident energies of around 4 keV[2]. and also offers possibilities for investigations of quantum We will present experimental results for the electron chaos and atom-field entanglement. impact ionization of H2 for a range of intermediate incident electron energies. The scattering angle and ejected AMPQC PTH 34 electron energies are varied to reveal whether observation of interference effects in the TDCS for the intermediate Polarised Electron Inner-Shell and electron energy range is possible. Outer-Shell Excitation and Ionisation [1] M. Walter and J. Briggs, J. Phys. B, 32, 2487 (1999) of Zinc Atoms [2] C.R. Stia, O.A. Foj(n, P.F. Weck, J. Hannssen and R.D. Rivarola, J. Phys. B, 36, L257 (2003) L. Pravica and J. F. Williams Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, Perth e-mail of corresponding author: luka@physics.uwa.edu.au AMPQC PTH 32 The excitation with ionisation collision process for the Progress Towards the Creation of inner-shell 3d9 4s2 2D3/2 and outer-shell 3d10 4d2D3/2 Iron Nanodots Using Atom states of zinc atom have been investigated using incident Lithography polarised electrons with near-threshold energies. The observed Stokes parameters of the emitted photons A.J. Palmer, M.Baker and R.T. Sang (589.4 nm and 602.2 nm) show that the electron exchange Centre for Quantum Dynamics, School of Science, Griffith is the dominant collision mechanism, even for the inner- University, Nathan, QLD Australia shell ionisation. Furthermore, the residual ions are not only e-mail of corresponding author: a.j.palmer@griffith.edu.au aligned but also oriented through electron exchange and Iron structures with dimensions below the minimum fine-structure coupling. The contributions from various domain size of 5nm may provide us with a new, high- partial waves to the ionisation with excitation process density data storage medium[1]. Several limitations have are discussed. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 95 AMPQC THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics resolution 1˚ and energy resolution about 60meV. The AMPQC PTH 36 angular range of the results will be 10˚ to 95˚ and the impact Reaction-Induced Duality in energy range will be 20 to 50eV. Progress of our Transport Coefficients: The measurements will be presented at the meeting. Tagashira-Sakai-Sakamoto Effect R.E. Robson AMPQC PTH 39 Research School of Physical Sciences, Australian National Towards Electron Momentum University, Canberra Spectroscopy Studies of Clusters— e-mail of corresponding author: robert.robson@anu.edu.au A New Apparatus Using simplified kinetic theory it is shown that the reaction- KL Nixon, G Hewitt, B Gilbert, A Dunn, R Northeast, M Ellis, induced duality in transport properties, first noted by WD Lawrance and MJ Brunger Tagashira et al [1] for electron-impact ionisation and attachment in gases, and spectacularly evident in the School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA recently observed phenomenon of negative absolute mobility[2], should be observable for a range of physical e-mail of corresponding author: Kate.Nixon@flinders.edu.au problems. Electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) has been [1] H. Tagashira, Y. Sakai and S. Sakamoto, J. Phys. D 10, 1051 successfully applied to atoms, molecules and solid (1977) targets[1]. The targets, applications and apparatus of (e,2e) [2] R.E. Robson et al, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 11249 (2003) experiments are constantly being expanded and improved. EMS studies of the intramolecular bonding of large AMPQC PTH 37 molecules [2] demonstrate the success in applying EMS to increasingly complex targets. Therefore, investigation of the Photoionisation Cross Section of the intermolecular bonding in van der Waals molecules and ((2P5(3P))3D State of Cold Neon small clusters should also be feasible. 3 B.J. Claessens1, J.P. Ashmore2, H.C.W. Beijerinck1, A new apparatus under construction at Flinders University W.R. MacGillivray2, R.T. Sang2 and E.J.D. Vredenbregt1 has been designed to study van der Waals molecules and clusters with EMS. This triple coincidence experiment 1. Eindhoven Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven captures the residual ion as well as the two outgoing University of Technology, The Netherlands; 2. Centre for Quantum Dynamics, School of Science, Griffith University, electrons from the electron impact ionisation event, ie, it is an Nathan QLD Australia (e,2e+ion) experiment. Here we present the details and performance of this new spectrometer along with some e-mail of corresponding author: R.Sang@griffith.edu.au preliminary results. We report on a new measurement of the photoionisation [1] E Weigold and IE McCarthy, Electron Momentum Spectroscopy, cross section from the ((2P5(3P))3D3 state of neon at Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York (1999) photoionisation wavelengths of 351nm and 363nm. The [2] H Mackenzie-Ross, MJ Brunger, F Wang, W Adcock, N Trout, measurement is accomplished utilising a modified version IE McCarthy and DA Winkler, J. Electron. Spectroc. and Relat. of the technique pioneered by Dinnen et. al.[1]. This Phenom., 123, (2002), 389. technique measures the absolute photoionisation cross sections of optically trapped atoms via observation of the AMPQC PTH 40 modification of the loss rate of atoms in an optical trap due to interaction with a photoionising laser beam. We will Ultracold Atomic Collisions in Tight report on the results of this measurement. Anisotropic Traps with Application to [1] T.P. Dinneen, C.D. Wallace, K.Y.N. Tan and P.L. Gould, Opt. Spin-Polarized Metastable Helium Lett. 17, 1706 (1992). T.J. Beams1, G. Peach2 and I.B. Whittingham1 1. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, James Cook AMPQC PTH 38 University, Townsville; 2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London Electronic State Excitations in H2O e-mail of corresponding author: Ian.Whittingham@jcu.edu.au P. A. Thorn, M. J. Brunger, L. Campbell and An understanding of ultracold collisions between neutral P. J. O. Teubner atoms is crucial to the design and operation of atom traps, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders and to the development of novel quantum processes using University, Adelaide, Australia trapped atoms. Tight trapping environments, in which the e-mail of corresponding author: Penny.Thorn@flinders.edu.au external trapping field cannot be treated as uniform during We are measuring absolute differential cross sections for collisions, are expected to significantly modify these electronic state excitation in water vapour by electron collisions. impact. After consideration of the results from previous We recently developed several techniques to study studies on the spectroscopy of water, it has been decided metastable helium under tight isotropic harmonic to focus on excitation of electronic states with energy-loss confinement and report here an extension of these thresholds less than 12eV. The energy loss spectra are techniques to anisotropic traps. Results obtained by using a measured with a crossed beam spectrometer of angular spherical harmonic expansion will be compared with those in which the asymmetry is treated as a second order perturbation. 96 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMPQC THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AMPQC FRE11 AMPQC FRE13 Friday 0820–0840 hrs Friday 0900–0920 hrs Calculation of Stokes Parameters for Positron Studies in Atomic and e-H(2P) Excitation Molecular Physics and Materials Science P.L. Bartlett, A.T. Stelbovics and I. Bray 1 School of Engineering Science, Murdoch University, Perth J. P. Sullivan , S. J. Buckman 1 and A. Hill2 e-mail of corresponding author: a.stelbovics@murdoch.edu.au 1. AMPL, RSPhysSE, ANU; 2. CSIRO Manufacturing & Infrastructure Technology, Clayton Recent measurements[1] of the reduced Stokes e-mail of corresponding author: jps107@rsphysse.anu.edu.au parameters and excitation coherence parameter for the 1S-2P excitation of hydrogen using 54.4eV incident A new experimental positron facility is under construction electrons are in disagreement with accepted convergent for use in experimental studies. Experiments are planned close-coupling (CCC) calculations[2]. The authors[1] in both atomic and molecular physics and materials suggest that spin exchange plays a more significant role science. The Australian Positron Beamline Facility uses than current theoretical methods predict. We have buffer gas trap technology developed by Prof. Cliff Surko [1] accurately calculated these parameters by solving the full at UCSD to make a magnetised positron beam of high Schrödinger equation for this collision system using the resolution (<25 meV). This beam can then be used to method of propagating exterior complex scaling[3] and study positron scattering from gaseous targets and obtained good agreement with the CCC calculations. The annihilation of the positrons within materials will give discrepancy between this experiment and theoretical information about material structure and properties. The calculations cannot be accounted for, and suggest that design of the experiment and an overview of the analysis independent measurements are required. techniques to be used will be presented. [1] M.L. Gradziel and R.W. O’Neill, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., [1] Murphy and Surko, Phys. Rev. A 46, 5696 (1992) 37, 1893 (2004) [2] I. Bray and A.T. Stelbovics, Phys. Rev. A, 46, 6995 (1992) AMPQC FRE14 [3] P.L. Bartlett, A.T. Stelbovics and I. Bray, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 37, L69 (2004) Friday 0920–1000 hrs The Exotic World of Low-energy AMPQC FRE12 Positron-atom Interactions Friday 0840–0900 hrs M.W.J. Bromley, S.A. Novikov, J. Mitroy Lippmann-Schwinger Description of Faculty of Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia Multiphoton Ionization e-mail of corresponding author: mbromley@cdu.edu.au Igor Ivanov The interactions of low-energy positrons with atoms Research School of Physical Sciences and Engeneering, ANU provides a host of problems for both experimentalists and igor.ivanov@anu.edu.au theorists alike. For example, even one of the most We develop a formalism and a computational procedure to fundamental questions in positron physics, whether a treat the process of multiphoton ionization (MPI) of atomic positron can form an electronically stable bound state targets in strong laser fields. We treat the MPI process with a neutral atom, was only in 1997 theoretically resolved nonperturbatively as a decay phenomenon by solving a as a ‘yes’[1]. coupled set of the integral Lippmann-Schwinger I will discuss the application of the configuration- equations. As the basic building blocks of the theory we interaction (CI) method to the study of various positronic use a complete set of field-free atomic states, discrete and atoms and ions, demonstrating the stability and structure continuous. This approach enables us to provide both the of the bound states of PsH, e+Li, e+Be, e+Mg, e+Ca, total and differential cross-sections of MPI of atoms with e+Cu, CuPs, e+Zn, e+Sr and e+Cd. The CI method has one or two electrons. As a test of the approach we apply it also been used in conjunction with the Kohn variational to study the multiphoton ionization of atomic hydrogen. method to examine low-energy positron scattering and annihilation from H, He+ and Cu. The presence of localised electron-positron pairing means that these CI calculations are extremely demanding. I will also mention the prospects for using positron scattering from metal vapours as a signature to detect their bound states. [1] “Positron binding to atoms and ions”, J.Mitroy, M.W.J.Bromley and G.G.Ryzhikh J.Phys.B 35 (2002) R81. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 97 AMPQC FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AMPQC FRE21 AMPQC FRE24 Friday 1040–1120 hrs Friday 1140–1200 hrs Trapped Clusters and Nanoparticles High-resolution Photoelectron Evan Bieske Spectroscopy via Velocity-map School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Imaging of Anion Radicals: A Australia Window into Chemical Reaction Advances in the spectroscopic interrogation of charged Dynamics molecular clusters and nanoparticles will be discussed. A S.J. Cavanagh, S.T. Gibson, E.H. Roberts, and B.R. Lewis common aspect of the experiments is the use of electrody- Atomic and Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research School namic ion traps and guides to confine the target species of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National so that they can be probed in vacuum, free from environ- University, Canberra ACT mental influences. The first part of the talk will focus on e-mail of corresponding author: Steven.Cavanagh@anu.edu.au studies of simple anion complexes and clusters where spectra are obtained by exposing mass-selected ion com- Photoelectron spectroscopy, in all its forms, is a powerful plexes to tuneable infrared light in an octopole ion guide, tool for gleaning structural and dynamical information from with photo-absorption inferred through production of atomic and molecular targets and chemical processes. charged photofragments. The focus will be on the Cl–-H2, However, many targets and processes have been out of Br–-H2, and I–-H2 dimers where spectra in the 2.5 µm H-H reach due to the inefficiencies, or poor resolution, of the stretch region provide information on the length and force techniques used. To reliably study difficult systems high constant of the intermolecular bonds, and on the rate at resolution, efficiency, signal-to-noise and robustness is which the vibrational energy, originally localised in the H-H essential. We have recently developed a co-axial velocity- stretch mode, is transferred into the weak intermolecular map imaging spectrometer, which address all of these bond. The second part of the talk will describe spectro- issues. The performance and operation of this scopic studies of single charged fluorescent nanoparticles spectrometer will be outlined, together with recent confined in a quadrupole trap. The particle's mass to photoelectron spectra from anion radicals. charge ratio is measured by determining its oscillation fre- quency within the trap, while its radius and refractive is AMPQC FRE25 found by observing morphological dependent resonances Friday 1200–1220 hrs in the fluorescence. Electron Scattering from Cold AMPQC FRE23 Metastable Helium Friday 1120–1140 hrs L.J. Uhlmann, T. Pask, R.G. Dall, K.G.H. Baldwin and S.J. Buckman Rovibrational Energy Transfer in the Atomic and Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research School 4νCH Manifold of Acetylene, Viewed of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National by IR-UV Double Resonance University, Canberra Spectroscopy e-mail of corresponding author: Linda.Uhlmann@rsphysse.anu.edu.au M.A. Payne1, A.P. Milce1, M.J. Frost1,2 and B.J. Orr1 Electron scattering experiments involving atoms or 1. Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie University, molecules in excited states are challenging as targets of Sydney; 2. School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK this type are difficult to prepare in appreciable quantities. However, with the advent of laser cooling and trapping e-mail of corresponding author: brian.orr@mq.edu.au techniques, the possibility to do electron collision studies Rovibrational states of the linear polyatomic acetylene on such target species now exists. In our laboratory, two molecule (C2H2) are not as simple as might be supposed. related, yet distinct, experiments for electron scattering For example, the 4νCH manifold at ~12 700-cm–1 in the from metastable helium are being undertaken. The first electronic ground-state of C2H2 is congested and affected utilizes a magneto-optical trap (MOT) of 23S Helium atoms by anharmonic, l-resonance and Coriolis couplings. as the target for a grand total cross-section measurement. This complicates intramolecular dynamics and yields Results of scattering from the 23S and 23P levels of Helium unusual forms collision-induced state-to-state molecular will be presented in the energy range from 5-75eV. The energy transfer. Rotational J-states of the (ν1 + 3ν3) or second set of experiments is designed to determine the (1 0 3 0 0)0 vibrational combination level are monitored by differential electron scattering cross-section by using the time-resolved infrared-ultraviolet double resonance (IR-UV bright beam line as the source of target atoms1 and DR) spectroscopy, addressing the influence of employing a technique referred to as Metastable Atom intramolecular perturbations on J-resolved collision- Recoil Spectroscopy (MARS). Progress towards the induced energy transfer with both even and odd ∆J[1-3]. collection of this data will be discussed. [1] M.A. Payne, A.P. Milce, M.J. Frost and B.J. Orr, Chem. Phys. [1] M.D. Hoogerland, D. Milic, W. Lu, H.A. Bachor, K.G.H. Baldwin Lett., 324, 48 (2000) and S.J. Buckman, Aust. J. Phys., 49, 567 (1996). [2] M.A. Payne, A.P. Milce, M.J. Frost and B.J. Orr, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 10759 (2004) [3] M.A. Payne, A.P. Milce, M.J. Frost and B.J. Orr, submitted to J. Phys. Chem. A (August 2004) 98 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AMPQC FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Optics, Photonics, Laser AOS MOA14 Physics (AOS) Monday 1140–1200 hrs Micro-Characterisation of Erbium AOS MOA11 Doped Optical Fibres Monday 1040–1120 hrs F. Sidiroglou1, S. T. Huntington1, R.Stern2, G. W. Baxter3, N.M. Dragomir1, and A. Roberts1 Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy 1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC; 2. School Eric van Stryland of Electrical Engineering, Victoria University of Technology, College of Optics and Photonics: CREOL & FPCE, University Melbourne; 3. Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, of Central Florida, Orlando, USA M010, The University of Western Australia Email of corresponding author: ewvs@creol.ucf.edu e-mail of corresponding author: fotios@physics.unimelb.edu.au With the advent of tunable short-pulsed high-irradiance Rare-earth-doped optical fibres continue to play a central optical-parametric devices and the ability to create short role in optical telecommunications and are finding white-light continua (WLC), nonlinear optical (NLO) increasing application as optical fibre sensors and high- spectroscopy is greatly facilitated. We have developed a power lasers. Optimising the performance of devices variety of techniques for measuring two-photon absorption based on these fibres requires high-spatial resolution (2PA) and excited-state absorption spectra of information about the distribution of active ions within the semiconductors, dielectrics and organic materials. Using fibre. Here we present experimental results demonstrating a WLC pump-probe method gives the nondegenerate the application of two microscopic imaging techniques, NLO spectrum which for 2PA gives the dispersion of the Raman Fluorescence Intensity Confocal Optical nonlinear refraction from Kramers-Kronig relations. This is Microscopy and Nano-Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, not possible with techniques such as Z-scan that give to the determination of the relative erbium ion distribution in fibres. The extension of these techniques to the study of degenerate nonlinearities. These complementary other rare-earth doped fibres will also be discussed. techniques on various time scales allow a fairly complete characterization and understanding of the nonlinear processes occurring in these materials. AOS MOA15 Monday 1200–1220 hrs AOS MOA13 A Microwave Frequency Standard in Monday 1120–1140 hrs the 10–15 Accuracy Range Using Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy with 171Yb+ Ions Widely Tunable Swept-frequency R. B. Warrington, P. T. H. Fisk, M. J. Wouters and Lasers M. A. Lawn Y. He and B.J. Orr National Measurement Institute (formerly National Measurement Laboratory, CSIRO), Sydney Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW e-mail of corresponding author: bruce.warrington@measurement.gov.au e-mail of corresponding author: brian.orr@mq.edu.au Microwave frequency standards of the highest stability A novel approach to cavity ringdown (CRD) spectroscopy and accuracy have been under development at CSIRO’s based on swept-frequency (SF) lasers enables rapid National Measurement Laboratory for many years, based measurement of CRD absorption spectra. Our new SF on the ground-state hyperfine interval of trapped 171Yb+ CRD spectrometer incorporates a miniature widely-tunable ions (the analogous interval for 133Cs defines the SI continuous-wave SF laser[1] and requires less than 1 s to second). Laser cooling reduces or eliminates systematic record wide-ranging absorption spectra with high shifts. Recent work includes designing a non-magnetic sensitivity in a single rapid sweep of the laser frequency. UHV chamber in novel materials, and loading the trap by The spectrometer has a single-ended transmitter-receiver photoionization. We are working towards a frequency configuration based on retro-reflected optical-heterodyne accuracy of 4x10–15 or better, comparable to the best Cs detection[2], and yields a simple, compact, versatile fountain standards. Though our interest is metrology, the instrument for efficient sensing of gases. The performance standard also opens up various possibilities for tests of of the spectrometer is demonstrated by measuring weak fundamental physics. absorption spectra of carbon dioxide gas at 1.5–1.6 µm. [1] J.D. Berger and D. Anthon, Optics and Photonics News, 14 (3), 42, 62 (2003) AOS MOA21 [2] Y. He and B.J. Orr, Chem. Phys. Lett., 335, 215 (2001); Appl. Monday 1400–1440 hrs Phys. B, 75, 267 (2002) Near-field Imaging and Manipulation of Photonic Crystals Ben Buchler Photonic crystals have applications ranging from miniaturised photonic devices to cavity quantum electrodynamics. The aim of our work is to use scanning Congress Handbook and Abstracts 99 AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics probe techniques to characterise and manipulate the challenging. This work describes techniques for producing behaviour of photonic crystals and explore the possibility air-structured fibres and parameters that can be used to of controlled coupling between single emitters and control fibre geometry. Examples include fibres with photonic crystals. We present optical near-field images of <2dB/km losses at 1mm, hi-birefringence photonic 2D microcavities and comparison to numerical models. crystal fibres and high NA air-clad fibres with bridge Further numerical modelling also shows how scanning thickness <350nm. probes can be used to modify a high-Q cavity. Recent experiments demonstrate the use of scanning probes to affect the spontaneous emission of single emitters. AOS MOA25 Application of these techniques to photonic crystals will be Monday 1520–1540 hrs discussed. Characterisation of Optical Wavefields Propagated through AOS MOA23 Scattering Media Monday 1440–1500 hrs C.K. Aruldoss, N. M. Dragomir, R.E. Scholten, Output Couplers for 3D Photonic K.A. Nugent and A. Roberts Crystal Waveguides School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, AUSTRALIA A.R. Weily1, K.P. Esselle1, B.C. Sanders2,3 and T.S. Bird4 e-mail of corresponding author: celine@physics.unimelb.edu.au 1. Department of Electronics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 2. Institute for Quantum Information Science, Knowledge of changes in a wavefield as it propagates University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; 3. Centre of through a turbid medium is critical to a complete Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, Macquarie understanding of optical imaging in biological tissue. University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 4. CSIRO ICT Centre, As an optical wavefield propagates through such a Epping, NSW, Australia medium, its Mutual Optical Intensity (MOI), which fully e-mail of corresponding author: aweily@ics.mq.edu.au describes a quasi-monochromatic spatially partially One crucial practical problem facing 3D photonic crystal coherent field, is changed. The aim of this work is to applications is finding a way to couple electromagnetic determine the MOI of optical fields that have propagated energy efficiently into and out of a 3D photonic crystal through a variety of controlled scattering media applying waveguide. We investigate two approaches for solving this phase-space tomography. Experimental results will be problem: the photonic crystal horn antenna[1],[2]; and the presented and discussed. conventional waveguide to 3D photonic crystal waveguide mode coupler[3]. We demonstrate both approaches AOS MOA31 theoretically using numerical simulations, and Monday 1620–1640 hrs experimentally using prototypes operating at microwave frequencies. Both methods succeed in providing highly Pump-probe Differencing Technique efficient coupling into and out of the 3D photonic crystal for Cavity-enhanced, Noise- waveguide over a wide bandwidth, thereby demonstrating cancelling Saturation Laser two solutions to the output coupling problem. Spectroscopy [1] A.R. Weily, K.P. Esselle, and B.C. Sanders, Phys. Rev. E, 68, 16609 (2003) G. de Vine1, J. Close2, D.E. McClelland1 and M.B. Gray1 [2] A.R. Weily, K.P. Esselle, and B.C. Sanders, Phys. Rev. E, 70, 1. Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics, 37602 (2004) Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, [3] A.R. Weily, K.P. Esselle, B.C. Sanders, and T.S. Bird ACT, Australia; 2. Centre for Quantum Atom Optics, (unpublished) Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia AOS MOA24 e-mail of corresponding author: glenn.devine@anu.edu.au Monday 1500–1520 hrs We present an experimental technique enabling mechanical-noise free, cavity-enhanced frequency Fabrication of Advanced Air- measurements of an atomic transition and its hyperfine Structured Silica Optical Fibres structure. We employ the 532nm frequency doubled K. Lyytikäinen, J. Canning, J. Digweed, M. Åslund output from a Nd:YAG laser and an iodine vapour cell. The and S. Jackson cell is placed in a traveling-wave Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) with counter-propagating pump and Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University of Sydney and probe beams. The FPI is locked using the Pound-Drever- Australian Photonics CRC Hall (PDH)[1] technique. Mechanical noise is rejected by e-mail of corresponding author: k.lyytikainen@oftc.usyd.edu.au differencing pump and probe signals. In addition, this Structuring of optical fibres using air-holes offers an differenced error signal gives a sensitive measure of alternative method of tailoring the properties of optical differential non-linearity within the FPI. fibres. These fibres include photonic crystal fibres, Fresnel [1] R. W. P. Drever, J. L. Hall, F. V. Kowalski, J. Hough, G. M. Ford, fibres, and air-clad fibres for high NA fibres and high A. J. Munley and H. Ward, Laser phase and frequency power fibre lasers. The control of the geometry is critical to stabilization using an optical resonator, Appl. Phys. B, fibre performance. Drawn into lengths over hundreds of 31, 97, (1983). meters, retaining such micro- and nano-structures is 100 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS MOA32 AOS MOA34 Monday 1640–1700 hrs Monday 1720–1740 hrs Ultra-slow Light in Fibre Gratings Vortex Solitons in Nonlocal J.T. Mok, M.W. Verdon, I.C. Littler and B.J. Eggleton Kerr-like Media Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, D. Briedis1, D.E. Petersen1, D. Edmundson2, School of Physics, University of Sydney W. Z. Królikowski1, O. Bang3 and J. Wyller4 e-mail of corresponding author: j.mok@physics.usyd.edu.au 1. Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical We present the design and characterisation of fibre Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, gratings for ultra-slow light application using Bragg grating Canberra ACT; 2. ANU Supercomputing Facility, Research [1] School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australiansolitons . We simulate pulse propagation through a National University, Canberra ACT; 3. Research Centre COM, uniform grating and a Moiré grating[2] fabricated for this Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; application. Effects of grating imperfections on slow light 4. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Agricultural pulse propagation are evaluated. University of Norway, Ås, Norway [1] B. J. Eggleton, C. M. de Sterke and R. E. Slusher, J. Opt. Soc. e-mail of corresponding author: briedis@maths.anu.edu.au Am. B, 16, 4 (1999). [2] J. B Khurgin, Phys. Rev. A, 62, 013821 (2002). Spatial optical solitons are optical beams that propagate in nonlinear materials without changing their shape. The so-called bright vortex soliton is a localized optical AOS MOA33 beam with a singular phase structure existing in bulk Monday 1700–1720 hrs crystals, which has attracted a considerable attention recently. It is known that this particular type of spatial Holographic Mode Converters: soliton is unstable in spatially local nonlinear materials and Laser Beams Are not Plane Waves will break up into fragments during propagation, while Michael Harvey1, Nathan Langford1,2, conserving angular momentum. Here we discuss the Rohan Dalton1,2, Agatha Branczyk1, Paul Cochrane1 propagation of cortex beams and solitons in nonlocal and Andrew G. White1,2 focussing materials. We show that spatial nonlocality stabilizes the propagation of vortex beams and allows for 1. Department of Physics, The University of Queensland; 2. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, The University the formation of stable solitons. of Queensland e-mail of corresponding author: harvey@physics.uq.edu.au AOS MOA35 Holographic mode converters are widely used to Monday 1740–1800 hrs transform laser beams into more useful beam profiles[1,2]. In many instances these devices are realised as thin Nanofabrication Using Standing computer-generated holograms. Typically, these are Wave Optical Masks for Metastable calculated assuming that one (or more) of the interfering Atom Lithography fields are plane wave. And, typically the resulting output M. Baker, A.J. Palmer and R.T. Sang does not map at all well onto the desired mode. We Centre for Quantum Dynamics, School of Science, Griffith present theoretical and experimental studies of the University, Nathan, QLD discrepancies between these plane-wave holograms and the modes they are intended to produce. We demonstrate e-mail of corresponding author: R.Sang@griffith.edu.au that these discrepancies are reduced substantially by We present here details of optical masking techniques Gaussian (as opposed to plane wave) fields. applied to a Ne* metastable atomic beam source for atom [1,2] [1] N K Langford, et al, Physical Review Letters 93, 053601 (2004) lithography . In this scheme, metastable noble gas [2] N R Heckenberg, et al, Optics Letters 17, 221 (1992) atoms, focused in an optical standing wave, are used to modify the chemical properties of various resist covered substrates to form nanoscale structures. In previous work, physical masks were used to create patterns in thiolate SAM and oil contaminated resist surfaces[3,4]. Recent improvements to our system include an optical collimation section to improve beam brightness and reduce transverse velocities. We have undertaken Monte- Carlo simulations to model the dipole force on Ne* atoms in an optical standing wave[5]. Results will be presented showing our initial attempts with Ne* using an optical standing wave to create periodic structures. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 101 AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics POSTERS applied DC electric field. This experiment uses a narrow inhomogeneous optical transition in a solid-state host AOS PMO 20 doped with rare-earth ions. The applied DC field causes a broadening of the narrow inhomogeneous transition. A Modulational Instability and weak pulse is input to the crystal and the sample is Generation of Pulses in Cubic- allowed to evolve before the electric field is switched in Quintic Complex Ginzburg-Landau polarity. We have seen we are able to rephase optical Models coherence without the use of intense driving pusles. K. Maruno1, A. Ankiewicz2 and N. Akhmediev2 1. Faculty of Mathematics, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, AOS PMO 23 Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan; 2. Optical Sciences Group, Progress Towards Bose-Einstein Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT Condensation of He* e-mail of corresponding author: nna124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Robert G Dall, Kenneth G H Baldwin, Andrew G Truscott We investigate modulational instability (MI) for several ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, discrete cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau Research School of Physical Science and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT (CQCGL) models and compare with MI for the continuous CQCGL equation. The MI of a discrete cubic-quintic Email of corresponding author: andrew.truscott@anu.edu.au complex Ginzburg-Landau model, which was recently We report on our progress towards Bose condensing proposed by us, depends on the wave number of a plane metastable helium (He*). To date, we have demonstrated wave. We also study, analytically and numerically, bright a magneto-optic trap (MOT) of He*, which contains up to solitons of the discrete CQCGL model which may be 3 x 109 atoms. Due to the high background pressure in generated by MI. our main MOT vacuum chamber, the atoms are transported out of the main chamber into a second AOS PMO 21 high vacuum chamber, at a rate ~ 1x10 9/s using a combination of light pressure and magnetic guiding. ‘Fast-light’ Atomic Media with Giant These atoms will be captured in a novel magnetic trap Kerr Nonlinearity and subsequent evaporation should lead to Bose-Einstein condensation of He*. A.M. Akulshin, A.I. Sidorov, R.J. McLean, and P. Hannaford Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC AOS PMO 24 e-mail of corresponding author: aakulshin@swin.edu.au Quantum Control of a Single Light-induced ground-state atomic coherences Photonic Qubit significantly enhance dispersion dn/d_ and nonlinear 1 1,2 susceptibility χ(3) Agatha Branczyk , Alexei Gilchrist and of an atomic gas. Such ‘coherent’ control Stephen D. Bartlett1 of the optical properties of atomic media makes them potentially suitable for storage of quantum information 1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland; 2. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, The University through ‘storage of light’[1]. of Queensland We discuss a link between nonlinearity at the few-photon e-mail of corresponding author: aggie@physics.uq.edu.au intensity level and light propagation with negative group velocities in a ‘fast-light’ atomic medium, which is Quantum control involves repeated measurement of a characterized by a steep negative dispersion. Also an quantum system, altering the dynamics of the system experimental study of the noise properties of new optical based on the measurement results. The crucial distinction fields generated by nonlinear wave mixing assisted by between classical and quantum control is the back-action greatly enhanced Kerr nonlinearity is presented. noise due to measurement. In quantum feedback control it is possible to know too much. We present the design of a [1] C.H. van der Wal et al., Science 301 (5630), 196 (2003); A. Kuzmich et al., Nature 423, 731 (2003). prototype single-photon optics experiment demonstrating quantum control. The experiment consists of a sequence of weak measurements[1] of the photon’s polarisation AOS PMO 22 followed by correction. The performance of the quantum Optical Rephasing Using The Stark control system in protecting the quantum state from noise is characterised theoretically, and we investigate the Effect optimal measurement sensitivity. A. Alexander1, J. Longdell1 and M. Sellers1 [1] G J Pryde, J L O’Brien, A G White, S D Bartlett and T C Ralph, 1. Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 190402 (2004) Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia email of corresponding author: ala111@rsphysse.anu.edu.au There is great interest in developing a quantum memory capable of storing non-classical light fields. In this paper it has been demonstrated that it is possible to rephase optical coherence through switching the polarity of an 102 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics index guidance in the other. These waveguides have AOS PMO 25 applications in guiding light, dispersion compensation, Matter Wave Propagation through and optical delay lines in integrated photonic devices. Microstructured Waveguides* A critical issue associated with these waveguides is the loss due to out-of-plane leakage. We have developed a M.W.J. Bromley1,2, M. Koehler2 and B.D. Esry2 method that can accurately and efficiently model such 1. Faculty of Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, loss, and which can be extended to model other 2D PC NT, Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Kansas State based devices. The method is based on modal University, Manhattan, KS, USA techniques developed to model diffraction gratings[1]. e-mail of corresponding author: mbromley@cdu.edu.au [1] L. Li, J. Mod. Optics, 40, 553 (1993) Significant experimental progress in recent years has been seen in the field of “atom chips”, ie. integrated atom AOS PMO 28 optics, where trapping, propagation and manipulation of ultracold atoms have all been done above a single Entanglement Cycles and microchip surface. Our theoretical efforts have been Conditional Quantum Evolution focussed on exploring the nature of wave propagation Mile Gu, S. Parkins, and H.J. Carmichael through such microstructured waveguides. We present here a smorgasbord of fundamental physics, ranging from Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand wave excitations and quantum/classical correspondence, through to interference-based vortex production and e-mail of corresponding author: h.carmichael@auckland.ac.nz dispersion management. Entanglement cycles are exhibited by systems that *Supported by the U.S.A. Department of the Navy, Office of Naval oscillate between a number of pure entangled states via Research, and in part by the Research Corporation. the stochastic emission of photons. We demonstrate the existence of such behavior within a cascaded cavity system using quantum trajectory methods, and show that AOS PMO 26 under appropriate conditions the system oscillates Customised Three-flat Calibration indefinitely between two perfectly entangled Bell states. Method for a Large-aperture Fizeau Such systems may show vastly different behaviour along a Interferometer with Vertical single trajectory, although they possess a uniquely define steady state. The phenomenon has various possible Optical Axis applications; for example, in the generation of Jan Burke and Bozenko (Bob) Oreb entanglement and quantum measurement. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: jan.burke@csiro.au AOS PMO 29 We describe a modified version of the traditional three-flat Optical Fibre and Its Role in High- calibration method, which we have used to calibrate the 320 mm diameter reference flat of the Large Aperture Power Lasers and Amplifiers Digital Interferometer (LADI) at the CSIRO’s Australian A.L.G. Carter, B.Samson, K.Tankala and D.P.Machewirth Centre for Precision Optics. The salient feature of the new Nufern, East Granby, CT, USA method is a combination of rotational averaging and e-mail of corresponding author: acarter@nufern.com utilisation of symmetry properties to infer absolute surface relief data. We present the data acquisition and First invented in the 1960’s, the fibre laser is almost as old [1][2] processing schemes and show the results of the first as the laser itself . Moreover it has a number of distinct experimental calibration run. The results validate the advantages over alternative solid state laser technologies method, establish an accuracy better than 1 nanometre including size, reliability, wavelength selectivity, heat rms and highlight additional practical issues. dissipation, wall-plug efficiency and operational cost. Nevertheless, immature optical design of the fibre had meant that fibre lasers were sidelined from real world AOS PMO 27 applications. Very recently a series of advances in both Efficient Method for Modelling out of fibre and pump-diode design have facilitated a revival in interest, with diffraction-limited, single-polarisation, kW- Plane Transmission Loss in Photonic level output powers from a single fibre laser[3]. In this Crystal Slab Waveguides paper we discuss the technological advancements in fibre S. Campbell1, L.C. Botten2, C. Martijn de Sterke1 and design that underpin this revolution. R.C. McPhedran1 [1] E.Snitzer, “Neodymium glass laser”, Proc. 3rd International Conference of Quantum Electronics, Paris, 999 (1963) 1. School of Physics, Centre of Excellence for Ultrahigh- bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, University of Sydney, [2] C.J.Koester and E.Snitzer, “Amplification in a fiber laser”, App. Sydney; 2. School of Mathematical Sciences, Centre of Opt., 3, 1182 (1964) Excellence for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical [3] C.-H.Liu, A.Galvanauskas, B.Ehlers, F.Doerfel, S.Heinemann, Systems, University of Technology, Sydney A.Carter, K.Tankala, J.Farroni, “810-W single transverse mode Yb-doped fiber laser”, Advanced Solid-State Photonics e-mail of corresponding author: campbell@physics.usyd.edu.au conference, PD2 (2004) Photonic crystal (PC) slab waveguides confine light using a photonic bandgap in one lateral direction, and effective Congress Handbook and Abstracts 103 AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics attribute the enhancement to the photo-annealing of AOS PMO 30 interface defects rather than to the photo-oxidation or Latest Results for Silver Atomic surface passivation by other molecules. The two-photon Form Factors in the Relativistic enhancement allows us to record the enhanced spots three-dimensionally, hence demonstrating the feasibility of Regime—a New Frontier its application to multi-layered optical data storage based C. T. Chantler, Z. Barnea, C Q. Tran, M. D. de Jonge on NC solids. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia AOS PMO 33 Complex X-Ray form factors are used in crystallography, material science, medical diagnosis, refractive index Resonant Photothermal Dynamics in studies and XAFS. Determinations of the complex Fiber Fabry Perot Cavities component for silver typically differ by over 10% or 10 Jong. H. Chow1, Ian L. M. Littler2, David E. McClelland1, standard deviations. We apply the X-Ray Extended-Range Malcolm B. Gray1 Technique [Phys. Lett. A286 (2001) 338, PRA 69 (2004) 1. Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics, 022717–1, PRL 90 (2003) 257401–1] for accurate Faculty of Science, Australian National University; 2. CUDOS measurements of the mass attenuation coefficient and the (Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems), imaginary component of the atomic form factor. The School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW accuracy of 0.3% challenges available theoretical e-mail of corresponding author: jong.chow@anu.edu.au calculations and suggests that new methods of computation are required to approach the accuracy of the Resonant photothermal effects in fiber Fabry-Perot cavities experimental data. are caused by the conversion of circulating optical energy into heat due to absorption. This results in thermal change in resonator optical path length, the roundtrip phase, and AOS PMO 31 hence the resonance condition. These effects impact on New Experimental Approach to QED the performance of DFB lasers, characterisation of passive fiber resonators, as well as frequency stability when these Tests in Medium-Z Systems resonators are used as optical filters. We describe a J. Kimpton, M. Kinnane, G. Christodoulou, C-H. Su, simplified dynamic numerical model for photothermal C. T. Chantler effects in passive fiber Bragg grating resonators, and School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, present results of their experimental observation. VIC Australia We have installed, built, aligned and operated a new X-ray AOS PMO 34 spectrometer to our new specifications on the NIST Electron Beam Ion Trap. This has major advances over Energy Transfer up-conversion in previous spectrometry, especially regarding the stability of Tm-doped Silica Fibres the system in response to mechanical and thermal D. A. Simpson1, G. W. Baxter1, S. F. Collins1, K. Gibbs2, fluctuations, and the capacity for accurate absolute W. Blanc3, B. Dussardier3, G. Monnom3 calibrations over the full range of its dispersion function. 1. Optical Technology Research Laboratory, Victoria Other developments include a novel multiple detector University, Melbourne VIC Australia; 2. Centre for Imaging investigation of systematics. Early signs of significant and Applied Optics, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC advances with respect to the analysis of systematic and Australia; 3. Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière statistical error budgets will be presented. Opportunities Condensée, Universite de Nice—Sophia Antipolis, Nice, for further and future developments will be discussed. France e-mail of corresponding author: stephen.collins@vu.edu.au AOS PMO 32 Thulium-doped glasses have attracted considerable interest in recent years, due to their potential use as Two-photon Induced Photo- optical amplifiers and mid infrared lasers sources. As a enhancement of Densely Packed result, a significant amount of research has been focused CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS Nanocrystal Solids on the spectroscopy of the Tm3+ ion. In this work, we and Its Application to Multi-layer report the observation of up-conversion luminescence Optical Data Storage from the 3H4 level of thulium-doped silica fibres when excited at 1586 nm. The up-conversion luminescence was James W. M. Chon and Min Gu observed with modest pump powers, in fibres with Centre for Micro-Photonics, School of Biophysical Sciences relatively low thulium concentrations. The decay and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University of characteristics of the up-conversion luminescence verify Technology, Hawthorn, VIC Australia that the energy transfer up-conversion process (3F , 34 F4 ‡ We report on a two-photon absorption induced photo- 3H , 34 H6) participates in populating the 3F4 energy level. enhancement effect on a densely packed CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS core-shell semiconductor nanocrystal solid film. The enhancement is found to be irreversible without a noticeable blue-shift in emission spectra, hence we 104 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics phase squeezing parameter is introduced, ζ2 = 2N(1-S), AOS PMO 35 where N is the number of spins in the ensemble and Chirped Fibre Bragg Grating the sharpness of the phase distribution is labelled as Distributed Temperature Sensor S = An experimental realisation of maximally phase-squeezed states is opportune in light of recent A. Nand1, D. J. Kitcher1, S. A. Wade1,2, S. F. Collins1 and mode-mashing experiments[3]. It is also noted that states G. W. Baxter1 generated by the two axis counter-twisting Hamiltonian[1] 1. Optical Technology Research Laboratory, Victoria are practically optimally phase-squeezed and easier to University, Melbourne VIC, Australia; 2. Department of generate than their maximally spin-squeezed counter Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, VIC, Australia states. e-mail of corresponding author: stephen.collins@vu.edu.au [1] M. Kitagawa and M. Ueda, Phys. Rev. A, 47, 5138 (1993) A Chirped Fibre Bragg Grating (CFBG) distributed [2] D. J. Wineland et al Phys. Rev. A, 46, R6797 (1992) temperature sensor based on the analysis of the reflected [3] W. M. Mitchell, J. S. Lundeen and A. M. Steinberg, Nature, power spectrum to extract nonuniform temperature 409, 161 (2004) distribution along the grating will be presented. The technique uses a combination of a discrete Fourier AOS PMO 38 Transform (FFT) and a CFBG sensor. The measured reflectivity of the CFBG due to localised temperature Solving the Hubbard Model with change was simulated using the FFT grating design model Phase-space Methods representative of an applied temperature disturbance. J. F. Corney and P. D. Drummond Accuracies of a three-parameter function-fitting algorithm, operating on position, width and amplitude of temperature ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, School change, to a temperature disturbance to the measured of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane spectra, will be discussed. e-mail of corresponding author: corney@physics.uq.edu.au The Hubbard model is the simplest model of interacting AOS PMO 36 Fermions on a lattice. Of importance in solid-state physics, it also provides an accurate model of ultracold fermionic Annealing Dynamics of Erbium atoms in an optical lattice. While solutions of the Hubbard Doped Fiber Bragg Gratings model are known in 1D, first-principle results in higher dimensions have relied on Quantum Monte Carlo methods, D. J. Kitcher, S. Trpkovski, M. Dagher, G. W. Baxter and which suffer from intractable ‘Fermi sign’ problems. S. F. Collins We introduce an exact method for simulating many-body Optical Technology Research Laboratory, Victoria University, quantum systems based a Gaussian phase-space Melbourne VIC, Australia representation for Fermions[1]. The method can perform e-mail of corresponding author: stephen.collins@vu.edu.au dynamical or thermal equilibrium calculations. We use it to Experimental annealing curves of fiber Bragg gratings solve higher-dimensional Hubbard models without sign (FBG) written in H2 loaded Er doped fiber can deviate problems. from those expected by conventional power law fitting or [1] J. F. Corney and P. D. Drummond, quant-ph/0404052. log-time aging curves that model thermal removal of photorefractive contributions from a density of states AOS PMO 39 function with an initially Gaussian population vs. activation energy. Annealing dynamics of Er doped Bragg gratings Multi-Wavelength Sources for Colour with a non-Gaussian and mobile defect population are High Speed Imaging Applications examined. The process of creating erbium doped FBGs for high temperature sensors composed only of states with P.B. Evans and D.W. Coutts a high activation energy is discussed. Department of Physics, ICS, Macquarie University, Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: dcoutts@ics.mq.edu.au AOS PMO 37 A novel 3-d high speed imaging technique we have developed requires a multi-wavelength source spanning States for Phase Estimation the visible spectrum. Here we describe such source J. Combes and H. M. Wiseman based on cascaded stimulated Raman scattering in Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Centre for optical fibres. An essential source requirement is an even Quantum Dynamics, School of Science, Griffith University, energy distribution amongst at least seven Stokes orders Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (+ pump). Modelling results show that while CW e-mail of corresponding author: j.combes@griffith.edu.au conversion in single mode fibres predicts sequential generation of each Stokes order with complete depletion For a single shot measurement of the phase ϕ of a of the pump and each previous order, a Gaussian pulse quantum state with no prior information the spin squeezing produces multiple orders. Multiple order output spectra parameter, ξ2 [1,2], is not a good figure of merit. This is are obtained with mJ pulse energies suitable for the high due to the fact that the uncertainty of a phase estimate φ speed imaging application. is what is relevant in a single shot measurement—not the signal to noise ratio. In light of this understanding a new Congress Handbook and Abstracts 105 AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS PMO 40 AOS PMO 42 Interaction of Matter-wave Gap Quantum Computing with Optical Solitons in Optical Lattices Clusters Beata J. Dabrowska, Elena A. Ostrovskaya and C. M .Dawson1,3 and M. A. Nielsen1,2 Yuri S. Kivshar 1. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Nonlinear Physics Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence for Queensland, Australia; 2. Department of Information Quantum-Atom Optics, RSPhysSE, Australian National Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of University, Canberra ACT, Australia Queensland, Australia; 3. SRC for Quantum Computer e-mail of corresponding author: bjd124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Technology, University of Queensland, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: dawson@physics.uq.edu.au We study mobility and interaction of matter-wave gap solitons in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) confined by The theoretical potential of quantum computers and the a periodic potential of an optical lattice. Such localized technical challenges in their construction have seen wavepackets can exist only in the gaps of the matter-wave extensive efforts to build working prototypes of the basic band-gap spectrum, and their interaction properties are technology. One promising proposal involves the encoding shown to serve as a measure of discreteness imposed of quantum data in the spatial modes of a single photon[1], onto a BEC by the lattice potential. We show that inelastic and recently a key component of such a computer has collisions of two weakly localized near-band-edge gap been demonstrated[2]. solitons can generate strongly localized in-gap solitons Any quantum computer, however, will inevitably be subject through soliton fusion[1]. Furthermore, for a broad range of to noise which will cause its basic components to incident velocities, inelastic collisions with an immobile occasionally malfunction. In this presentation we will soliton can lead to a total energy transfer that can be discuss recent work[3],[4] on techniques for successfully implemented in a soliton-based switching scheme and operating an optical quantum computer in the presence applied in atomic interferometry. In addition, we of noise. investigate a novel method for generating trains of gap [1] E. Knill, R. Laflamme, G. J. Milburn, Nature, 209, 46–52 (2001) solitons, and show that the BEC gap solitons can emerge [2] J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, A G White, T C Ralph, D Branning, as a result of nonlinear evolution of a periodic matter wave Nature, 426, 264 (2004) triggered by its modulational instability. [3] M. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. Lett, 93, 040503 (2004) [1] B. J. Dabrowska, E. A. Ostrovskaya and Yu. S. Kivshar, J. Opt. [4] M. A. Nielsen and C. M. Dawson, arXiv:quant-ph/0405134 B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 6, 423 (2004) (2004). Submitted to Phys. Rev. A AOS PMO 41 AOS PMO 43 Two-Mode Theory of BEC Optimising the Length of Doped Interferometry Polymer Light Mixers B J Dalton C.A. Deller, J. Franklin ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics and Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Sydney, Broadway NSW Australia Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: chris.deller@uts.edu.au A theory of BEC interferometry for modest boson numbers in an unsymmetrical double-well trap has been developed Transparent Refractive Index Matched Micro-particles using the two-mode approximation, extending previous (TRIMM) in polymer rods are highly efficient light mixers [1]. work[1]. Possible fragmentations into separate BEC states This paper addresses the problem of readily estimating in each well during the splitting/recombination process are the optimum length for the mixing rods, for a given allowed for. Self-consistent sets of equations for the TRIMM-to-matrix refractive index ratio and concentration. amplitudes of fragmented states and for the two single Light mixing can thus be maximised and loss minimised, boson orbitals are obtained, the latter being coupled without computer ray tracing simulations. The probability Gross-Pitaevski equations. Another version of the two- density function and mean angle for a single TRIMM mode theory extending other work[2] has also been sphere ray deviation are derived, and are used in developed, treating the BEC as a giant spin system. modelling an expression for a critical mixer length for rays Numerical studies are aimed at finding conditions where of normal incidence. Similar models could be very useful BEC interferometry is possible. design tools with further development. [1] C. Deller, G. Smith, J. Franklin, Opt. Express, 12 (15), 3327 [1] C Menotti, J R Anglin, J I Cirac & P Zoller, Phys. Rev. A 63, (2004) 023601 (2001) [2] G J Milburn, J Corney, E M Wright & D F Walls, Phys. Rev. A 55, 4318 (1997). 106 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS PMO 44 AOS PMO 46 Two-dimensional Optically Indused Energy as an Entanglement Witness Anisotropic Nonlinear Photonic in Quantum Many-Body Systems Lattices Mark R. Dowling1, Andrew C. Doherty and A.S. Desyatnikov1,2, D.N. Neshev1, Yu.S. Kivshar1, Stephen D. Bartlett N. Sagemerten2, D. Traeger2, J. Jaegers2, and C. Denz2 1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, 1. Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultra-high St Lucia, Queensland bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Research School of e-mail of corresponding author: dowling@physics.uq.edu.au Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National In quantum many-body systems, such as spin lattices, University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. Institute of Applied Physics, Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet Muenster, entanglement plays an important but poorly-understood Germany role. We study systems where all low-energy states are entangled, and utilise a correspondence between the e-mail of corresponding author: asd124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Hamiltonian and the concept of an entanglement witness Periodic modulation of the refractive index modifies the from the theory of mixed-state entanglement[1]. For linear spectrum and wave diffraction and consequently bipartite spin lattices we prove that the difference in strongly affects the nonlinear propagation and localization energy between the lowest-energy classical configuration of light[1]. Self-trapped periodic waves are used to create and the true ground state necessarily decreases as the nonlinear photonic lattices by optical induction and coordination number increased. On frustrated lattices we provide a simple realization of the concept of flexible show that the low-energy states can be entangled, even nonlinear photonic crystals[2]. We describe theoretically though this entanglement cannot be detected by and generate experimentally two-dimensional flexible measuring any two neighbouring spins. photonic lattices in a nonlinear photorefractive medium. [1] Mark R. Dowling, Andrew C. Doherty and Stephen D. Bartlett, We demonstrate that the light-induced periodically arXiv: quant-ph/0408086 modulated nonlinear refractive index is highly anisotropic and nonlocal, and it depends on the lattice orientation relative to the crystal axis. We discuss stability of these AOS PMO 47 induced photonic structures and their guiding properties. Quantitative Phase Imaging-Based [1] Yu.S. Kivshar and G.P. Agrawal, Optical Solitons: From Fibers Method for Investigation of to Photonic Crystals (Academic, San Diego, 2003). [2] A.S. Desyatnikov, E.A. Ostrovskaya, Yu.S. Kivshar, and C. Arc-Fusion Spliced Single-Mode Denz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 153902 (2003). Optical Fibres N. M. Dragomir1, A. Roberts1, G. W. Baxter2 and AOS PMO 45 A. Stevenson3 1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Ultracompact Microfluidic 2. School of Electrical Engineering, Victoria University of Interferometer Technology, Melbourne; 3. Photonics Institute Pty Ltd, P. Domachuk1, C. Grillet1, V. Ta’eed1, E. Mägi1, J. Bolger1, Canberra B.J. Eggleton1, L.E. Rodd2, J. Cooper-White2 e-mail of corresponding author: n.dragomir@physics.unimelb.edu.au 1. CUDOS, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW Australia; 2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University Conventional electric-arc fusion splicing of optical fibres is of Queensland, Australia a common method for permanently joining optical fibres. Email: domachuk@physics.usyd.edu.au A ‘good’ fibre splice should exhibit both low insertion loss and low back reflection from any features in the junction. We present the compact, single beam, microfluidic Mach- Controlling the splicing process, while achieving the Zender interferometer. Phase delay is achieved through a lowest power-loss, represents a big challenge. A non- beam divided across a fluid meniscus, the compactness destructive and simple technique to examine arc fusion arising from the high refractive index contrast between the splicing based on quantitative phase imaging technique is fluid and the surrounding air (Dn = 0.33). The optical presented in this work. The method is used to investigate effect of meniscus curvature is explored using the three the refractive index changes of various arc-fusion spliced dimensional Beam Propagation Method. We engineer a single-mode optical fibres. The results provide a way to flat meniscus using mono-layer surface chemistry and find quantify the effects of thermal dopant diffusion for various that the experimental spectrum corresponds well with dopants and host species. simulation. The device has a resonance at 1.3 mm whose 25 dB extinction ratio can be tuned by shifting the meniscus position, using a pressure gradient. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 107 AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics spectral range to spectral width), the two sides of the AOS PMO 48 etalon must be flat and parallel to within nanometres. Molecular BEC via the Association of We show that distortion of an etalon (for example, due to Ultracold Fermionic Atoms coating or mounting stress) can significantly degrade the performance and the effect is exacerbated for increasing G.J. Duffy, J. Fuchs, B.J. Dalton, P. Hannaford, and angles of incidence. This is demonstrated through both W.J. Rowlands theory and experiments. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics and Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne AOS PMO 52 Email of corresponding author: gduffy@swin.edu.au Windowed Fourier Wavefront A relatively new advance in ultracold quantum gases Reconstruction involves the use of fermionic, rather than bosonic, atoms. D. I. Farrant Recent investigations[1] have produced stable BECs of 6 CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, AustraliaLi2 molecules, exhibiting lifetimes of tens of seconds. We will give details of our work towards the production of a e-mail of corresponding author: david.farrant@csiro.au molecular BEC of 6Li dimers. In our experimental set-up a Fast, accurate wavefront reconstruction from sheared Zeeman slowed beam of atoms loads the MOT, which are phase maps is important for a number of applications, for then transferred to a far-off-resonant optical dipole trap example, in astronomical adaptive optics systems, and in (FORT). Atoms and molecules are evaporated from the speckle shearing interferometry. Numerical solution FORT, where the scattering length can be controlled via methods typically cast the problem as a least-squares Feshbach resonances in high magnetic fields. minimisation, requiring iterative calculation of a [1] See e.g. S. Jochim et al., Science 302, 2101 (2003) pseudoinverse matrix. This scales poorly with data size. The integration problem can be solved instead by a Fourier method, taking advantage of numerically-efficient AOS PMO 49 implementations, as well as the orthogonality of the Fourier Extraction of Trapped Light From transform (hence also allowing efficient differentiation). The Luminescent Solar Concentrators Fourier method, however, suffers from periodicity constraints. A windowed approach is proposed that A.A. Earp, J.B. Franklin and G.B. Smith improves the fidelity and accuracy. Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology, Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: alan.earp@uts.edu.au AOS PMO 53 A number of modern light sources, such as luminescent Bistability and Diode Action in Left- solar concentrators (LSC’s), and LED’s utilise radiation handed Band-gap Structures emitted within a light-guiding structure of high refractive M.W. Feise, I.V. Shadrivov, and Yu.S. Kivshar index. Unless the system is carefully designed, half of the Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultra-high bandwidth emitted light may be unable to escape. A variety of Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Research School of devices to extract trapped light from a LSC have been Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National studied experimentally and by computer simulation. The University, Canberra, ACT computer models show that one can expect a luminous e-mail of corresponding author: mwf124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au gain of 1.6–1.8 compared to a standard rectangular LSC sheet. Gain values in the range 1.15–1.30 were achieved Periodic structures made from layers of right-handed and experimentally. An improved joining method gives closer left-handed material exhibit in addition to the conventional to the theoretical predictions. Bragg-scattering band-gap a novel band gap around the frequency of vanishing average refractive index[1,2]. Using the transfer-matrix method and the pseudospectral AOS PMO 51 time-domain method we study the properties of linear and Effect of Distortion on the nonlinear defect layers in this novel band gap and Performance of Large-Aperture compare them with a Bragg gap. The defect modes inthese two types of band gaps show differences with Etalon Filters respect to sensitivity to defect layer position, bistability, J. Zhang1, J. Arkwright2 and D. I. Farrant2 transmission tunability, and diode effects[3]. 1. On leave from Harbin Institute of Technology, China; [1] J. Li, L. Zhou, C.T. Chan, and P. Sheng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 2. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, Australia 08901 (2003) e-mail of corresponding author: david.farrant@csiro.au [2] I.V. Shadrivov, A.A. Sukhorukov, and Yu.S. Kivshar, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3820 (2003) Fabry-Perot etalon filters are widely used as tunable, [3] M.W. Feise, I.V. Shadrivov, and Yu.S. Kivshar, Appl. Phys. Lett. narrow-bandpass optical filters. One area of application is 85, 1451 (2003) in spectroscopic astronomy, where the presence of hydrogen, nitrogen, etc. are measured through their absorption bands. To achieve a high finesse (the ratio of 108 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS PMO 54 AOS PMO 56 Tracking Energy Transfer Study on Correlation between Mechanisms in Er-doped Crystalline Rayleigh Scattering, Absorption and Silicon Inhomogeneous Birefringence in Manuel Forcales1 and Tom Gredorkiewicz2 Large-size Single Crystal Sapphire 1. Australian National University, Research School of Physical Zewu Yan1 , Slawomir Gras1, Li Ju1, Chunnong Zhao1, Science and Engineering, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. Van David G. Blair1, Masao Tokunari1, Kazuaki Kuroda2 der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1. School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Nedlands, WA Australia; 2. Institute for Cosmic Ray email of corresponding author: manuel.forcales@anu.edu.au Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan A detailed study of energy transfer mechanisms in Advanced laser interferometric gravitational wave erbium(Er)-doped crystalline silicon is presented, since detectors require very high laser power to minimize the the trivalent Er ion emits at a wavelength of 1.54 µm that is photon shot noise. The use of a high power requires suitable for telecommunication applications. extremely low loss optical materials. Sapphire is one of the Spectroscopic investigations at helium temperatures have most promising test mass materials for advanced laser been done in a two-color experiments using the Nd:YAG interferometric gravitational wave detectors. pulsed laser as a primary band-to-band excitation and a However, it is difficult for manufacturers to grow large-size tunable mid infrared radiation (7–17 µm) from a free high-quality samples. Due to point defects and electron laser as the secondary beam. Changing the delay inhomogeneity in test masses, the interaction between time and pump power, we reveal afterglow and optical high-optical power and defect test mass materials is memory effect which are directly linked to defects in the usually resulted in various thermal effects that can lead to silicon band gap. Finally and based on recent results in damage, introducing excess noise and thus reducing the FZ-Si, a new excitation mechanism is proposed. sensitivity. It is essential to evaluated high-grade large sapphire test mass samples to ensure that an adequate AOS PMO 55 high level of optical performance is achieved. Cell Micromechanics: Optical properties such as absorption, Rayleigh Micromanipulation of a Cell Model scattering, and, in the case of sapphire, inhomogeneousbirefringence are related to impurity and defects in the System material, and thus are not independent process. Here we G. Knöner1, S. Parkin1, W. Singer1, N.R. Heckenberg1, present the study of correlation between Rayleigh and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop1 scattering, absorption and inhomogeneous birefringence 1. Centre for Biophotonics and Laser Science, School of in bulk sapphire samples. Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia e-mail of corresponding author: knoener@physics.uq.edu.au AOS PMO 57 The knowledge about viscoelasticity inside a living cell is Tunable Lens for Thermal Lensing highly valuable information. Changes in the viscosity are thought to occur during metabolic and functional Compensation in Laser Gravitational processes and their measurement would give an insight Wave Detectors into these complex mechanisms. J. Degallaix1 C. Zhao2 L. Ju1 and D. Blair1 We approach this problem by using laser tweezers and 1. AIGRC—School of Physics, University of Western Australia, rotating micron sized particles to access viscosities in Crawley WA; 2. Computer and Information Science, Edith smallest amounts of liquid. The laser tweezers trap the Cowan University, Mount Lawley WA probe particle stably in three dimensions and rotate it by e-mail of corresponding author: etudeohp@cyllene.uwa.edu.au transfer of angular momentum. The drag torque which the Experimental results from a tunable focal length lens particle experiences is measured by optical means. We prototype are presented. This low cost adaptive system applied this method to measure viscosities inside will be essential to compensate dynamically thermal micelles[1]. Now we take it one step further and investigate lensing occurring in high optical power laser gravitational the viscosity inside a cell model system (liposome). In wave detectors. The lens is composed of a fused silica future experiments, we will inject our probe particles into window encircled with a heating mount. The heating living cells. power generates a temperature gradient inside the plate [1] A.I. Bishop et al., Phys. Rev. Lett, 92(19), 198104-1 (2004) substrate which induces a refractive index gradient due to the thermo-optic effect. A focal length ranging from infinity to –210 meters has been measured depending on the heating power. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 109 AOS MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics In integrable systems, two bright solitons having different AOS TUA11 velocities undergo elastic collision, but they cannot form a Tuesday 1040–1120 hrs stable bound state. In the case of dissipative solitons, stable asymmetric soliton pairs can be formed, when we Microphotonic crystal fibres model the system by the complex Ginzburg-Landau [1] Benjamin J. Eggleton equation . These stable soliton pairs were observed experimentally[2]. The key feature of asymmetric soliton Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS); School of Physics, University of Sydney NSW 2006 pairs with their phases in quadrature is their group velocity Australia; www.physics.usyd.edu.au/cudos that is different from the group velocity of a single soliton. When the soliton pair and a soliton singlet exist e-mail of corresponding author: egg@physics.usyd.edu.au simultaneously in the cavity they must collide. We studied After maturation in long-haul telecommunications, fibre such interactions in a fiber laser. optic technology is enjoying a renaissance in the form of [1] N. Akhmediev, A. Ankiewicz, and J. M. Soto-Crespo, J. Opt. microstructured optical fibres (MOF). These fibres, unlike Soc. Am. B 15, 515 (1998). conventional single mode fibres, have air inclusions [2] Ph. Grelu, F. Belhache, F. Gutty and J. M. Soto-Crespo, Opt. running along their length, which can dramatically modify Lett. 27, 966 (2002). the transmission nature of the fibre, providing a degree of control over the propagation of the light and enabling important new applications. AOS TUA14 Tuesday 1140–1200 hrs Whilst MOFs have many interesting properties in and of their own right, a whole host of varied devices may be Dark Soliton Formation and realized through post-fabrication engineering of these Interaction in Nonlocal Nonlinear fibres[1]. Additional functionality is achieved by Thermal Media modification of the MOF itself, via tapering[2], the introduction of fluids into the microstructure of the fiber D.E. Petersen1, W. Z. Królikowski1, D. Neshev2 , (microfludics)[3,4] or using the MOFs in novel geometries[5]. O. Bang3, and J. Wyller4 In this paper, we review our recent progress in the post- 1. Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical engineering of MOFs, via tapering and microfluidics and Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, demonstrate a new class of photonic devices fabricated Canberra ACT, Australia; 2. Nonlinear Physics Centre, using these post-engineering techniques[5–8]. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia; 3. [1] B. J. Eggleton, et al., Microstructured optical fiber devices,” Optics Express vol. 9, pp 698–713 (2001). Research Centre COM, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; 4. Department of Mathematical [2] E. C. Mägi, P. Steinvurzel, B. J. Eggleton, “Tapered photonic crystal fibers,”Optics Express Vol. 12, pp. 776 (2004). Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, Ås, Norway [3] P. Domachuk, H.C. Nguyen, B. J. Eggleton, M. Straub, M. Gu, e-mail of corresponding author: dan.petersen@anu.edu.au “Microfluidic tunable photonic band-gap device,” Applied This paper investigates formation of dark solitons and their Physics Letters Vol. 84 (11): pp.1838–1840 (2004). mutual interaction in nonlocal bulk thermal media through [4] P. Steinvurzel et al., “Long wavelength anti-resonant guidance numerical simulation and experiment. A model for the in high index inclusion microstructured fibers,” Optics Express, Vol. 12 Issue 22 pp. 5424 (2004). absorption of light and diffusion of thermal energy in the [5] H.C. Nguyen et al., “Experimental and finite difference time medium by means of the heat equation is presented. domain technique characterization of transverse in-line This process for creating the self-induced waveguides photonic crystal fiber”IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Vol. that support the formation and propagation of dark 16 (8): 1852–1854 (2004). solitons is investigated in simulation and experiment. The [6] C. Grillet et al., “Compact tunable Microfluidic Interferometer” mutual attraction of dark solitons due to nonlocal effects Optics Express, Vol. 12 Issue 22 pp. 5440 (2004). predicted by simulation is investigated in experiment [7] Y. K. Lize et al., “Microstructured optical fiber photonic wires involving propagation of an intense laser beam in weakly with subwavelength core diameter,” Optics Express Vol. 12 (14): pp.3209–3217 (2004). absorbing liquids. [8] A.Fuerbach, P. Steinvurzel, J. Bolger, A. Nilson, B. J. Eggleton, “Nonlinear pulse propagation in arrow photonic crystal fibers,” AOS TUA15 in press Optics Letters (2005). Tuesday 1200–1220 hrs AOS TUA13 Air-clad Fibres with Diffractive Tuesday 1120–1140 hrs Intra-modal Cross Coupling Multiple Dissipative Soliton M. Åslund, S. Jackson, J. Canning and K. Lyytikäinen Interactions in a Passively Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University of Sydney, NSW Australia Mode-Locked Fiber Laser e-mail of corresponding author: m.aslund@oftc.usyd.edu.au N. Akhmediev1 and Ph. Grelu2 Recent advances in nano-structured air-cladding 1. Optical Science Group, Research School of Physical technologies used in optical fibre manufacturing have Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, allowed the development of ultra-high numerical aperture Canberra ACT, Australia; 2. Laboratoire de Physique de l’Université de Bourgogne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5027 du (NA) fibres. As a second cladding in high-power fibre Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Dijon, France lasers, these fibres can accept unprecedented levels of hard-to-focus low coherence pump light, thus promising to e-mail of corresponding author: nna124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au 110 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics enable lasers operating in the multi kW regime. To centres and present the results of experiments working understand in detail how different components of the low- toward the implementation of these schemes. coherence pump light propagates inside the fibre; we [1] M. D. Lukin, Reviews of Modern Physics, 75, 257, (2003) present experimental results examining the length dependency of the transmissivity of light with large skew ray components in the fibre as a function of input angle. AOS TUA23 We also show far-field images of concentric rings Tuesday 1440–1500 hrs emerging from the fibre other than the specular. These are BEC Analogues of Quantum Field proposed to originate from diffraction off the periodically corrugated surface of the air-clad core. Theory in Curved Space-time John Close, Craig Savage, Susan Scott, Tracy Slatyer, Angela White, Sebastian Wüster AOS TUA21 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Australian Tuesday 1400–1420 hrs National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia Optical Quantum Computing: e-mail of corresponding author: craig.savage@anu.edu.au Science-fiction, Horror-story or Hawking’s prediction of radiation from black holes is one News? of the most surprising outcomes of the quest to unify A. Gilchrist, N.K. Langford, J.L. O’Brien, G.J. Pryde, quantum mechanics and general relativity [1]. It is T.C. Ralph, T. Weinhold, and A.G. White problematic that such an important theoretical prediction has no immediate prospect of direct experimental Centre for Quantum Computer Technology and Department of investigation. Consequently, Unruh’s observation of a Physics, The University of Queensland deep analogy between quantum fields in curved space- e-mail of corresponding author: andrew.white@uq.edu.au time and sound waves in fluids has stimulated much Quantum computing requires massive nonlinear theoretical work[2]. interactions between particles, which is notoriously difficult We discuss the kinds of experiments that might be to achieve with photons. Consequently, there is a flurry of performed in realistic dilute gas BECs, the associated interest in the futuristic idea that optical quantum difficulties, and how they might be overcome[3,4]. computing is possible using measurement-induced [1] S.W. Hawking, Nature 248, 30 (1974); Commun. Math. Phys. nonlinearities[1]. Indeed, the first unambiguous 43, 199 (1975). experimental demonstration of quantum controlled-NOT [2] W.G. Unruh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1351 (1981). gate operation, and the first complete characterisation of [3] M. Visser, in Artificial Black Holes, edited by M. Novello, a quantum gate, have both been achieved optically[2,3]. M.Visser and G. Volovik (World Scientific, Singapore, 2002). To achieve fault-tolerance, current schemes require horrific [4] L.J. Garay, J.R. Anglin, J.I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. numbers of physical gates to implement just one logical 85, 4643 (2000); Phys. Rev. A 63, 023611 (2001). gate. We highlight the benefits for our experimental program of recently proposed schemes that reduce requirements from the order of 10,000 to 50 [4–6]. AOS TUA24 [1] E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, Nature 409, 46 (2001). Tuesday 1500–1540 hrs [2] J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde, et al., Nature 426, 264 (2003) . Nonlinear Light Propagation in [3] J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde, et al., Physical Review Letters 93, Periodic Structures—Experiment 080502 (2004). [4] M. A. Nielsen, Physical Review Letters 93, 040503 (2004). vs. Theory [5] D. E. Browne and T. Rudolph, quant-ph/0405157 (2004). D. Neshev1, A. A. Sukhorukov1,2, B. Hanna3, 2,3 [6] K. Nemoto and W. J. Munro, quant-ph/0408118 (2004). W. Krolikowski , and Yu. S. Kivshar1,2 1. Nonlinear Physics Centre; 2. CUDOS, and 3. Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences and AOS TUA22 Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra Tuesday 1420–1440 hrs e-mail of corresponding author: Yuri.Kivshar@anu.edu.au Quantum Optics with Solid State Nonlinear wave propagation in periodic structures is a Optical Centres generic phenomena appearing in many branches of physics, such as biological molecules, solid-state J. J. Longdell, A. L. Alexander and M. J. Sellars systems, Bose-Einstein condensates, and arrays of optical Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences waveguides. Only in optics, however, the nonlinear effects & Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT can be directly observed and examined in close details. e-mail of corresponding author: By using the optically-induced lattice in photorefractive jevon.longdell@rsphysse.anu.edu.au crystals we are able to demonstrate experimentally novel Recent schemes[1] for manipulating and generating few nonlinear phenomena of light localization and beam photon states using “atomic” ensembles are attractive interaction. In particular we demonstrate generation of because of their simplicity of implementation and because discrete, gap and multi-gap optical solitons. These are the interaction of a photon with a collective mode of many believed to be the building blocks for the future high- atoms can be much larger that than with a single atom. bandwidth all-optical technology that would allow control We describe the unique advantages of implementing the and manipulation of light on an optical chip. schemes not with atoms but with solid state optical Congress Handbook and Abstracts 111 AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS TUA31 AOS TUA34 Tuesday 1620–1700 hrs Tuesday 1720–1740 hrs Quantum Phase-space Applied to Experimental Demonstration of Ultra-cold Atoms Coherent State Continuous Variable P. D. Drummond Quantum Cryptography The world of ultra-cold atoms is an extraordinary one. In Andrew M. Lance1, Tomas Symul1, Vikram Sharma1, only a decade, experimentalists have thrown out the rule- Christian Weedbrook1,2, Timothy C. Ralph2 and book of cryogenics, broken every temperature record, and Ping Koy Lam1 moved the finish-line for cooling experiments down to the 1. Quantum Optics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of nano-Kelvin arena.What does this mean for physics? The Science, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, first thing one can say is that we don’t know yet. Such Australia; 2. Department of Physics, University of enormous changes in experimental conditions have Queensland, St Lucia, Australia always in the past led to major new discoveries, either in e-mail of corresponding author: ping.lam@anu.edu.au fundamental science or in new technology. We experimentally demonstrate a new coherent state I’ll review some of the possibilities, with an emphasis on quantum key distribution protocol that eliminates the need how these developments will challenge theorists in the to randomly switch between measurement basis[1]. In this future, and what progress we are making to meet the protocol, the sender (Alice) encodes information onto the challenges. In particular, I’ll focus on the question of first- amplitude and phase quadratures of a bright light beam. principles calculations. I introduce a new unified quantum The beam is transmitted through a potentially insecure operator representation for cold atoms, using the most quantum channel to the receiver (Bob), who general possible multi-mode Gaussian operator basis. The simultaneously measures both quadratures of the beam. representation extends phase-space approaches to Bose We demonstrate that by using post-selection key and Fermi systems, enabling first-principles simulations. distillation techniques[2] we can achieve a positive secret This idea maps exponentially complex many-body key for line transmission efficiency of greater than operator equations into nonlinear stochastic differential [1] C. Weedbrook, A. M. Lance, W. P. Bowen, T. Symul, T. C. Ralph and P. K. Lam, Phys. Rev. Lett. (To be published). equations. These can be simulated numerically, without incurring the huge memory costs associated with number- [2] Ch. Silberhorn, T. C. Ralph, N. Lutkenhaus, and G. Leuchs,Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 167901 (2002). state based matrix calculations. Applications to the Fermi sign problem—and experiments—will be included. AOS TUA35 AOS TUA33 Tuesday 1740–1800 hrs Tuesday 1700–1720 hrs Quantum Non-Demolition Quantum Nonlocality without Measurements on Qubits Entanglement T.C. Ralph1, G.J.Pryde1, J.L.O’Brien1, S.D.Bartlett2, A.G.White1 and H.M.Wiseman3 G. J. Pryde1,2, J. L. O’Brien1,2, S. D. Bartlett2 and, A. G. White1,2 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology; 2. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia Australia; 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, The University 3. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of of Queensland; 2. Department of Physics, The University of Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland Australia Queensland e-mail of corresponding author: ralph@physics.uq.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: pryde@physics.uq.edu.au Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) measurements, in which Quantum nonlocality was thought to arise solely through information about a quantum observable is obtained non- the use of entanglement, until the recent theoretical destructively, have been performed in the continuous prediction of a complementary form of nonlocality in variable regime of optics[1]. QND measurements on the unentangled systems. In contrast to nonlocality using qubit states of single photons are more difficult[2]. entanglement, where locally-prepared systems exhibit Recently we have demonstrated a non-deterministic nonlocal correlations when measured separately, this scheme for making such measurements[3]. We will discuss nonlocality without entanglement arises when this scheme and particularly focus on the fundamental independently-prepared systems are measured jointly, tests of quantum mechanics that can be made when the revealing more information than can be obtained by scheme is used to make generalized QND measurements. measuring them separately. We present a demonstration In this situation only partial information is extracted from of quantum nonlocality without entanglement: two photons the quantum system, but is done so coherently. are prepared in classically correlated but unentangled [1] For example: B.C.Buchler, P.K.Lam, H.-A.Bachor, states, and a joint measurement is shown to provide more U.L.Andersen, and T.C.Ralph, Phys Rev A 65, 011803 (2002). information about the correlations than is possible using [2] Nogues et al, Nature 400 239 (1999). local measurements. [3] G.J.Pryde, J. L. O’Brien, A.G.White, S.D.Bartlett, and T.C.Ralph, [1] A. Peres and W. K. Wootters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1119 (1991). Phys Rev Lett 92 190402 (2004). [2] C. H. Bennett, D. P. DiVincenzo, C. A. Fuchs, T. Mor, E. Rains, P. W. Shor, J. A. Smolin, and W. K. Wootters, Phys. Rev. A 59, 1070 (1999). 112 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics POSTERS AOS PTU 3 AOS PTU 1 Experimental Observation of Scattering in Gratings at Extreme An Electromagnetics Simulator for Angles the Nanoscale M.L. Kurth, S.J. Goodman, E.A. Jaatinen and B.Thomas1, M.J. Ford1 and G. Anstis2 D.K. Gramotnev 1. Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University of Applied Optics Program, Queensland University of Technology,. Sydney, NSW, Australia; 2. Dept of Applied Technology, Brisbane Physics, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia. e-mail of corresponding author: ml.kurth@qut.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: mike.ford@uts.edu.au We present an experimental and theoretical investigation An overview of nanoscale electromagnetic analysis is of scattering of electromagnetic waves in volume presented investigating the use of Frequency Dependent holographic gratings at grazing angles, i.e. when the Finite Difference Time Domain and Frequency Dependent +1 diffracted order propagates almost parallel with the Vector Potential Time Domain algorithms for the analysis of grating boundaries. A grating was written in Nanoscale Electromagnetic Structures. In these algorithms photorefractive lithium niobate via two-wave mixing. Z transform methods are applied to empirical data to A wide beam, normally incident onto the grating, was obtain expressions that enable frequency dependent scattered at a grazing angle. The profile of the scattered material properties to be modelled using popular time beam registered at about 1 m away from the grating was domain techniques. Traditionally used for the analysis of observed to be asymmetric in nature. The non-steady- biomedical and geological problems, the use of these state coupled wave theory for scattering at grazing angles techniques for nanoscale electromagnetics offers the and Fourier analysis were used to interpret the promise of new insights into optical and electronic experimental results. properties of nano structures. AOS PTU 4 AOS PTU 2 Investigation of Surface Diffusion of Vortex Pairing in Two-dimensional Atoms and Nanoparticles in the Bose-Einstein Condensates Presence of Surface Plasmon- C. J. Foster1, M. J. Davis1, and P. B. Blakie2 induced Temperature Patterns 1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, D.R. Mason and D.K. Gramotnev School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 2. Department of Physics, University of Applied Optics Program, Queensland University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Technology, Brisbane e-mail of corresponding author: foster@physics.uq.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: d.gramotnev@qut.edu.au The classical field method is increasingly becoming Using the Ermak algorithm for Brownian dynamics, we accepted as a computational tool for investigating the investigate diffusion of atoms and nanoparticles on a properties of Bose-Einstein condensates at finite periodically heated surface by means of interfering temperature[1,2,3]. To date it has been shown to reproduce surface plasmons. Particle trajectories are obtained by condensate fractions, critical temperature shifts, and solving the Langevin equation in the case of a two- correlation functions. However, a condensate itself is not dimensional periodic potential and the periodic predicted to form in a homogeneous Bose gas in two- temperature distribution. The resultant redistribution of dimensions. Instead another type of phase transition particles and their localisation (trapping) on non-uniformly known as the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition can take place, heated smooth surfaces are investigated numerically. which involves the pairing of vortices with opposite Equivalent trapping forces resulting from non-uniform and circulations[4]. In this paper we investigate the formation anisotropic surface diffusion are determined. Possibility of and dynamics of vortices in a two-dimensional Bose gas manipulation of nanoparticles using non-uniform surface in the quantum degenerate regime using the classical temperature distributions for applications to controlled field method. formation of micro- and nano-structures is discussed. [1] M. J. Davis, S. A. Morgan and K. Burnett, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 160402 (2001). [2] M. J. Davis, S. A. Morgan and K. Burnett, Phys. Rev. A 66, 053618 (2002). [3] K. Goral et al., Phys. Rev. A 66, 051602, (2002). [4] M. Kosterlitz and D. Thouless, J. Phys. C 6, 1181 (1973). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 113 AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS PTU 5 AOS PTU 7 Theoretical and Numerical Analyses Mini-Differential Absorption Lidar for of a New Type of Sub-wavelength Atmospheric Water Vapour Profiling Plasmonic Waveguide with Strongly MW Hamilton1, A Heitmann1, C Baer1, Y Mao1, Localized Gap Plasmons RA Vincent1, R. Atkinson2 D. K. Gramotnev1, D. F. P. Pile2 and K. C. Vernon1 1. Physics, The University of Adelaide; 2. Australian Bureau of Meteorology 1. Applied Optics Program, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, We report on progress towards developing a small Australia; 2. Department of Optical Science and Technology, Differential Absorption Lidar system for measuring the Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokushima, Japan profile of water vapour concentration in the lower e-mail of corresponding author: d.gramotnev@qut.edu.au troposphere. Because of the extreme variability of water A new type of sub-wavelength plasmonic waveguide vapour concentration, there is a lack of data for using gap plasmons strongly localised in two dimensions meteorological modelling and quantitative precipitation are proposed and analysed. Finite-difference time-domain forecasting. Our aim is to develop a sufficiently low cost algorithm and analytical method based on effective system that measurements can be made routinely with medium approach and Fourier analysis are developed with both greater temporal and spatial frequency than is and justified for the description of such waveguides. presently the case. The compromises that are necessary Plasmon dispersion, dissipation, and field structure are to achieve a low-cost instrument will be discussed, and considered. Typical structural parameters ensuring sub- we will present our scheme for achieving accurate wavelength waveguiding are determined. Comparison of wavelength control of the two laser sources. different methods of analysis is carried out, and the applicability conditions are derived. Stability of the AOS PTU 8 considered plasmons with respect to structural imperfections is investigated. Feasible applications are in Photostability of Nitrogen-Vacancy the area of nano-optics, nano-photonics, optical sensors, Centres in Diamond etc. are considered. N. B. Manson and J. P. Harrison1 1. Research School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, AOS PTU 6 Australian National University, Canberra Optimal Estimates and Joint e-mail of corresponding author: jph111@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Measurement Uncertainty Relations The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre is of interest as a potential single photon source[1,2] and for solid state M.J.W. Hall1 quantum computing applications[3,4]. The centre can exist 1. Theoretical Physics, RSPSE, Australian National University, in both a neutrally charged, [NV]0, and negatively Canberra ACT charged, [NV]–, state. Both centres are readily identified e-mail of corresponding author: mjh105@rsphysse.anu.edu.au by their emission spectra, with characteristic zero phonon Consider an estimate of some quantum observable, A, lines at 575nm and 637nm respectively, and both are made on the basis of the measurement of a second considered to be photostable. We have investigated the observable, M=Σ m |m>. photostability of single [NV]- centres using confocalm There is a fundamental lower bound for the inaccuracy of fluorescence microscopy and the results are presented any such estimate[1]: here. These results, along with those from ealier ensemble averaged measurements, lead us to conclude that the NV < (A-A )2est > ≥ Σm [Im / ]2 , centre is not photostable. which is far stronger than the Heisenberg uncertainty [1] C. Kurtsiefer et al., PRL, 348, 285 (2000) relation for A and M. The lower bound is achievable when [2] R. Brouri et al., Optics Lett., 25, 1294 (2000) the state prior to measurement is known, yielding an [3] J. Wrachtrup et al., Optics and Spectra, 91, 459 (2001) `exact’ uncertainty relation. Applications include optimal [4] P. R. Hemmer et al., Optics Lett., 26, 261 (2001) quadrature estimates from heterodyne detection. Further, any measurement M can be used as the basis for simultaneously estimating the values of any two AOS PTU 9 observables A and B (this is the most general possible Measuring Thin Films by definition of a joint measurement). Universal joint Transmission Spectroscopy uncertainty relations have been obtained for such pairs of estimates, and applied to joint measurements on EPR- Michael Harvey and Paul Meredith correlated particles[1]. Department of Physics, The University of Queensland, [1] M.J.W. Hall, Phys. Rev. A, 69, 052113 (2004) Australia e-mail of corresponding author: harvey@physics.uq.edu.au The refractive index, extinction coefficient and thickness of thin dielectric films are important parameters for device manufacturers and experimenters. We have developed a method which allows these values to be determined from 114 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics a single transmission spectrum of the film as deposited on a known substrate. The technique exploits the interference AOS PTU 12 fringes seen in such a transmission spectrum to establish Non-crystalline Diffraction: A Method envelope functions of the turning points in the spectrum[1]. for Beam Characterisation From these envelope functions the refractive index and extinction coefficient of the film is determined at each C.A.Henderson, H.M.Quiney, K.A.Nugent turning point. Consequently we can determine the film’s Optics Group, School of Physics, The University of thickness with a single measurement step. Melbourne, Parkville [1] P Meredith, et al, Applied Optics 32, 5619 (1993) clare@physics.unimelb.edu.au X-ray Free Electron Lasers are being developed around AOS PTU 10 the world. A major application is the possibility of imaging a single molecule, which disintegrates on interaction with Entanglement, Correlations, and the beam. We have developed a new phase recovery Error-correction in the Ground States algorithm suitable for this application. However, it requires of Many-body Systems precise knowledge of the phase curvature across the H. L. Haselgrove1,2, M. A. Nielsen1,3, and T. J. Osborne4 beam illuminating the sample. 1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Characterisation of the phase across a beam has been Brisbane, Australia; 2. Information Sciences Laboratory, achieved. This is done by imaging a well characterised Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, object placed in the beam’s path and using the above Australia; 3. School of Information Technology and Electrical algorithm. Experimental results are presented. Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 4. School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom AOS PTU 13 e-mail of corresponding author: HLH@physics.uq.edu.au Stationary and Dynamic What generic properties are shared by the ground states Entanglement in a Coupled Spins of all physically realistic many-body quantum systems? We System start with simple physically-motivated assumptions about the locality of interactions in the (otherwise arbitrary) Andrew P. Hines1,2, G.J. Milburn1,2 and Ross H. system Hamiltonian. We show that this imposes strict McKenzie2 conditions on the type of correlations and entanglement 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, The University that can appear in the ground state[2]. Also, all such of Queensland, Australia; 2. School of Physical Sciences, physically-reasonable ground states are provably far away The University of Queensland, Australia from an important class of states known as nondegenerate e-mail of corresponding author: hines@physics.uq.edu.au quantum error-correcting codes[2]. Thus, nature places With the advent of quantum information theory, severe restrictions on the type of state which can act as a entanglement is now regarded as a physical resource that many-body ground state. can be utilized to perform numerous quantum [1] H. L. Haselgrove, M. A. Nielsen, and T. J. Osborne, Phys. Rev. computational and communication tasks[1]. This has Lett. 91, 210401 (2003) motivated the study of the entanglement characteristics of [2] H. L. Haselgrove, M. A. Nielsen, and T. J. Osborne, Phys. Rev. quantum systems, and in turn, how these characteristics A 69 (3), 032303 (2004) relate to other properties of the system. Using the example of coupled giant spins, we consider both the stationary AOS PTU 11 and dynamic entanglement and its relation to the Er:Yb:glass Coherent Laser Radar underlying classical dynamics of the system. Specifically,we demonstrate how the entanglement between the spins Matthew C. Heintze, Jesper Munch and Peter J. Veitch in ground state corresponds to a pitchfork bifurcation of Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, SA the classical fixed points. Furthermore, we consider the e-mail: matthew.heintze@adelaide.edu.au role of classical chaos in the dynamical generation of entanglement and spin-tunnelling. Q-switched Er:glass lasers that are injection seeded by a [1] M.A. Nielsen and I.L. Chuang, Quantum computation and cw master laser are useful for eye-safe (1.535µm) information (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000). coherent laser radars (CLR). Previously, we used an injection seeded, Q-switched, lamp-pumped Er:glass laser, obtaining velocity measurements of a hard target AOS PTU 14 with a single shot resolution of about 1ms–1 [1]. The Cooling and Trapping of Rubidium transmitted pulse energy was only about 1mJ however, which severely restricted the range of the radar. Atoms: Progress on the Way to a BEC We shall describe the development and performance of a S. Wayper, W. Simpson and M.D. Hoogerland new, Q-switched, diode-pumped Er:Yb:glass slab laser Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, that can produce gain-switched, transform limited, TEM New Zealand 00 pulses. The spectral content of the laser output, suitable e-mail of corresponding author: m.hoogerland@auckland.ac.nz for CLR will be discussed. We report progress on the construction of a BEC of [1] A.McGrath, et. al.: Injection-seeded, single frequency, rubidium atoms in a dipole trap, which is formed by a Q-switched Er:glass laser for remote sensing, Appl. Optics 37, focused CO2 laser. We have constructed a double MOT5706–5709, 1998 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 115 AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics setup, which emphasises good optical access to the BEC. We describe the optical set-up, loading efficiencies and AOS PTU 17 sizes of both traps, along with the construction and Polarisation Self-Rotation Optical imaging of the dipole trap to date. We discuss the Squeezing with Hot Atoms experiments planned involving the condensate, which include ramping up a standing wave component to the Magnus T. L.Hsu, Amy Peng, Mattias Johnsson, dipole trap, effectively separating the atoms into groups. Joseph J. Hope, Charles C. Harb, Hans-A. Bachor and These can then be individually addressed by using Ping Koy Lam focused laser beams, and used as qubits for quantum ARC COE for Quantum-Atom Optics, The Australian National information experiments. University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia e-mail of corresponding author: ping.lam@anu.edu.au AOS PTU 15 Recently there has been a lot of interest in the study of interactions between non-classical light states and atomic Diffusion Resonances in the Atom systems. The applications of this research range from the Optics Kicked Rotor: Experiments realisation of quantum memory[1,2] to single atom lasers[3]. for Small Numbers of Kicks It has been demonstrated that squeezed light can be S. Wayper, W. Simpson, M. Sadgrove and produced via atomic Kerr non-linearity. Usually, cold M.D. Hoogerland trapped atoms has to be generated to enhance this non- linear process[4,5]. Recently, Ries et al.[6] demonstrated Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, that squeezing can also be achieved in hot atomic New Zealand systems. In our experiment, light is transmitted single-pass e-mail of corresponding author: m.hoogerland@auckland.ac.nz through a 87Rb cell heated to 70˚C. An intensity The classical delta kicked rotor, a point mass freely dependent polarisation rotation is observed without any rotating about a fixed pivot subjected to gravity being applied magnetic field. We present the latest results in the pulsed on and off, shows chaotic behaviour. In a quantum generation of optical squeezing via this polarisation self- system, the linearity of quantum mechanics prohibits rotation phenomenon. chaos. We realise a quantum kicked rotor system in a [1] L. M. Duan, M. D. Lukin, J. I. Cirac and P. Zoller, Nature 414, laser cooled cloud of atoms subjected to a pulsed 413 (2001). standing wave of laser light. In this system, the [2] D. Akamatsu, K. Akiba and M. Kozuma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, commutator between the reduced position and momentum 203602 (2004). operators, establishing an effective Planck’s constant, [3] J. McKeever, A. Boca, A. D. Boozer, J. R. Buck and H. J. depends on the kick period, which is an easily accessible Kimble, Nature 425, 268 (2003). experimental parameter. Thus we are able to vary the [4] A. Lambrecht, T. Coudreau, A. M. Steimberg and E. Giacobino, degree of `classicality’ in the experiment. Europhys. Lett. 36, 93 (1996). [5] V. Josse, A. Dantan, L. Vernac, A. Bramati, M. Pinard and E. We present our latest results in which we experimentally Giacobino, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 103601 (2003). verify the analytical expressions that exist for the diffusion [6] J. Ries, B. Brezger and A. I. Lvovsky, Phys. Rev. A 68, 025801 rate in the quantum delta kicked rotor system for small (2003). numbers of kicks. We show that the results are periodic in the effective Planck’s constant. For larger numbers of kicks, our experimental results show some novel details AOS PTU 18 around the ‘quantum resonances’. Verdet Constants of Chalcogenide Glasses AOS PTU 16 Ruth A. Jarvis1, Yinlan Ruan1,2, Steve Madden, 1 1,2 Quantum Trajectories for Many-atom Andrei Rode , and Barry Luther-Davies Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics 1. Laser Physics Centre, and 2. CUDOS, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National L. Horvath and H. J. Carmichael University, Canberra Department of Physics, University of Auckland, New Zealand e-mail of corresponding author: Ruth.Jarvis@anu.edu.au Email of corresponding author: l.horvath@auckland.ac.nz The wavelength dispersion of the magneto-optical In this paper we report on the deficiencies of the weak- properties of bulk As-S, As-Se-S, Ge-As-Se and Ga-La-S- field formulas used to describe second-order correlation based chalcogenide glasses have been investigated at measurements (SCMs) in cavity quantum electrodynamics visible and infrared wavelengths. Ge33As12Se55 was found (CQED). To characterise SCM, we present a rigorous to have the highest Verdet constant, corresponding to the theoretical modeling of many-atom CQED experiments lowest band gap energy compared with the other using a quantum trajectory treatment valid in the vicinity of chalcogenide glasses. Its Verdet constant is 0.0485 the weak-field limit. Effects due to the atomic motion are min/G_cm at 1550nm, 30 times that of silica, and is the considered in detail, for both standing and traveling wave highest Verdet constant reported to date for chalcogenide cavities. We also demonstrate sensitivities of the glasses. Further improvement of the Verdet constants of measured correlations to atomic beam fluctuations and the Ge-Se-based chalcogenide glasses by engineering of discuss the effects of spontaneous emission as the weak- their compositions will make them a very promising field limit is relaxed. material for future integrated magneto-optical devices. 116 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics the other to another customer. This should allow two AOS PTU 19 customers, say A in Albuquerque and B in Brisbane, to Production of Macroscopic undertake nonlocal quantum information tasks such as Superposition States with Small teleportation [1], or violating a Bell inequality[2]. We consider what happens if the delivery service used by Kerr Nonlinearity C is incompetent, so that with probability 1– F either Authors: H. Jeong, M.S. Kim, T.C. Ralph, and B.S. Ham A or B end up with somebody else’s qubit. Surprisingly, Department of Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, no matter how close the distribution fidelity F is to zero, Australia it is still possible for C to distribute entanglement. This e-mail of corresponding author: jeong@physics.uq.edu.au can be achieved by manufacturing non-maximally entangled qubits Production of macroscopic superposition states 2 (Schrodinger cat states) is not only of fundamental interest |ψ> = α|0,0> + √1–α |1,1>, but have potential usefulness for quantum information if (if and only if) α < F (without loss of generality, we processing. Even though it has been theoretically known consider only α ∈ [0,1/ √2]). In the limit F << 1, the that macroscopic superposition states can be generated entanglement of formation[3] per pair is maximized for using Kerr media, nonlinearity of currently available α = F /2, and equals [F 4log2(F –1)]/4. Thus in this limit, media is too small to produce such states. We suggest a more than 4/[F 4log2(F –1)] deliveries are required for scheme to generate macroscopic superposition states of A and B to distill a single Bell pair. If A and B wish to use free-traveling optical fields using a beam splitter, their undistilled pairs, then F cannot be arbitrarily small. homodyne measurement and a very small Kerr For example, they can violate the CHSH-Bell inequality[4] nonlinearity (quant-ph/0405041). Our scheme enables one if F > 1/√2. to considerably reduce the required nonlinearity to [1] C.H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, and generate optical macroscopic superposition states using W. K. Wootters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895 (1993) simple and efficient optical elements. [2] J.S. Bell, Physics 1, 195 (1964). [3] W.K. Wootters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2245 (1998). AOS PTU 20 [4] J.F. Clauser, M.A. Horne, A. Shimony, and R.A. Holt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 880 (1969). Direct Characterization of a Pure Evanescent Focus of a High Numerical Aperture Objective Lens AOS PTU 22 Baohua Jia, Xiaosong Gan, and Min Gu Chaotic Semiconductor Lasers Centre for Micro-Photonics, School of Biophysical Sciences J Toomey, R Katti and D M Kane and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University of Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW Technology, Hawthorn, Australia Australia e-mail of corresponding author: bjia@swin.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: debkane@physics.mq.edu.au In this paper, intensity distributions of the tightly focused Many dynamically diverse outputs, including chaotic evanescent field generated by a centre blocked high output, can be obtained from semiconductor laser numerical aperture (NA=1.65) objective lens are systems using various methods such as optical feedback, investigated by a scanning near-field optical microscope. optoelectronic feedback or optical injection. Analysis of The pure focused evanescent field is mapped and a long time streams of the output power versus time from splitting phenomenon of the focal spot along the direction chaotic semiconductor lasers, recorded using a of polarization, caused by depolarization, is observed. The measurement bandwidth of up to 4 GHz, has shown time measurement result is compared with the calculation variation in the dynamical output from these systems when based on vectorial diffraction theory; a good match has operated in a constant configuration. Such dynamics in been found. The decaying nature of the focused the dynamics has not been reported previously and evanescent wave also shows a good agreement with the represents a new complexity in these complex systems. theoretical predication, indicating that the field is purely evanescent and does not contain significant contribution from the propagating component. AOS PTU 23 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen AOS PTU 21 Correlations via Dissociation of a Entanglement Distribution by an Molecular Bose-Einstein Condensate Arbitrarily Inept Delivery Service K. V. Kheruntsyan, M. K. Olsen, and P. D. Drummond Steve Jones, Damian Pope and Howard Wiseman ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Centre for Quantum Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Dynamics, School of Science, Griffith University, Australia QLD Australia e-mail of corresponding author: H.Wiseman@griffith.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: kherunts@physics.uq.edu.au Say an entanglement-manufacturing firm (call it C, in We combine two of Einstein’s contributions to twentieth Canberra), produces entangled pairs of qubits (in bulk) century physics, Bose-Einstein condensation and the and, for each pair, ships one qubit to one customer and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, to propose a test Congress Handbook and Abstracts 117 AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics of local realism with mesoscopic numbers of massive particles. Using dissociation of a condensate of AOS PTU 26 homonuclear diatomic molecules into the constituent Demonstration of Bell Measurement bosonic atoms, we demonstrate that strongly entangled Using a Linear Optics CNOT Gate output atomic beams may be produced which possess nonlocal EPR correlations in particular field quadratures. N. K. Langford, J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde and A. G. White These are directly analogous to the position and Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, University of momentum correlations originally considered by EPR. The Queensland, Brisbane proposal employs mode-matched local oscillators and is e-mail of corresponding author: langford@physics.uq.edu.au applicable to realistic nonuniform condensates, including Tasks such as teleportation and entanglement swapping molecular condensate depletion, s-wave scattering have vital implications in quantum information processing interaction and one-body losses. for producing a scaleable quantum computer—currently a [1] K. V. Kheruntsyan, M. K. Olsen, and P. D. Drummond, topic of great interest. Central to these tasks is the ability cond-mat/0407363. to discriminate the four maximally-entangled two-qubit states—the Bell states. A quantum controlled-NOT gate is AOS PTU 24 a fundamental quantum gate[1]; it can perform Bell The Superfluidity—Mott Insulator measurements by turning the Bell states into easilydistinguishable, unentangled states. Using a simplified Quantum Phase Transition as an version of the post-selected CNOT gate demonstrated Instance of a Quantum Adiabatic in[2], we provide the first experimental demonstration of a Algorithm for Hilbert’s Tenth Problem complete linear optics Bell measurement, characterise its operation, and discuss scale-up. Tien D. Kieu [1] M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Quantum Information (Cambridge University Press, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia Cambridge, 2004) e-mail of corresponding author: kieu@swin.edu.au [2] J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde, A. G. White, T. C. Ralph, D. Branning, Nature, 426, 264 (2003) We point out that the superfluidity—Mott insulator quantum phase transition[1] can be regarded as a physical realisation of an instance of a quantum adiabatic algorithm AOS PTU 27 for Hilbert’s tenth problem[2,3,4,5] with simple linear Diophantine equations. This connection originates from the Squeezed Matter-wave Gap Solitons fact that the quantum phase transition itself is a quantum in Optical Lattices adiabatic process, which is also the process employed in R.-K. Lee1,2, E. A. Ostrovskaya1, Yu. S. Kivshar1, and the algorithm. Y. Lai2 [1] S. Sachdev, Quantum Phase Transition, CUP (1999) 1. Nonlinear Physics Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence for [2] T.D. Kieu, Contemporary Physics, 44, 51 (2003) Quantum-Atom Optics, Research School of Physical Sciences [3] T.D. Kieu, Int J Theo Phys, 42, 1461 (2003) and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, [4] T.D. Kieu, Proc Roy Soc, A 460, 1535 (2004) ACT, Australia; 2. Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan [5] T.D. Kieu, quant-ph/0310052: “Quantum adiabatic algorithm for Hilbert’s tenth problem: I. The algorithm.” e-mail of corresponding author: rkl124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au We study quantum squeezing of matter-wave gap solitons AOS PTU 25 in optical lattices by employing a linearized quantum theory based on the mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii equation Multi-Channel Dispersion/Dispersion with a periodic potential. We find that optical lattice Slope Compensating Fibre Bragg potential induces atom number squeezing in localized Gratings states inside the gap. In general, quantum fluctuations of gap solitons are more squeezed compared with the K. Kolossovski1, A.V. Buryak2, R.A. Sammut1, and solitons in a lattice-free case. The quantum correlations of Z. Brodzeli2 gap solitons in momentum space show high correlated 1. School of PEMS, University of New South Wales at ADFA, patterns induced by the nature of Bloch waves. The Canberra; 2. Bandwidth Foundry Pty. Ltd., Sydney squeezing effect is most profound near the band edges e-mail of corresponding author: k.kolossovski@adfa.edu.au and is reduced in the depth of the gap. Expansion of the capacities of optical fibre transmission systems towards 160 Gbit/s[1] requires both dispersion and dispersion slope compensation of the lines. Using fundamental properties of the Fourier transform, applying dephasing approach, and using functional optimization, we derive and optimise aperiodic sampling function, which plays pivotal role in multi-channel FBG design. We use this design to fabricate a sample multi-channel dispersion/ dispersion slop compensating fibre Bragg grating. [1] R. Ludwig et al, “Enabling transmission at 160 Gbit/s,” in Optical Fiber Communications (OFC 2002) Anaheim, CA, 2002, pp. 1–2. 118 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS PTU 28 AOS PTU 30 Quantum Cryptography: Security Adiabatic 3-Wavelength Planar Criteria Reexamined Multiplexer/De-multiplexer Dagomir Kaszlikowski1, Ajay Goopinatahn1,2, A.W. Molloy, A. Ankiewicz and J.D. Love Yeong Cherng Liang1,3, L. C. Kwek1,2, and Optical Sciences Group, Australian Photonics Cooperative Berthold-Georg Englert1 Research Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences & 1. Department of Physics, National Univeristy of Singapore, Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Singapore; 2. National Institute of Education, Nanyang Australia Technological University, Singapore; 3. Department of e-mail of corresponding author: jdl124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Physics, University of Queensland. A novel approach to the simultaneous multiplexing or e-mail of corresponding author: phykd@nus.edu.sg de-multiplexing of 3 wavelengths for coarse wavelength We find that the generally accepted security criteria are channel separation is based on the geometrical evolution flawed for a whole class of protocols for quantum and transformation of the modes of a single few-mode cryptography. This is so because a standard assumption planar device. An input fundamental mode is transformed of the security analysis, namely the so-called square-root into a particular higher-order mode, depending on its measurement is optimal for eavesdropping purposes, is wavelength, and that is transformed and directed in turn not true in general. There are rather larger parameter into the fundamental mode of a particular output port. The regimes in which the optimal measurement extracts functionality of the device is quantified and its substantially more information than the square-root performance optimised through appropriate design. The measurement. device overall size is minimised, taking into account the [1] D. Kaszlikowski, A. Gopinathan, Y. C. Liang, L. C. Kwek, and B- core spacing requirements for fibre pigtailing. G. Englert, Phys. Rev. A, 70, 032306 (2004) AOS PTU 31 AOS PTU 29 Random Mixtures of Gaussian States Controlling Matter-wave Solitons in A. P. Lund and T.C. Ralph Optical Superlattices Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Pearl J.Y. Louis, Elena A. Ostrovskaya, and Department of Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Yuri S. Kivshar Queensland, Australia Nonlinear Physics Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence for e-mail of corresponding author: lund@physics.uq.edu.au Quantum-Atom Optics, Research School of Physical The generation of non-Gaussian states in optics is of Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, interest for their various uses in experiments concerned Canberra ACT, Australia with quantum information theory. We examine the e-mail of corresponding author: pjl124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au properties of mixtures of Gaussian states of the form pp̂vac Optical lattices with multiple periodicities, such as optical + (1 – p)p̂TMS where p̂vac represents a two-mode vacuum superlattices, support the existence of nonlinearly state and (p̂TMS) a two-mode squeezed state. This state is localised states in a repulsive Bose-Einstein condensate non-Gaussian and entangled. It could be produced by (BEC)—matter-wave gap solitons. Employing the mean- randomly blocking a two-mode squeezed state with field model of a condensate in a periodic potential, we probability p and hence is an experimentally accessible show how changing the shape of an optical superlattice non-Gaussian state. Although it has a positive allows us to control the properties and interactions of W-representation it exhibits unique behaviour. In particular these solitons[1,2]. We also demonstrate a method for when this state and a pure two-mode squeezed vacuum controlled generation of matter-wave gap solitons in a have the same level of inseparability[1,2] the mixed version stationary lattice by using the interference of two BECs[2]. gives higher fidelity when used for continuous variable The efficiency of this method is compared with that of gap teleportation[3]. soliton generation in a moving lattice recently [1] L.-M. Duan, G. Giedke, J. I. Cirac and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. demonstrated experimentally[3]. 84, 2722 (2000). [1] P.J.Y. Louis, E.A. Ostrovskaya, and Yu. S. Kivshar, J. Opt. B 6, [2] W. P. Bowen, R. Schnabel, P. K. Lam and T. C. Ralph, Phys. S309 (2004). Rev. Lett. 90 043601 (2003). [2] P.J.Y. Louis, E.A. Ostrovskaya, and Yu. S. Kivshar, cond- [3] A. Furusawa, J. L. Sørensen, S. L. Braunstein, C. A. Fuchs, H. mat/0408291 (2004). J. Kimble and E. S. Polzik, Science 282 706 (1998). [3] B. Eiermann, Th. Anker, M. Albiez, M. Taglieber, P. Treutlein, K.-P. Marzlin, and M.K. Oberthaler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 230401 (2004). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 119 AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Nd:YVO4 laser crystal under lasing and non-lasingAOS PTU 32 conditions. A Hartmann wavefront analyser[2] was used to Nitrogen-vacancy Centre— measure the probe beam wavefront, which was analysed Why the Interest? with a Zernike polynomial basis. The resulting thermal distortions were compared with a model of thermal Neil B Manson and Joanne P Harrison lensing[3]. For high pump powers, good agreement was Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Science found. Some limitations in the use of the Hartmann and Engineering analyser were identified. Our ultimate goal is to use a Australian National University, Canberra, ACT deformable mirror to compensate in real time for the beam distortions. There is interest in the nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond due to the demonstration of quantum logic operations of [1] Chenais, S., Druon, F., Balembois, F., Lucas-Leclin, G., Fichot, [1] Y., Georges, P., Gaumé., Viana, B., Aka, G.P., Vivian, D.,single centres at room temperature . The demonstration Thermal lensing measurements in diode-pumped Yb-doped was possible because the centre emits when in one spin GdCOB, YCOB, YSO, YAG and KGW. Optical Materials, 22 state (MS = 0) but not the other (MS = ±1). However, this 129–137 (2003) exceptional selection rule is brought into question through [2] Kingslake, R., The Absolute Hartmann Test. Transactions of the studies of single centers and ensembles. A new model of Optical Society, 29 133 (1927–1928). the electronic structure of the centre is proposed to [3] Innocenzi, M.E., H.T. Yura, C.L. Fincher, and R.A. Fields, account for the observations. Thermal modeling of continuous-wave end pumped solid-state lasers. Applied Physics Letters, 56 1831–1833 (1990). [1] F Jelezko, T Gaebel, I Popa, A. Gruber and J Wrachtrup, Phys. Rev. Letters 92 076401-1 (2004) AOS PTU 35 AOS PTU 33 Low Noise Photonic-based Tuneable Bloch Oscillations of Optical Microwave Source Beams in Spatially Varying A. McKay, J.M. Dawes, D.W. Coutts and P. Dekker Periodic Gratings Centre for Lasers and Applications, Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney G. McCarthy and W. Krolikowski e-mail of corresponding author: aaron@ics.mq.edu.au Laser Physics Centre, Australian National University, Canberra e-mail of corresponding author: glen.mccarthy@anu.edu.au Photomixing the output of a two-frequency solid-state laser[1,2] on a PIN photodiode generates a microwave Bloch oscillations of optical beams have been observed in signal, leading to a photonic-based microwave source. chirped waveguide gratings where the total internal This is a potential alternative to traditional low-power reflection effect arises from a refractive index gradient broadband microwave generators such as voltage across the grating.[1,2] controlled oscillators (VCO)[3] where low noise and wide Here we present numerical simulations of Bloch frequency tuneability are required. The intensity noise oscillations of optical beams in periodic gratings where (RIN) and optical modulation index (OMI) are important the period is spatially varied in the transverse direction. quantities qualifying the noise spectrum near the The effect of the total internal reflection required for these microwave region of interest and are experimentally oscillations is achieved by the different coupling constants investigated using a two-frequency diode-pumped between adjacent waveguides. We show that Bloch Nd:YAG laser. Using a variable birefringent intra-cavity oscilllations can be observed when the period of the element the frequency of the beat-note is controlled and in gratings varies both in a linear and exponential manner. this case greater than 2 GHz bandwidth is shown. The Bloch oscillations are demonstrated for gratings [1] G. W. Baxter et al., IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 8, composed of waveguides with a fixed width and also in 1015 (1996) those where the width of the waveguides varies [2] M. Brunel et al., IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 16, continuously. 870 (2004) [1] C. de Sterke, J. Bright, P. Krug and T. Hammon, Phys. Rev. E [3] N.-M. Kwak et al., Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 57, 2365 (1998) 42, 3 (2004) [2] U. Peschel, T. Pertsch and F. Lederer, Optics Letters 23, 1701(1998) AOS PTU 36 Magneto-optical Film-based Grooved AOS PTU 34 Microstructures for Manipulating Measurement of Thermal Lensing in Cold Atoms a Diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 Laser C.H. Wolff, D.S. Gough, J.Y. Wang, S.M. Whitlock, Using a Hartman Wavefront Analyser A.I. Sidorov, P. Hannaford and R.J. McLean T. McGregor, J.M. Dawes, P. Dekker, D. Coutts Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Centre for Lasers and Applications, Department of Physics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC Macquarie University E-mail of corresponding author: rmclean@swin.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: Judith@ics.mq.edu.au In our ongoing program to develop permanent magnet- We measured the thermal distortion[1] induced on an based atom optical elements, we have recently fabricated optical probe beam passing through a diode-end-pumped a microstructure by depositing a film of GdTbFeCo 120 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics magneto-optical material onto a 1.5 mm-period grooved < (A-A )2est > ≥ Σm [Im / ]2 , silicon substrate. The magneto-optical material exhibits characteristics that are attractive for magnetic atom optics, which is far stronger than the Heisenberg uncertainty including perpendicular magnetisation, high remanent relation for A and M. The lower bound is achievable when magnetic field (~ 3.8 kG), high coercivity (~ 2.5 kOe) and the state prior to measurement is known, yielding an excellent magnetic homogeneity. Progress on testing the ‘exact’ uncertainty relation. Applications include optimal microstructure by observing the specularity of the quadrature estimates from heterodyne detection. reflection of cold rubidium atoms from the mirror surface Further, any measurement M can be used as the basis for will be reported. The prospects of applying such simultaneously estimating the values of any two microstructures as diffraction grating-based atomic matter- observables A and B (this is the most general possible wave beamsplitters will be discussed. definition of a joint measurement). Universal joint uncertainty relations have been obtained for such pairs of estimates, and applied to joint measurements on EPR- correlated particles[1]. AOS WEA11 [1] M.J.W. Hall, Phys. Rev. A, 69, 052113 (2004) Wednesday 1040–1120 hrs BEC of 6Li2 Molecules: Exploring the AOS WEA14 BEC-BCS Crossover Wednesday 1140–1200 hrs C. Chin1, M. Bartenstein1, A. Altmeyer1, S. Riedl1, Bose-Einstein Condensates on S. Jochim1, R. Geursen1, J. Hecker Denschlag1, Atom Chips R. Grimm1,2 1. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, C. J. Vale, A. Ratnapala, S. Holt, D. Turk, T. Campey, Innsbruck, Austria; 2. Institut für Quantenoptik und M. J. Davis, N. Heckenberg and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Wissenschaften, Innsbruck, Austria Lucia, QLD, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: Johannes.Denschlag@uibk.ac.at e-mail of corresponding author: vale@physics.uq.edu.au We report on recent experiments with an ultracold Atom chips are a reliable and versatile tool for the degenerate Fermi gas of 6Li atoms. We start with Bose- production and control of Bose-Einstein Condensates Einstein condensation of Li2 molecules in an optical trap[1]. (BECs). They also offer the possibility of realising new, Using a Feshbach resonance we can then investigate the chip-based quantum devices. We have recently produced BEC-BCS crossover where the molecular condensate is BECs on an atom chip fabricated with silver foil[1]. transformed into a strongly interacting gas of fermions. Because of its high current capacity, our chip can produce We probe the crossover with several methods like moderately tight traps at distances further from the chip measurements of the trapped cloud size[2], collective surface, avoiding losses and fragmentation of oscillation excitations[3] and binding energy measurements condensates seen on other experiments[2,3]. We will also with radio frequency[4]. In these measurements we have report on our progress towards efficient atom detection been able to show the existence of a pairing gap[4] on the using a STIRAP based photoionisation scheme. BCS side of the resonance. This strongly suggests the [1] C. J. Vale et al., J. Phys. B 37, 2959 (2004) presence of a superfluid phase on the BCS side of the [2] M. P. A. Jones et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 91, 080401 (2003) crossover. [3] J. Estéve et al., Preprint physics/0403020 (2004). [1] S. Jochim et al., Science 302, 2103 (2003); Published online 13 November 2003; 10.1126/science.1093280 [2] M. Bartenstein et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 120401 (2004). AOS WEA15 [3] M. Bartenstein et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 203201 (2004). Wednesday 1200–1220 hrs [4] C. Chin et al., Science 305, 1133 (2004); Published online 22 Vortices in Bose-Einstein July 2003; Condensates Confined by Optical Lattices AOS WEA13 1,2 1,2 Wednesday 1120–1140 hrs E. A. Ostrovskaya , T. J. Alexander , A. A. Sukhorukov1, and Yu. S. Kivshar1,2 Optimal Estimates and Joint 1. Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Measurement Uncertainty Relations Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; 2. Australian Research Council Centre of M.J.W. Hall Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics Theoretical Physics, RSPSE, Australian National University, e-mail of corresponding author: ost124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Canberra ACT e-mail of corresponding author: mjh105@rsphysse.anu.edu.au We study the band-gap spectrum and nonlinear localization of coherent matter waves in two- and three- Consider an estimate of some quantum observable, A, dimensional periodic potentials formed by optical lattices. made on the basis of the measurement of a second We predict the existence and dynamical stability of gap observable, M=Σm m |m>. vortices[1]—novel types of matter-wave solitons with a There is a fundamental lower bound for the inaccuracy of phase singularity, localized within a complete Bragg- any such estimate[1]: reflection gap of a multidimensional periodic structure. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 121 AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Stability of localized vortices of truly three-dimensional nature as well as of two-dimensional vortex lines in three- AOS PWE 3 dimensional lattices is considered. Finally, we explore Selective Area Epitaxy of possible routes to dynamical generation of gap vortices in Quantum Dots “square” optical lattices from the viewpoint of current experimental capabilities. S.Mokkapati1, P.Lever1, K.Stewart1, H.H.Tan1, C.Jagadish1 2 2 [1] E. A. Ostrovskaya and Yu. S. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 K.E. McBean and M.R.Phillips (2004), in press. 1. Department of Electronic Materials Enigineering, The Australian National University, Canberra; 2. Microstructural Analysis Unit, University of Technology, Sydney POSTERS e-mail of corresponding author: smokkapti@ieee.org We investigate selective-area-epitaxy (SAE) as a tool for AOS PWE 1 selectively controlling the physical and optical properties Athermal Birefringence in a Photonic of quantum-dots (QDs), aiming at integration of QD Crystal Fibre devices. MOCVD growth of InGaAs/InAs QDs on GaAs wafers patterned with pairs of SiO2 stripes is studied. Andrew Michie1, John Canning1, Katja Lyytikäinen1, Atomic force microscopy and cathodoluminescence are Mattias Åslund1, and Justin Digweed1 used for characterisation of these QDs. We show that 1. Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University of Sydney & InGaAs QD luminescence can be tuned over a range of Australian Photonics Cooperative Research Centre, 100nm by varying the dimensions of and/or spacings Eveleigh1430 NSW Australia between the SiO2 stripes. Growth of InGaAs quantum-well email of corresponding author: a.michie@oftc.usyd.edu.au and QDs on different parts of the same wafer, without A highly birefringent (HiBi) photonic crystal fibre (PCF) has using etch and regrowth techniques is also demonstrated. been characterised as a function of temperature. Results for the InAs/GaAs system are also presented. Temperature independent birefringence was observed from –25 to 800°C. PCFs that offer the design flexibility for AOS PWE 4 special properties such as birefringence but without the need for athermal packages may greatly reduce the Surface Modes and Directed manufacturing costs of some photonic devices. The fibre Emissions from Photonic Crystals was characterised with an improved, all fibre, crossed S.K. Morrison1 and Y.S. Kivshar1 polariser configuration that operates in reflection rather than transmission[1]. This configuration allowed the entire 1. Nonlinear Physics Centre, The Australian National test fibre sample to be placed inside a 600mm long tube University, Canberra furnace, as alignment optics were not required. e-mail of corresponding author: skm124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au [1] Ortigosa-Blanche, J.C. Knight, W.J. Wadsworth, J.Arriaga, A new twist in the study of surface modes in photonic B.J.Mangan,T.A. Birks, and P.St.J. Russell, “Highly birefringent crystals is the recent discovery of enhanced transmission photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Lett. 25 (18), 1325–1327 (2000). and highly directed emission from photonic crystal waveguides using surface modes[1]. We demonstrate that AOS PWE 2 by engineering the surface structure of photonic crystals we can control and enhance the directed emissions. Fano Resonance with Photonic These improvements are achieved by controlling the Crystals coupling to the surface and radiating modes, and by A.E. Miroshnichenko1, Yu.S. Kivshar1 and S.V. Mingaleev2 controlling the phase and amplitude of the diffracted light from the photonic crystal surface. Additionally, we 1. Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University , suggest a method to provide control over the directed Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. University of Central Florida, emission, through manipulation of the refractive index of Orlando, USA the surface structure. e-mail of corresponding author: aem124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au [1] E. Moreno, F. J. Garcia-Vidal and L. Martin-Moreno, Phys. Rev. B, 69, 121402(R) (2004) Fano resonance[1] is well-known across different branches of physics as “asymmetric lineshape”. We show the existence of Fano resonance in variety of Photonic Crystal AOS PWE 5 configurations[2–3]. Based on the Fano-Anderson model, High Power, Double-Clad, CW we study the Fano resonance as a simple “destructive Nd:YAG Slab Laser interference” phenomenon, which manifests itself as “resonant reflection”. This model gives a very good Damien Mudge, Peter J. Veitch and Jesper Munch qualitative agreement with real numerical calculations of Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Photonic Cristals, and it can be used to show how to tune e-mail of corresponding author: damien.mudge@adelaide.edu.au this resonance for a desired configuration. We describe a new zigzag end-pumped, double-clad cw [1] U. Fano, Phys. Rev., 124, 1866 (1961). Nd:YAG slab laser. A five layer composite slab and pump [2] S. Fan, Appl. Phys. Lett,. 80, 908 (2002). geometry optimises the gain distribution and thermal lens [3] V. Lousse and J. P. Vigneron, Phys. Rev., B 69, 155106 (2004). behaviour, while minimizing the effects of thermally induced birefringence. The power scalable slab design 122 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics supports a folded zigzag laser mode[1] and is side- cooled, with the top and bottom temperature controlled. AOS PWE 8 It is designed to produce >100W single frequency Application of Cascaded Four-Wave diffraction-limited output for remote sensing applications in Mixing to Optical Signal to Noise general and for the Australian Consortium for Interferometric Gravitational Astronomy (ACIGA), in Monitoring particular. Lasing performance will be reported. T.T. Ng, J.L. Blows and B.J. Eggleton [1] J. Richards and A. McInnes, Opt. Lett. 20, 371, 1995. CUDOS, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW Australia AOS PWE 6 e-mail of corresponding author: trinang@physics.usyd.edu.au Monitoring the signal to noise ratio of an optical signal Radiation Dynamics in Tapered (OSNR) is important to maintaining high-speed optical Photonic Crystal Fibres networks. At ultra-high bit-rates, when electronics are no S.J. Myers1, J.M. Dawes1, M.J. Withford1, E. Mägi2, longer practical, OSNR monitoring will be performed using B.J. Eggleton2, D. Fussell2, R.C. McPhedran2, optical techniques. We propose an OSNR monitor based C.M. de Sterke2 on ultra-fast nonlinear effects in an optical parametric ARC Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical amplifier (OPA). OPAs generate cascaded four-wave Systems CUDOS; 1. Centre for Lasers and Applications, mixing terms which have a quadratic response to the input [1,2] Macquarie University, Sydney; 2. School of Physics, signal , allowing the OSNR of the signal to be University of Sydney, Sydney monitored through a simple average power [3] e-mail of corresponding author: samm@ics.mq.edu.au measurement . Experiments show that changing the OSNR produces an error function response from Photonic crystals were originally conceived of to suppress cascaded four-wave mixing at the OPA output. spontaneous emission within the structure[1]. We report [1] T. Ng, J. Blows, J. Mok, P. Hu, J. Bolger, P. Hambley and B. the transverse optical characterisation of tapered hollow- Eggleton, Opt. Exp., 11, 3122 (2003). core photonic crystal fibre, in order to study spontaneous [2] T. Ng, J. Blows, J. Mok, R. McKerracher and B. Eggleton, J. emission of dye molecules from the hollow core of the Lightwave Technol. (in Press) fibre. Broadband transmission measurements of the [3] S. Wielandy, M. Fishteyn and B. Zhu, J. Lightwave Technol., structure have been carried out in tapered fibres, and 22, 784 (2004) weak stopgaps have been observed and compared to theoretically predicted stopgaps. After selectively introducing laser dye into only the central hole of the AOS PWE 9 fibre, we observe the effect of the stopgaps on the Entangled Photonic Qutrits fluorescence spectra. R. B. Dalton, N. K. Langford, M. D. Harvey, J. L. O’Brien, [1] E. Yablonovitch, Phys Rev Lett 58, 2059–2062 (1987) G. J. Pryde. A. Gilchrist, S. D. Bartlett, and A. G. White Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department of AOS PWE 7 Physics, The University of Queensland, QLD Control and Steering of Gap Solitons e-mail of corresponding author: rohand@physics.uq.edu.au in Optically-induced Lattices We produce and holographically measure entangled qutrits encoded in transverse spatial modes of single D. Neshev1, A. A. Sukhorukov1,2, B. Hanna3, photons[1]. With the novel use of a quantum state W. Krolikowski2,3, and Yu. S. Kivshar1,2 tomography method that only requires two-state 1. Nonlinear Physics Centre; 2. CUDOS, and 3. Laser superpositions, we achieve the most complete Physics Centre—Research School of Physical Sciences and characterization of entangled qutrits to date. Ideally, Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra entangled qutrits provide better security than qubits in e-mail of corresponding author: Dragomir.Neshev@anu.edu.au quantum bit commitment: we model the sensitivity of this Optical gap solitons exist in the transmission gaps of to mixture and show experimentally and theoretically that nonlinear periodic structures, where no linear waves can qutrits with even a small amount of decoherence cannot propagate. They possess unique properties not present offer increased security over qubits. Finally, we implement for conventional solitons, and hold promises for realizing of an entanglement concentration protocol. novel schemes for light control. By inducing a periodic [1] N K Langford, R B Dalton, M D Harvey, J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, structure in a biased photorefractive crystal and using a A Gilchrist, S D Bartlett and A G White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, two-beam excitation scheme, we excited immobile spatial 053601 (2004) gap solitons[1]. This opens the possibility to study their unique properties. In this work we demonstrate the interaction of gap solitons with beams originating from other bands and test the possibilities to control gap solitons mobility by modifying the magnitude of the refractive index modulation. We believe this opens the way for realizing novel all-optical switching devices. [1] D. Neshev, A. A. Sukhorukov, B. Hanna, W. Krolikowski, and Yu. S. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 083905(4) (2004). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 123 AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS PWE 10 AOS PWE 12 Small Quantum Circuits for Optical Ultra-Narrowband, Nanosecond- Quantum Computing Pulsed OPO-OPA Spectroscopic T. J. Weinhold, J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde and A. G. White System Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department of R.T. White1, M. Kono2, Y. He1, K.G.H. Baldwin2 and Physics, The University of Queensland, QLD B.J. Orr1 e-mail of corresponding author: weinhold@physics.uq.edu.au 1. Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie The recent demonstration of a non-deterministic two- University, Sydney, NSW; 2. Research School of Physical photon controlled-NOT gate[1,2] paves the way for the Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT realisation of simple quantum circuits[3]. We have designed and experimentally implemented an e-mail of corresponding author: brian.orr@mq.edu.au interferometer-free simplified CNOT gate operating A novel nonlinear-optical source of pulsed tunable according to the same principles. The advantage comes coherent light is designed for wide-ranging applications to from using custom-designed partially polarising beam high-resolution spectroscopy from the mid-infrared to the splitters that operate asymmetrically on the two vacuum ultraviolet. It comprises a periodically poled polarisation modes of the qubits. We describe the KTiOPO4 optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and one or performance of this CNOT gate in isolation and in simple more LiNbO3 optical parametric amplifier (OPA) stages. quantum circuits designed to generate multi-qubit The high-performance injection-seeded OPO generates cluster state entanglement. Cluster state generation is continuously tunable narrowband output pulses with the starting point for measurement based optical ~25-ns duration and ~18-MHz Fourier-transform-limited quantum computing[4]. optical bandwidth. Optical heterodyne techniques are [1] J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, A G White, T C Ralph and D Branning, used to control its frequency chirp (as low as ~10 MHz)[1] Nature 426, 264 (2003) and to optimise its single-longitudinal-mode operation[2]. [2] J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, A Gilchrist, D F V James, N K Langford, Recent experiments indicate that OPA stages do not T C Ralph and A G White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 080502 (2004) degrade this performance appreciably. [3] T C Ralph, Phys. Rev. A 70, 012312 (2004) [1] R.T. White, Y. He, B.J. Orr, M. Kono and K.G.H. Baldwin, Opt. [4] M A Nielsen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 040503 (2004) Lett., 28, 1248 (2003); J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 21, 1577 (2004); J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 21, 1586 (2004) [2] R.T. White, Y. He, B.J. Orr, M. Kono and K.G.H. Baldwin, AOS PWE 11 submitted to Optics Express (September 2004) Quantum Phase-space Analysis of the Pendular Cavity AOS PWE 13 M.K. Olsen1,2 A.B. Melo2,3, K. Dechoum2 and Rotational Microrheology A.Z. Khoury2 S.J.W. Parkin, G. Knöner, T.A. Nieminen, N.R. Heckenberg, 1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia; 2. Instituto de Física da Universidade Federal Centre for Biophotonics and Laser Science, School of Physical Fluminense, Niterói-RJ, Brazil; 3. Instituto Nacional de Sciences , The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial, Rio e-mail of corresponding author: parkin@physics.uq.edu.au Comprido-RJ, Brazil To investigate the local viscoelastic response of a complex e-mail of corresponding author: mko@physics.uq.edu.au fluid, such as a polymer network, a microscopic probe Using the positive-P representation, we show that, in the particle is necessary. Such particles can be manipulated analysis of an optical cavity with one oscillating mirror, the using optical tweezers[1]. Translational motion of a trapped quantum state of the mirror must be taken into account. particle can probe the rheology of the surrounding This is somewhat surprising as the mirror is a macroscopic fluid[2,3,4], however the optical properties of the surrounding object, but we show that linearised analyses which treat must be determined to make any measurements. We the mirror as a classical object can lead to faulty measure rotational motion of a birefringent particle by predictions. This work may be of importance for proposed monitoring the polarisation of the trapping beam, with the gravitational wave detectors. advantage that the torque on the particle depends only on the refractive indices of the probe particle[5]. [1] A. Ashkin, J.M. Dziedzic, J.E. Bjorkholm, and S. Chu, Opt. Lett. 11, 288 (1986). [2] F. Gittes, B. Schnurr, P.D. Olmsted, F.C. MacKintosh, and C.F. Schmidt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3286 (1997). [3] T.G. Mason, K. Ganesan, J.H. van Zanten, D. Wirtz, and S.C. Kuo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3282 (1997). [4] J.C. Crocker, M.T. Valentine, E.R. Weeks, T. Gisler, P.D. Kaplan, A.G. Yodh, and D.A. Weitz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 888 (2000). [5] A. I. Bishop, T. A. Nieminen, N. R. Heckenberg, and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 198104 (2004). 124 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics understanding and achievement of a number of AOS PWE 14 outstanding problems in cold atom physics, including the Multipartite Entanglement in production of a continuous atom laser[2]. We propose here Quantum Optics a non-destructive, high-speed continuous detection scheme for Rb BEC dynamics using phase-modulation Damian Pope1, Gerard Milburn2 interferometry. By using a heterodyne detection technique 1. Centre for Quantum Dynamics and School of Science, with a strong local oscillator and very low noise Griffith University; 2. Centre for Quantum Computer photodetectors we expect to achieve a shot-noise limited Technology and School of Physical Sciences, The Univesity measurement of the BEC density fluctuations. of Queensland [1] W. Ketterle et al., PRL 77, 998 (1996) According to Schrödinger, entanglement is “the [2] J. Lye et al., PRA 69, 023601 (2004) characteristic trait of quantum mechanics”. It is also a resource that allows us to perform technological feats that are impossible within classical physics. AOS PWE 18 In this paper, we investigate the multipartite entanglement Mode-matching Effects in Linear (entanglement involving three or more particles) present in Optics Quantum Computing a certain pure state involving numerous trapped atoms. Peter P. Rohde, Timothy C. Ralph, Geoffrey J. Pryde, The state is analogous to the steady-state intracavity state Jeremy L. O’Brien of the optical parametric amplifier. We show that it possesses interesting multipartite entanglement, which we Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane then partially quantify. e-mail of corresponding author: rohde@physics.uq.edu.au We also explore multipartite entanglement constrained by superselection rules, showing how they reduce the amount We construct a model of a linear optics quantum of entanglement present in practice. computing controlled-NOT gate, which allows for arbitrary mode-matching effects. The model is shown to have superior predictive power over existing, ideal gate models. AOS PWE 16 Using the model we demonstrate that it is possible to non- Method of Improving Coupling intrusively estimate the mode-matching characteristics of experimental gates, a powerful diagnostic tool. The model Efficiency between Laser Diodes and relies on parameters with an elegant, direct physical Tapered Single Mode Optical Fiber interpretation. The techniques described are non-specific S. Kumaran and Faidz A. Rahman and could easily be applied to other optical circuits. Centre for Photonics Research, Innovation & Applications, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Malaysia AOS PWE 19 e-mail: faidz@mmu.edu.my Beam Quality from a Large Mode This paper discusses a method to change the Area Fibre Laser hemispherically lensed tapered single mode fiber’s (SMF) numerical aperture (NA) to improve coupling efficiency R.A. Sammut1 and D.J. Richardson2 from a 1550 nm wavelength laser diode (LD). The tapered 1. School of Physical, Environmental & Mathematical lenses were fabricated using a fusion splicer and modified Sciences, UNSW @ ADFA, Canberra; 2. Optoelectronics using chemical etching. From the work, we have Research Centre, University of Southampton, experimentally observed an improvement of coupling Southampton, UK efficiency as high as 11.46% from its initial coupling value. e-mail of corresponding author: r.sammut@adfa.edu.au The results indicate that the combination of both these The quality of a laser beam can be described in a number techniques allow for a further increase in the coupling of ways but the single figure most commonly used is the efficiency between the LD and SMF tapered fiber as M2 parameter which measures the product of spatial compared to just tapering alone. variance of the beam at its waist and angular variance of the beam departing from the waist. Most discussions of AOS PWE 17 this parameter are restricted to Laguerre-Gaussian beams from bulk lasers. But with the growing importance of fibre Phase-modulation Interferometry lasers, it is necessary to understand how M2 varies for for the Detection of Bose-Einstein different fibre designs and operating regimes. We will Condensates present results on the calculation of M2 for several high- power fibre laser designs. L. Longchambon, N. P. Robins and J.D.Close ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT AUSTRALIA. e-mail of corresponding author: laurent.longchambon@anu.edu.au Bose-Einstein Condensate dynamics have been extensively studied[1], but most experimental detection systems lead to condensate destruction. Non-destructive and highly sensitive techniques are essential for the Congress Handbook and Abstracts 125 AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS PWE 20 AOS PWE 22 Continuous Quantum Error Near-Field Optical Properties of Correction Thin Randomly Nanostructured Mohan Sarovar and G. J. Milburn Silver Films Centre for Quantum Computer Technology adn School of S. Schelm, A. I. Maaroof and G.B. Smith Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology, Email of corresponding author: mohan@physics.uq.edu.au Sydney, NSW Quantum error correction is an essential ingredient for e-mail: stefan.schelm@uts.edu.au quantum computation. The standard descriptions of how We will present AFM-SNOM measurements for randomly to implement active error correction assume ideal structured thin silver films, prepared by inverse resources such as projective measurements and nanosphere lithography to create circular holes in the instantaneous gate operations. Unfortunately in practice metal film. Care is taken to create continuous films, which such resources are not realizable in most quantum show none of the “worm”-like structures of semi- computing architectures. Motivated by this we examine continuous metal films. Two sphere/hole concentrations schemes for implementing active error correction that use are studied. The higher hole concentration samples show a more modest set of resources. This leads to new a strong similarity between the near-field intensity and implementations of error correction that are continuous in topology, while the low hole concentration samples show time, and thus described by continuous dynamical maps. almost no correlation between intensity and topology, but We evaluate the performance of such schemes using rather wave-like patterns which originate from surface numerical simulations and comment on the applicability protrusions or holes. Possible mechanisms and reasons and effectiveness of continuous error correction for for the differences will be discussed. quantum computing. AOS PWE 23 AOS PWE 21 Coherent Blue Light from a Rubidium Superradiant Scattering from a Vapour Cell Hydrodynamic Vortex M Jeppesen1, JD White2, KFEM Domen3 and T.R.Slatyer and C.M. Savage RE Scholten1 Australian Centre for Quantum Atom Optics, Australian 1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, National University, ACT Australia Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Juniata College, e-mail of corresponding author: craig.savage@anu.edu.au Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, USA; 3. Department of Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The We show that sound waves scattered from a Netherlands hydrodynamic vortex may be amplified. Such superradiant scattering follows from the physical analogy between e-mail of corresponding author: [1] r.scholten@physics.unimelb.edu.auspinning black holes and hydrodynamic vortices . However a sonic horizon analogous to the black hole We have demonstrated efficient production of 420nm blue event horizon does not exist unless the vortex possesses light from a rubidium vapour cell, using the method of a central drain, which is challenging to produce Zibrov et al.[1]. An atomic coherence is created in the experimentally. In the astrophysical domain superradiance vapour using two infrared low-power (~10mW) lasers can occur even in the absence of an event horizon: we tuned to the two-photon 5S-5P-5D step transition in Rb. show that in the hydrodynamic analogue, a drain is not Some atoms decay to the 6P level and then via 420nm required and a conventional vortex scatters sound emission to the ground state. The latter is coherently superradiantly. Possible experimental realisation in dilute amplified because the ground state is effectively gas Bose-Einstein condensates is discussed[2]. unpopulated. We have measured the optical coherence of [1] M. Visser, in Artificial Black Holes, edited by M. Novello, the 420nm output by two-slit diffraction, and modelled the M.Visser and G. Volovik (World Scientific, Singapore, 2002). system using semiclassical optical Bloch equations. [2] L.J. Garay, J.R. Anglin, J.I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. [1] AS Zibrov, MD LUkin, L Hollberg and MO Scully, Phys. Rev. A 85, 4643 (2000); Phys. Rev. A 63, 023611 (2001). 65, 051801 (2002) 126 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS PWE 24 AOS PWE 26 Frequency Feedback Control Theory An Achromatic Lens for Atoms for External Cavity Diode Lasers LP Maguire, R Anderson, and RE Scholten LD Turner1, A Slavec1,KP Weber1, KFEM Domen2 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, and RE Scholten1 Australia 1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, e-mail of corresponding author: Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Eindhoven University of r.scholten@physics.unimelb.edu.au Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Light can be used to focus thermal neutral atom beams to e-mail of corresponding author: nanometre-scale dimensions[1,2]. We demonstrate a r.scholten@physics.unimelb.edu.au simple lens for atoms based on a travelling TEM01-mode External cavity diode lasers are an integral component of light field[3]. The lens is more convenient than previous many experiments in physics and chemistry. Such lasers simple lenses[1] because it uses light propagating have short-term linewidths of below 100kHz, but typically perpendicular to the atomic beam rather than coaxially. achieve linewidths not much better than 2 MHz for By tilting the lens, the Doppler effect can be used to measurement times of a few seconds, even when locked compensate chromatic aberrations[3]. We present detailed to an atomic or molecular reference. We have carefully trajectory simulations and experimental results for investigated the origins of the frequency noise[1], and focussing a slightly supersonic atom beam. applied detailed control theory to design an effective two- [1] JJ McClelland and MR Scheinfein, J Opt Soc Am B 8, channel servo feedback system. Our implementation 1974 (1991) provides a robust and user-friendly controller with [2] JJ McClelland, RE Scholten, EC Palm and RJ Celotta, Science dramatically improved performance. 262, 877 (1993) [1] LD Turner, KP Weber, CJ Hawthorn, RE Scholten, Opt. [3] RE Scholten, TJ O’Kane, TR Mackin, TA Hunt and PM Farrell, Commun. 201 391 (2002) Aust J Phys 52, 493 (1999) [4] M Drewsen, RJC Spreeuw, and J Mlynek, Opt Commun 125, 77 (1996) AOS PWE 25 Diffraction-contrast Phase Imaging AOS PWE 27 of Cold Atoms Quantum Computing Using Fully LD Turner1, KFEM Domen2 and RE Scholten1 Concentrated Crystals Containing 1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Europium Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands M. J. Sellars and R. Mills e-mail of corresponding author: Research School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, r.scholten@physics.unimelb.edu.au Australian National University, Canberra Diffraction of coherent light is inherently invertible: that is, e-mail of corresponding author: matthew.sellars@.anu.edu.au if a known propagating field is scattered by an object and The main obstacle to quantum computing experiments then measured after some distance, it is possible to using ensembles of solid state optical centres is the computationally back-propagate and determine the field at residual randomness in the ensemble[1]. In earlier work we the object, and hence determine the object structure. In have demonstrated one and two qubit quantum gate practice, only the intensity of a field can be measured and operations using crystals randomly doped with rare-earth thus the inversion is not unique, leading to Gabor’s famous ions[2,3]. In these demonstrations the disorder in the twin image problem. We show that, for monomorphous ensemble was removed using optical pumping objects in which both the phase retardance and techniques. These techniques have little scope for scaling. absorption are linearly related to the object density, the To scale to higher qubit numbers we propose to produce propagation can be linearised and algebraically inverted highly order ensembles using fully concentrated samples. (in Fourier space). That is, the object structure can be In this work we describe the growth and characterization retrieved from a single diffracted intensity image, with no of EuCl3.6(H2O) and report on its suitability for quantum optical elements such as lenses, apertures or phase computing. retarders. The method is valid for weakly-absorbing [1] M. J. Sellars, E. Fravel, and J. J. Longdell, “Investigation of objects and is particularly well suited to non-destructive static dipole-dipole coupling induced optical inhomogeneous imaging of cold atom clouds. It is inherently aberration broadening in in Eu3+:Y2SiO5”, J of Lumin. 107, 150–154 free, quantitative, and has holographic depth of field, (2004) allowing post-acquisition refocussing. [2] J.J. Longdell, and M. J. Sellars, “Experimental demonstration of quantum-state tomography and qubit-qubit interactions for rare-earth-ion-based solid-state qubits”, Phys. Rev. A, 69, 032307–311(2004). [3] J. J. Longdell, M. J. Sellars, and N. B. Manson , “Demonstration of Conditional Quantum Phase Shift Between Ions in a Solid”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 130503 (2004) Congress Handbook and Abstracts 127 AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS PWE 28 AOS PWE 30 Experimental Demonstration of The Orbital and Spin Components of Arm-Locking for the Laser the Angular Momentum of a General Interferometer Space Antenna Electromagnetic Field B.S. Sheard1, M.B. Gray1, D.A. Shaddock2 and A.M.Stewart D.E. McClelland1 Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, 1. Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of The Australian National University, Canberra Physics, The Australian National, University, Canberra; e-mail of corresponding author: andrew.stewart@anu.edu.au 2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA By means of the Helmholtz theorem, the angular momentum of the general classical electromagnetic field is e-mail of corresponding author: ben.sheard@anu.edu.au decomposed, in a general and manifestly gauge invariant The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna is a space-based manner, into a spin component and an orbital component. gravitational wave detector[1]. In this interferometer the free-running laser frequency noise is so enormous in the gravitational wave signal that a combination of techniques AOS PWE 31 will likely be needed to remove it. Recently an additional Fibre Optic Distributed Temperature technique for stabilization of the laser frequency to interferometer arm-lengths was proposed[2]. We present Sensor (DTS) with Integrated results from an experiment which stabilizes the frequency Background Correction Function of a Nd:YAG NPRO laser to a Mach-Zehnder P.R. Stoddart, P.J. Cadusch, J.B. Pearce, B. Smith and interferometer with an optical path length difference of 30 D.J. Booth km. The control bandwidth encompasses approximately a Centre for Imaging and Applied Optics, School of Biophysical hundred nulls in the interferometer frequency response, Sciences and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University of demonstrating the arm-locking technique. Technology, Hawthorn, VIC [1] The LISA Study Team Laser Interferometer Space Antenna for e-mail of corresponding author: pstoddart@swin.edu.au the detection and observation of gravitational waves: Pre-Phase A Report, 2nd Edition Max-Plank-Institüt für Quantenoptik Distributed temperature sensing based on Raman MPQ233 (1998). scattering in optical fibres is now a relatively mature [2] B.S. Sheard, M.B. Gray, D.E. McClelland, and D.A. Shaddock, technology. However, more widespread industrial Phys. Lett. A, 320, 9 (2003) application of the technology continues to be restricted by cost, accuracy and fibre degradation issues. We report a AOS PWE 29 prototype DTS system that incorporates optical time- domain reflectometry functionality for fibre background Analytic Properties of Photonic corrections. The system is cost competitive as it is based Crystal Superprims on a single, fixed optical filter and a single light source for 1,2 2,3 2 2 both measurement modes. This arrangement has beenM. J. Steel , R. Zoli , C. Grillet , R. C. McPhedran , C. M. de Sterke2, A. Norton4, P. Bassi3 shown to provide an accuracy of about 1–2˚C over , and 2 distances of 2–3 km, independent of fibre transmissionB. J. Eggleton fluctuations and environmental changes. 1. RSoft Design Group, Inc., 65 O’Connor St, Chippendale New South Wales, Australia; 2. Centre for Ultrahigh- bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS) and School AOS PWE 32 of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; 3. DEIS- Dipartimento di Elettronica Informatica e Sisemistica, Coherence Controlled Soliton University of Bologna, Italy; 4. Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Interactions Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS) and Dept. of Applied Andrey A. Sukhorukov1 2 2Mathematics, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, , Ting-Sen Ku , Ming-Feng Shih , and Yuri S. Kivshar1Australia e-mail of corresponding author: grillet@physics.usyd.edu.au 1. Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultra-high bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Research We study the analytic properties of the photonic crystal School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian superprism resolution parameters introduced by Baba et National University, Canberra ACT, Australia; 2. Department of al [1]. We find closed form expressions for these quantities Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan that greatly simplify their accurate evaluation and lead to e-mail of corresponding author: ans124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au significant insights about their behaviour. The expressions reveal general properties of the parameters which are true Spatial optical solitons are nonlinear localized beams for all bands and all photonic crystals. In this way, we which do not diffract [1]. Solitons interact as particles, and demonstrate that all three exhibit infinite resolution at may experience mutual attraction or repulsion depending certain points in any photonic band. Moreover, the angular on the relative phase. We demonstrate theoretically and resolution parameter p is shown to be given by the subsequently observe in experiment a novel type of soliton product of a Snell’s law factor and the curvature of the interaction when a pair of closely spaced spatial optical equi-frequency contours. solitons as a whole is made partially incoherent. We explain how the character of the soliton interaction can be [1] T. Baba and T. Matsumoto, Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 2325 (2002) controlled by the total partial incoherence, and show a 128 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics possibility to change the soliton interaction from attractive to repulsive, or vice versa, near a certain threshold in the AOS PWE 35 coherence parameter. Correlations in Synchrotron Beams [1] Yu. S. Kivshar and G. P. Agrawal, Optical Solitons: From Fibers Measured using Phase-space to Photonic Crystals (Academic Press, San Diego, 2003). Tomography AOS PWE 33 C Q Tran 1, A G Peele1, A Mancuso1, B B Dhal1, D Paterson2, Z Cai2, B Lai2, I McNulty2, A Roberts1 Packing Density in Conventional and K A Nugent1 Waveguides and Photonic Crystals 1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 2. XOR, APS, Argonne National Laboratory, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic1, M. de Sterke1 and M. J. Steel2 Argonne, Illinois, US 1. Centre for Ultra-high-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW; Understanding coherent properties of photon beams is 2. RSoft Design Group, Inc., Chippendale, NSW crucial for information retrieval processes. For thermal e-mail of corresponding author: snjezana@physics.usyd.edu.au sources, the second-order correlation function (or the mutual coherence function) gives all extractable Waveguides that are in close proximity to each other information, of both the source and the object, contained exhibit evanescent coupling. While crucial in the operation in the beam. We will discuss our recent investigations of of directional couplers, here we consider a situation in coherence properties of x-ray beams produced from a which this effect is minimized, so that light in the third generation synchrotron using the phase-space waveguides propagates essentially independently. Subject tomography technique. The results are far more complete to this condition, we compare the minimum mutual and accurate compared to those obtained from alternative distance between conventional planar waveguides and techniques. waveguides in one-dimensional photonic crystals, to find which of these guides can be spaced more closely. Using Bloch-mode analysis for photonic crystal based AOS PWE 36 waveguides[1] and standard analytical results for The He* LVIS: An Ultracold conventional structures, we find that photonic crystal waveguides can be packed more tightly. Metastable Atomic Beam [1] P. Yeh, A. Yariv, and C-S. Hong, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 67, James A Swansson, Robert G Dall, Andrew G Truscott 423 (1977). ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics. Research School of Physical Science and Engineering, AOS PWE 34 Australian National University, ACT Email of corresponding author: andrew.truscott@anu.edu.au Coupling between Low Index Dissimilar Defects in Photonic We present the results of experiments on a compact He* MOT experiment and “Low Velocity Intense Source” (LVIS) Crystals of metastable helium atoms. Our system produces up to S. Tomljenovic-Hanic1 and A. Ankiewicz2 7 x 109 He* atoms/sec at a velocity of ~ 30 m/s, making it 1. CUDOS, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, the coldest continuous beam of metastable He atoms ever Australia; 2. Optical Sciences Group, RSPhysSE, ANU, reported. The beam is ideal for loading metastable helium Canberra, Australia. atoms into magnetic guides and traps, or delivering a high e-mail of corresponding author: snjezana@physics.usyd.edu.au density beam to electron scattering experiments. Photonic crystals containing multiple defects exhibit interesting coupling behaviour. We investigate coupling AOS PWE 37 between low index (dissimilar) defects in periodic media using two models. This situation is not possible in Pulse Propagation in a Medium conventional waveguides where a high index core guides with Opposite Signs of Self- and the light. We obtain coupling from a fundamental mode to Cross-Phase Modulation Terms another fundamental mode or a higher-order one. We E. N. Tsoy1,2 and N. Akhmediev1 study a 1D model and another based on a square lattice 1. Optical Sciences Group, RSPhySSE, The Australian of rods. We compare coupling lengths with high-to-high National University, Canberra, ACT; 2.Phys.-Tech. Inst. of index cases[1,2]. The field width can be changed Uzbek Acad. Sci, Tashkent, Uzbekistan considerably. This work can allow realization of new types e-mail of corresponding author: etsoy@physic.uzsci.net of spot size converters and mode converters. [1] S. Tomljenovic-Hanic and A. Ankiewicz, Optics Communic., We study the pulse dynamics in the modified Manakov 237, 351, (2004). model with different signs of cross-phase and self-phase [2] S. Tomljenovic-Hanic and A. Ankiewicz, ICTON, Wroclaw, modulation. Depending on the signs on the nonlinear Poland, 1, 105 (2004). terms the system describes wave propagation in the medium with either focusing or defocusing nonlinearity. The mixed case is also possible. In all of these cases, the equations are integrable. The initial value problem can be Congress Handbook and Abstracts 129 AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics solved using the inverse scattering transform technique. [1] N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, Rev. Mod. We calculated the asymptotic values of soliton parameters Phys. 74, 145 (2002) as well as the field profile in the non-solitons regime at [2] C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, in Proceedings IEEE large distances of propagation. International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Proceedings (Bangalore) (IEEE, New York, 1984), pp. 175–179; S. Wiesner, SIGACT News 15, 78 (1983). AOS PWE 38 [3] T.C. Ralph, Phys. Rev. A 61, 010303 (1999). [4] Our work has been accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett. Planar Microcavity Modes Observed (ls9383 2004). in Woodpile Type Void Channel Photonic Crystal Lattices AOS PWE 40 Michael James Ventura, Martin Straub and Min Gu Small Quantum Circuits for Optical Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology and Quantum Computing Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems. T. J. Weinhold, J. L. O’Brien, G. J. Pryde and A. G. White Hawthorn,VIC Australia. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Department of mventura@swin.edu.au Physics, The University of Queensland Woodpile-type photonic crystals consisting of stacks of e-mail of corresponding author: weinhold@physics.uq.edu.au submicron-size void channels generated in a transparent The recent demonstration of a non-deterministic two- solid polymer using femtosecond-pulsed focused laser photon controlled-NOT gate[1,2] paves the way for the light feature pronounced photonic bandgaps at mid- realisation of simple quantum circuits[3]. We have infrared wavelengths[1,2]. The introduction of localised designed and experimentally implemented an microcavities into these structures is an important step interferometer-free simplified CNOT gate operating towards the realisation of photonic crystal micro-devices. according to the same principles. The advantage comes Here we report on woodpile-type photonic crystal from using custom-designed partially polarising beam structures with planar microcavities. Woodpile-type cavity splitters that operate asymmetrically on the two structures were fabricated, then examined polarisation modes of the qubits. We describe the spectroscopically and exhibited a sharp mode peak in performance of this CNOT gate in isolation and in simple transmission within the main photonic bandgap. By quantum circuits designed to generate multi-qubit cluster varying the planar cavity height, the position of the peak state entanglement. Cluster state generation is the starting could be tuned throughout the bandgap. point for measurement based optical quantum [1] M. J. Ventura, M. Straub, and M. Gu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, computing[4]. 1649 (2003). [1] J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, A G White, T C Ralph and D Branning, [2] M. Straub, M. Ventura, and M. Gu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, Nature 426, 264 (2003) 043901 (2003). [2] J L O’Brien, G J Pryde, A Gilchrist, D F V James, N K Langford, T C Ralph and A G White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 080502 (2004) AOS PWE 39 [3] T C Ralph, Phys. Rev. A 70, 012312 (2004) [4] M A Nielsen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 040503 (2004) Quantum Cryptography without Switching of Measurement Basis AOS PWE 41 C. Weedbrook1, A. M. Lance1, W.P. Bowen1, T. Symul1, T.C. Ralph2, and P.K. Lam1 Atom Interferometry with an 1. Quantum Optics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty Asymmetric Double-well Potential of Science, Australian National University, ACT, Australia; S. M. Whitlock, F. Scharnberg, B. J. Dalton, T. Kieu, B. R. 2. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Hall, R. J. McLean, P. Hannaford and A. I. Sidorov Queensland, Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Centre e-mail of corresponding author: Ping.Lam@anu.edu.au for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne Quantum cryptography[1] is a form of secret University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC communication between two parties that guarantees e-mail of corresponding author: swhitlock@swin.edu.au absolute security. The original quantum cryptography The creation of Bose-Einstein condensates using scheme was developed in 1984 which utilised discrete [2] microfabricated magnetic structures has stimulated avariables while a continuous variable version was [3] great interest towards the implementation of an on-chipconceived in 1999 . One common step of both these atom interferometer. We discuss the effect of asymmetric protocols involves the random switching of measurement potentials on single atom double-well interferometry. A bases by one party. We present a new continuous variable small asymmetric component to the double-well potential quantum cryptography protocol that does not require has a negative influence on interference contrast. A Bloch random switching. Furthermore we show that the sphere model adequately describes the dynamics of the elimination of switching results in a significantly higher interferometer within the two-mode approximation. Full secret key rate than any other known quantum [4] numerical simulations of the time-dependent Schrödingercryptographic protocol . equation highlight multi-mode effects. The study finds optimal conditions for splitting and recombination processes for a broad range of asymmetries. 130 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS PWE 42 AOS PWE 44 Towards Robust Quantum Feedback Modulational Instability in the Control for Cooling and Confinement Nonlocal (2- model S.D.Wilson and M.R.James J. Wyller1, W.Krolikowski2, O. Bang3, D.E. Petersen2 and Department of Engineering, Australian National University, J. J. Rasmussen4 Canberra 1. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, e-mail of corresponding author: Stuart.Wilson@anu.edu.au Agricultural University of Norway, Ås, Norway; 2. Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences and The continuous position measurement of an atom in a Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT cavity is described by a stochastic master equation Australia; 3. Research Center COM, Technical University of (SME), and under a gaussianity assumptions, is described Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; 4. Risø National Laboratory, by the evolution of a five parameter gaussian state[1]. Optics and Plasma, Research Department, Roskilde, Denmark There exists an exact correspondence with the LQG e-mail of corresponding author: john.wyller@imt.nlh.no problem[2], for which the Kalman filter, or best state estimate, is the solution. Here the SME corresponds to the We investigate the modulational instability (MI) properties2 Kalman filter for a classical particle in a noisy potential of the plane waves of the nonlocal χ – model formulated[1] with a noisy signal. Classical robust control is applied to by Nikolov et. al. as a function of the effective degree of the corresponding classical system, while a quantum nonlocality and the squared normalized carrier wave formulation of robust control[3] is applied to the SME. A number. Regions in the parameter space for which distinction is noted in the resulting modified Kalman filters. fundamental gain band, higher order gain bands and modulational stability exist are identified. The stability [1] A.C. Doherty and K. Jacobs, Phys. Rev. A,60, 2700 (1999) results are shown to be consistent with MI of the full χ2– [2] H. Wiseman and A.C.Doherty, arXiv:quantum-ph/0408099, model by means of a singular perturbational approach. Sept. (2004) [1] N .I. Nikolov, D. Neshev, O. Bang and W. Krolikowski, [3] M.R. James, Phys. Rev. A, 69, 032108 (2004) Phys.Rev.E 68 036614 (2003) AOS PWE 43 Collapsing Bose-Einstein Condensates beyond the Gross- Pitaevskii Approximation S. Wüster1,2, J.J. Hope1,2, M.J. Davis1,3, B.Blakie4 and C.M. Savage1,2 1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics; 2. Department of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia; 3. School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 4. Physics Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand e-mail of corresponding author: sebastian.wuester@anu.edu.au We investigate the collapse of a 85Rb Bose-Einstein condensate, controlled by a Feshbach resonance[1], by numerically solving the equations of motion for the lowest order correlation functions in a case with spherical symmetry[2] as well as treating the condensate in the truncated Wigner approximation[3]. We are motivated by the observation, that the discrepancy between predictions of the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation and experimental results for the collapse time could be attributed to the stronger mean field interaction between condensed and uncondensed atoms[4]. Our results show, that for realistic temperatures collapse occurs slightly accelerated, but exclude the explanation of the discrepancy as a finite temperature effect. Thus an open question remains: what explains the deviation of the measured collapse times from those predicted by GP theory? [1] E.A. Donley et al., Nature, 412, 295 (2001) [2] J.N. Milstein et al., New. J. Phys., 5 52 (2003) [3] M.J. Steel et al., Phys. Rev. A, 58, 4824 (1998) [4] C.M. Savage et al., Phys. Rev. A, 67, 014304 (2003) Congress Handbook and Abstracts 131 AOS WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Joint AOS/AMPQC Session AOS THA14 Thursday 1140–1200 hrs AOS THA11 Limits to the Flux of a Continuous Thursday 1040–1120 hrs Atom Laser New Physics with Degenerate N.P. Robins, A. Morrison and J.D. Close Fermi Gases ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, G.V. Shlyapnikov Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Laboratoire Physique Th\’eorique et Mod\`eles Statistiques, Canberra, ACT Australia Universit\’e Paris Sud, B\^at. Orsay Cedex, France e-mail of corresponding author: nick.robins@anu.edu.au Van der Waals—Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, We present a detailed study of a quasi-continuous atom The Netherlands laser derived from a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). A I will discuss two-component ultracold atomic Fermi previous investigation revealed that there is a trade off gases, on both sides of the Feshbach resonance for the between flux and fluctuations in an atom laser due to interspecies interaction. On the side where the scattering complex interactions between the BEC and atom laser length is positive, fermionic atoms of different species output[1]. A recent upgrade of our BEC apparatus has form weakly bound (vibrationally excited) molecules. I will allowed us to extend this work into the weak-coupling show how the interaction between these bosonic regime of a quasi-continuous atom laser, allowing us to molecules provides their remarkable collisional stability test the flux-limiting hypothesis of our previous strong and supports Bose-Einstein condensation, observed in coupling studies. recent experiments. I then turn to mixtures of heavy and [1] Fluctuations and flux: The limits of multistate atom lasers, N. P. light fermions, such as fermionic isotopes of K and Li. Robins , C. M. Savage , J. J. Hope , J. E. Lye , C. S. Fletcher , S. A. Haine , and J. D. Close, Phys. Rev. A 69 , 051602 (2004) I will demonstrate that for a very large scattering length for the interaction between heavy and light atoms, the light fermions mediate an attractive long-range interaction AOS THA15 between the heavy atoms, which provides new Thursday 1200–1220 hrs possibilities for superfluid pairing and phase transition. Dynamical Tunneling with Bose- Einstein Condensates on Atom Chips AOS THA13 Thursday 1120–1140 hrs M. Lenz, M. J. Davis, G. J. Milburn, and C. A. Holmes School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, See AMPQC THA13 Brisbane, Australia Reflection of Dilute Gas Bose- e-mail of corresponding author: mdavis@physics.uq.edu.au Einstein Condensates off a Silicon A generic feature of conservative classical dynamical Surface systems with two or more degrees of freedom is that their 1 2 2 trajectories form complicated phase-space structuresA.M. Martin , R.G. Scott , T.M. Fromhold and 2 where chaos and regular motion are closely intertwined.F.W. Sheard Among these structures are islands of regular motion that a classical system can not escape from but between which a quantum particle may tunnel. Dynamical tunneling of ultra-cold atoms in standing wave has previously been observed[1,2] but deep inside the quantum dynamical regime. Here we investigate the prospects for improved experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates on atom chips that are closer to the classical regime. In particular we concentrate on the effect of classical chaos on the tunnelling, an issue of some controversy in the literature[3]. [1] W. K. Hensinger et al., Nature 412, 52 (2001). [2] D. A. Steck, W. H. Oskay, and M. G. Raizen, Science 293, 274 (2001). [3] A. Mouchet and D. Delalande, Phys. Rev. E 67, 046216 (2003) and references within. 132 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS THA21 AOS THA23 Thursday 1400–1420 hrs Thursday 1440–1500 hrs Stable Phase Imaging and Impurity Centers in Solids: Measurement Suppression and Enhancement of Alexei Gilchrist1,2, Michael Harvey1, and Matrix Induced Dephasing in Strong Andrew G. White1,2 Optical Fields 1. Department of Physics, The University of Queensland; T. Plakhotnik 2. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, The University School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, of Queensland St Lucia e-mail of corresponding author: alexei@physics.uq.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: taras@physics.uq.edu.au We present a novel interferometer based on polarising Linewidths of impurity centers (ICs) in solids are broaden beam-displacers which enjoys common-mode rejection to due to dephasing. One part of this dephasing determines translation of any constituent element in any direction. the lifetime-limited linewidth 1/T1. A second contribution toConsequently it has unparalleled stability without active the dephasing 1/T* is due to fluctuations in the locking. Further, the design has demonstrated intrinsically 2surrounding matrix. The total dephasing rate 1/T* = high visibility; we achieved visibilities of up to 99.6% in 21/(2T ) + 1/T* and a Rabi frequency Ω enter the optical less than half a day from initial setup. Using our 1 2 RBloch equations which describe an IC interacting with a interferometer we implement a fringeless phase imaging laser field. However, if 1/Ω is comparable to the technique based on taking Stokes’ images[1]. We obtained Rcorrelation time of the matrix fluctuations, the Bloch phase profiles of a number of objects, including a equations break down. The measurements were done hologram used to generate optical vortices. From these [2] using single molecule spectroscopy. It is essential forwe estimate the resolution of the technique to be _/100 . interpretation, that contributions to the signal from [1] G.G. Stokes, Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical molecules which have different transition frequencies do Society 9, 339 (1852). not obscure the effect. [2] A. Gilchrist, M. D. Harvey, and A.G. White, (in preparation) 2004. AOS THA24 AOS THA22 Thursday 1500–1540 hrs Thursday 1420–1440 hrs When is a Transparent Particle not Experimental Study of Full-field Transparent? Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence S Pleasants and D M Kane Tomography Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney, A. V. Zvyagin1,2, P. Blazkiewicz1, P. M. Gourlay1, NSW, Australia J. R. Tucker2, A. D. Rakic2, M. Gujrathi2 e-mail of corresponding author: debkane@physics.mq.edu.au 1. Centre for Biophotonics and Laser Science, Physics, The Experimental laser cleaning of micron and sub-micron University of Queensland, Brisbane; 2. School of Information sized, spherical, silica particles from silica surfaces, using Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of a UV pulsed excimer laser (KrF at 248 nm) have clearly Queensland, Brisbane shown the silica particles are highly absorbing, contrary to e-mail of corresponding author: zvyagin@physics.uq.edu.au expectation based on the bulk material properties of silica. We report a new approach in optical coherence This is a positive result for developing methodologies for tomography (OCT) termed full-field Fourier-domain OCT removing and manipulating small particles, including (3F-OCT)[1]. A three-dimensional image of the sample is nano-particles, of “transparent” materials on surfaces. obtained by digital reconstruction of a three-dimensional When the propagation of the UV laser radiation by the data cube acquired using a Fourier digital holography particle is modelled appropriately the high absorption is recording system illuminated with a frequency-tunable as predicted theoretically. The different optical properties (swept) laser source. A 3D-imaging performance of this of small particles is a subject of interest to system is demonstrated. Also, this paper presents nanotechnology. theoretical and experimental study of signal-to-noise ratio of the full-field approach versus serial image acquisition approach, represented by 3F-OCT and “flying-spot” OCT systems, respectively. [1] A. V. Zvyagin, Opt. Comm., in press (2004). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 133 AOS THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS THA31 AOS THA33 Thursday 1620–1640 hrs Thursday 1700–1720 hrs Squeezing in the Audio Gravitational Classical Robustness of Quantum Wave Detection Band Unravellings Kirk McKenzie1, Nicolai Grosse2, Stanley E. Whitcomb3, D.J. Atkins1,2, Z. Brady1, K. Jacobs1,2 and Malcolm B. Gray1, Warwick P. Bowen2, David E. H.M. Wiseman1,2 McClelland1 and Ping Koy Lam2 1. Centre for Quantum Dynamics, School of Science; 1. Center for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics, 2. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Griffith Faculty of Science, Australian National University, ACT, University, Brisbane Australia; 2. Quantum Optics Group, Department of Physics, e-mail of corresponding author: D.Atkins@griffith.edu.au Faculty of Science, Australian National University, ACT, Australia; 3. LIGO Laboratory, Californian Institute of In this work, we introduce three measures which quantify Technology, Pasadena, California, USA the degree to which quantum systems possess the e-mail of corresponding author: kirk.mckenzie@anu.edu.au robustness exhibited by classical systems when subjected to continuous observation. We apply these measures to Low frequency squeezing can improve the sensitivity of two canonical systems (a single particle undergoing audio frequency measuring devices such as gravitational quantum Brownian motion and a two level atom in a wave detectors. We demonstrate the generation of broad- cavity). Using these two systems, we show that for a fixed band continuous-wave optical squeezing down to 280Hz environmental interaction, the level of robustness depends using a below threshold optical parametric oscillator on the measurement strategy, or unravelling and that no (OPO). We show that low frequency noise sources, such single strategy is maximally robust in all ways. We also as seed noise, pump noise and detuning fluctuations, apply this work to the feedback control of a quantum present in squeezed states generated by optical system. parametric amplifiers have negligible effect on squeezing produced by a below threshold OPO. AOS THA34 AOS THA32 Thursday 1720–1740 hrs Thursday 1640–1700 hrs Population Inversion in a Strongly Universality for Quantum Driven Two-level System Computation of Many-Body Systems Andrew C. Doherty1 , T. M. Stace2 and S. D. Barrett3 with Fast Local Control 1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Australia; 2. DAMTP, University of Cambridge, J.L. Dodd1, M.J. Bremner1, M.A. Nielsen2, and D. Bacon3 Wilberforce Rd, UK; 3. Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Filton 1. School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, Road, Stoke Gifford Bristol UK Brisbane; 2. School of Physical Sciences and School of e-mail of corresponding author: doherty@physics.uq.edu.au Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane; 3. Institute for Quantum Efforts to find suitable physical systems for quantum Information, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena information processing have renewed interest in driven two-level systems. For example, a recent experiment e-mail of corresponding author: jdodd@physics.uq.edu.au investigated microwave driving of a single electron in a An important question in quantum information theory is, double quantum dot[1]. In contrast to atomic systems, a “What types of quantum dynamics are universal for regime where the Rabi frequency is comparable to the quantum computation?” A good understanding of the level splitting is readily achieved, requiring a more general answer will contribute to the practical design of quantum analysis than standard quantum optical treatments. One computers, as well as providing insight into the physics result is that the system couples to its environment at of information. widely separated frequencies. We show that the strong I present simple criteria for when a quantum system frequency dependence of coupling to phonons provides a evolving under a fixed Hamiltonian can quantum compute. possible mechanism for the population inversion observed Specifically, a Hamiltonian acting on n systems of experimentally[1]. dimension d is universal for quantum computation (given [1] J. R. Petta, A. C. Johnson, C. M. Marcus, M. P. Hanson and A. fast local control) provided it can create entanglement C. Gossard, arXiv: cond-mat/0408139. between any two of the systems. Our techniques provide a constructive approach to performing quantum computation with such systems. [1] M.J. Bremner, J.L. Dodd, M.A. Nielsen, D. Bacon, Phys. Rev. A, 69, 012313 (2004) [2] M.J. Bremner, D. Bacon, M.A. Nielsen, arXiv:quant-ph/0405115 (2004) 134 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS THA35 AOS FRA12 Thursday 1740–1800 hrs Friday 0840–0900 hrs Quantum Nondemolition Ultra High Throughput Optical Measurement of the Polarisation Fiber Probes of a Single Photon S.T. Huntington1, B.C. Gibson1, S.P. Prawer1, J.D. Love2, J. L. O’Brien1,2, G. J. Pryde1,2, S. D. Bartlett2, J. Canning3, K. Lyytikainen3, A. Lewis4, S. P. Jarvis5 T. C. Ralph1,2 and A. G. White1,2 1. NANO-MRNF, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology; 2. School of Australia; 2. Applied Photonics Group, RSPSE, Australian Physical Sciences—The University of Queensland, Australia National University, Australia; 3. Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; 4. Centre of e-mail of corresponding author: job@physics.uq.edu.au Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Hebrew University, Measuring the polarisation of a single photon typically Jerusalem, Israel; 5. SFI Physics Department, Trinity College, results in its destruction. We propose, demonstrate, and Dublin, Ireland completely characterise a quantum non-demolition (QND) email of corresponding author: shaneth@unimelb.edu.au scheme for realising such a measurement non- During the course of the past 20 years, the Near-field destructively[1]. This scheme uses only linear optics and Scanning Optical Microscope (NSOM) has undergone photo-detection of ancillary modes to induce a strong non- numerous improvements. However, the near-field probe linearity at the single photon level, non-deterministically. itself still represents the limiting component for the system. We vary this QND measurement continuously into the We tackle the issue of excessive loss by reducing the weak regime, and use it to perform a non-destructive test interaction between the transmitted light and the probes of complementarity in quantum mechanics. Our scheme metal coating. Using a combination of Holey Fibre realises the most advanced general measurement of a technology and a new type of fibre called a Fractal Fibre qubit: it is non-destructive, can be made in any basis, and we have fabricated a prototype of a new type of ultra high with arbitrary strength. throughput probe that will maximize the potential of the [1] G J Pryde, J L O’Brien, A G White, S D Bartlett and T C Ralph, Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 190402 (2004) AOS FRA11 AOS FRA13 Friday 0900–0920 hrs Friday 0820–0840 hrs Fabrication of Large Aperture Fabry TEM10 Homodyne as an Optimal Perot Etalons with Sub-nanometer Small Displacement Measurement Thickness Uniformity Scheme V. Delaubert, M.T.L. Hsu, W.P. Bowen, H.-A. Bachor and J. Seckold, E. Puhanic, W. Stuart, K. Green, S. Dligatch, P.K. Lam M. Gross, N. Pereira, R. Netterfield, B. Oreb, D. Farrant, I. Underhill, J. Arkwright Australian Centre for Quantum-Atom Optics, Department of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: ping.lam@anu.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: john.arkwright@csiro.au Using multi-modal analysis, we derive a quantum noise Large aperture Lithium Niobate etalons are being limit (QNL) for optical beam displacement. We present a increasingly used for Solar imaging spectroscopy. Lithium scheme, involving the homodyne detection of higher order Niobate is a preferred material because it can be tuned Hermite-Gauss modes, for the optimum measurement of electrically; however, it is notoriously difficult to polish to small displacement at the QNL. In the case of Gaussian sufficient flatness. Variations in thickness cause the TEM beam displacement, homodyne detection with a transmitted wavelength to vary across the etalon aperture, 00TEM01 mode local oscillator is demonstrated to behence causing drop outs in the recorded image, and the optimal[1]. We also show that displacement measurement effect is exacerbated when multiple etalons are cascaded using split detectors, which is the conventional method for to increase the spectral selectivity. We demonstrate a beam displacement measurements, is not optimal. Finally, process of polishing and subsequent surface correction we show that using squeezed light of appropriate spatial that can provide substrates with sub-nanometre rms mode the QNL for beam displacement can be surpassed thickness uniformity suitable for use in tandem etalon allowing sensitivity beyond the diffraction limit of light[2–4]. configurations. [1] M.T.L.Hsu, V.Delaubert, P.K.Lam and W.P.Bowen ; quant- ph/0407209. [2] N.Treps, U.Andersen, B.C.Buchler, P.K.Lam, A.Maitre, H.- A.Bachor and C.Fabre, Phys.Rev.Lett., 88, 203601 (2002). [3] N.Treps, N.Grosse, W.P.Bowen, C.Fabre, H.-A.Bachor and P.K.Lam, Science, 301, 940 (2003). [4] N.Treps, N.Grosse, W.P.Bowen, M.T.L.Hsu, A.Maitre, C.Fabre, H.-A.Bachor and P.K.Lam, J.Opt.B 8, 664 (2004). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 135 AOS FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS FRA14 AOS FRA23 Friday 0920–1000 hrs Friday 1120–1140 hrs Optical Phased Array Technology Relativistically Invariant Quantum Development Information Paul. F. McManamon Stephen D. Bartlett1 and Daniel R. Terno2 Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright- 1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Patterson Air Force Base, OH Australia; 2. Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, e-mail of corresponding author: paul.mcmanamon@wpafb.af.mil Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Optical phased arrays can provide random access beam e-mail of corresponding author: bartlett@physics.uq.edu.au steering with no moving parts. Traditionally microwave Relativistic effects have been shown to have a deleterious phased arrays use individual transmit / receive modules. effect on quantum information. We show that relativistically Due to a 4 orders of magnitude change in wavelength it is invariant quantum information can be encoded into easier to implement one dimensional phase shifters to entangled states of multiple, indistinguishable particles steer an optical beam which has already been formed. with well-defined momenta using the techniques of The main method used for phase modulation has been noiseless subsystems. This encoding allows any inertial liquid crystal technology due to the large available change observer to prepare and manipulate quantum information in index of refraction. Other approaches, such as micro- in a way that is independent of their particular frame of mirrors can also be used. It is difficult to obtain half reference. In particular, two observers can share wavelength spacing of controllable apertures so basic entanglement and thus perform any quantum information non-mechanical steering approaches are limited to < 10 processing task (teleportation, communication, etc.) degrees. Holographic glass or bi-refringent prisms, or without sharing a reference frame. We consider both other techniques, are then used to increase the angle over massive spin-1/2 particles and massless photons. which we can provide random access non-mechanical [1] A. Peres and D. R. Terno, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 93 (2004). beam steering. Over 40 degrees steering in one direction [2] S. D. Bartlett, T. Rudolph and R. W. Spekkens, Phys. Rev. Lett. has been demonstrated. The largest continuous beam 91, 027901 (2003). steering angles have been about a 45 degree by 45 [3] S. D. Bartlett and D. R. Terno, quant-ph/0403014. degree field of regard. Non-mechanical techniques used to steer the beams are limited to relatively small apertures. We anticipate scaling of individual apertures no larger AOS FRA24 then 5–7 cm in one dimension. We are now working on Friday 1140–1200 hrs sub-aperture approaches to allow scaling to arbitrarily The Preferred Ensemble Fact with large apertures. Applications to Quantum Feedback Control AOS FRA21 H. M. Wiseman1, A. C. Doherty2, and J. A. Vaccaro3 Friday 1040–1120 hrs 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Centre for Quantum Trajectory Treatment of the Quantum Dynamics, School of Science, Griffith University, Continuous Variable Teleportation of Brisbane; 2. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane; 3. Division of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum Fields University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK H.J. Carmichael, Hyunchul Nha, A. Chia, C.S. Noh, and e-mail of corresponding author: H.Wiseman@griffith.edu.au M.J. Collett The preferred ensemble fallacy[1] is that a mixed Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, quantum state ρ should be represented by one particular New Zealand ensemble (E = {(ψk,℘k):k = 1L K}) satisfying e-mail of corresponding author: h.carmichael@auckland.ac.nz K ρ = Σ ℘k|ψk〉〈ψk|, rather than any one of the infinitude A treatment of continuous variable teleportation within k=l quantum trajectory theory is presented, which includes of other ensembles satisfying this. For open quantum (1) continuous generation of broadband squeezed light, systems at steady state, obeying ρ = Lρ = 0, there is a (2) continuous measurements by Alice and Victor and preferred ensemble fact: only some ensembles are continuous dispersal of Alice’s measurement results to physically realizable. That is, it is only some ensembles for Bob, and (3) photocurrents and photocounts realized as which an observer can know at all times which pure state classical measurement records (time series of real |ψk〉 the system is in; and ℘k is the proportion of time the numbers), explicitly distinguished from quantum operators system spends in pure state |ψk〉. This fact has and quantum states. Stochastic Schrödinger equations are applications in quantum feedback control of LQG (linear derived to treat filtered homodyne, heterodyne, and quadratic gaussian) systems [3]. photoelectron counting measurements by Victor. The [1] P. Kok and S.L. Braunstein, Phys. Rev. A 61, 042304 (2000). formalism is applied to the teleportation of a quantum field [2] H.M. Wiseman and J.A. Vaccaro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 240402 (e.g. resonance fluorescence), where the evaluation of (2001). successful teleportation is made in terms of Victor’s [3] H. M. Wiseman, and A. C. Doherty, quant-ph/0408099 measured first- and second-order statistics. 136 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS FRA25 AOS FRF22 Friday 1200–1220 hrs Friday 1100–1120 hrs Quantum Logic in a Decoherence- Design of an Optical Filter for suppressed Subspace with Atomic Suppression of Higher Order Modes Qubits in High Power Continuous Wave Peter G. Brooke1, Karl-Peter Marzlin2, and Lasers Barry C. Sanders1,2 Pablo Barriga1, Chunnong Zhao2, Andrew Woolley1, 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Macquarie David G. Blair1 University, Sydney; 2. Institute for Quantum Information 1. Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, Science, University of Calgary, Calgary Crawley, WA Australia; 2. Computer and Information Science, e-mail of corresponding author: pgb@ics.mq.edu.au Edith Cowan University, Mount Lawley, WA, Australia We investigate encoding and manipulating a logical qubit Reducing temporal and spatial instabilities in continuous constructed from physical qubits comprised of electric- wave lasers has special importance when applied to dipole coupled two-level atoms, which admit a gravitational wave detectors. In this paper we present the decoherence-free subspace (DFS). We examine three effects of using a three mirror resonant vibration isolated atoms and use two-photon Raman transitions to perform optical filter for the suppression of higher order modes in arbitary rotations within a DFS. We give timescales for continuous laser beams. The use of a triangular ring cavity quantum information processing tasks outside the Dicke presents some advantages, but creates some new limit, without making the restrictive assumption of nearest- challenges. We quantify the astigmatism produced inside neighbour coupling, and relate these timescales to the the cavity due to the thermal effects induced in the mirrors limiting DF case. Although we employ an atomic model for and the effect on the suppression of the higher order creating and transforming a qubit, our results are relevant modes. The suspension system designed for this optical to generic techniques for exploiting decoherence-free filter is also presented. subspaces for qubits. AOS FRF23 AOS FRF21 Friday 1120–1140 hrs Friday 1040–1100 hrs Solid-state Raman Lasers: Efficient 10W, Single Frequency, CW Nd:YAG Multi-wavelength Lasers for the Laser Green-yellow-red Region David J. Hosken1, Damien Mudge1, Peter J. Veitch1, H.M. Pask, R.P. Mildren, J.A. Piper Jesper Munch1, Kohei Takeno2 Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney 1. Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, SA, e-mail of corresponding author: hpask@ics.mq.edu.au Australia; 2. Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Japan Diode-pumped solid-state Raman lasers are a versatile e-mail: david.hosken@adelaide.edu.au class of pulsed (multi-kilohertz) laser devices, well-suited to accessing the “hard to reach” yellow-orange spectral We describe the development and characterisation of a region. We report on an intracavity Raman laser based on 10W cw Nd:YAG travelling-wave laser[1] that is injection- Nd:YAG which produce average output powers up to 1.8W locked to produce a low noise, single frequency, at 579nm, conversion efficiencies up to 8% with respect to diffraction limited TEM00 output[2,3]. The 10W slave laser diode output power, output which is easily selectable uses the side pumped, top and bottom cooled, coplanar between 532nm, 555nm, 579nm and 605nm. We present folded zigzag slab (CPFS) architecture[4] and has been our results with an emphasis on highlighting the optimised for portability and reliability. This laser is used at underlying physics and key design considerations for this the high power test facility of the Australian Consortium for class of laser devices. Interferometric Gravitational Astronomy (ACIGA), with another version to be installed on the Japanese TAMA long-baseline gravitational wave interferometer. We shall report on laser performance including amplitude and frequency stability. [1] D.J. Hosken, D. Mudge, C. Hollitt, K. Takeno, P.J. Veitch, M.W. Hamilton and J. Munch, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 151, 216, 2003. [2] D.J. Ottaway, P.J. Veitch, M.W. Hamilton, C. Hollitt, D. Mudge and J. Munch, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 2006, 1998. [3] D.J Ottaway, P.J. Veitch, C. Hollitt, D. Mudge, M.W Hamilton and J. Munch, Appl. Physics B, 71, 163, 2000. [4] J. Richards and A. McInnes, Opt. Lett. 20, 371, 1995. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 137 AOS FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics AOS FRF24 AOS FRF25 Friday 1140–1200 hrs Friday 1200–1220 hrs Stimulated Raman Gain Cavity First Lock of an 80m Baseline Ringdown (SRG-CRD) Spectroscopy Suspended Fabry-Perot Cavity for High-Resolution Gas Sensing Bram J. J. Slagmolen F.V. Englich, Y. He and B.J. Orr on behalf of the Australian Consortium for Interferometric Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie University, Gravitational Astronomy Sydney, NSW University of Western Australia, Department of Physics, Crawley WA, Australia. e-mail of corresponding author: brian.orr@mq.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: bram@cyllene.uwa.edu.au A new form of high-resolution continuous-wave (cw) laser spectroscopy employs a cavity ringdown (CRD) In this paper we report on the first lock of the High Optical technique[1] for the first time to detect stimulated Raman Power Test Facility’s 77~m long suspended Fabry-Perot gain (SRG) effects[2]. Two cw laser beams (pump and cavity. Two suspended cavity mirrors were installed into Stokes) are overlapped in the gas-phase sample. The the large vacuum envelope. Lock was achieved by mode- resulting SRG is probed by CRD at the Stokes wavelength matching a 500~mW Nd:YAG NPRO onto a pre-mode of a cw tunable diode laser. The ringdown cavity is located cleaner, the output of which was then mode-matched to inside the ring cavity of a cw Nd:YAG laser, to enhance the suspended cavity. The longitudinal control of the the pump power. This novel SRG-CRD approach extends suspended cavity was done by keeping the cavity the scope of CRD spectroscopy. It is demonstrated by resonant by feeding back to the laser frequency actuator. recording molecular rovibrational Raman spectra of Further implementation of the auto-alignment of the input methane gas. beam onto the suspended cavity enhanced the stability of the circulating power inside the cavity. Preliminary results [1] Y. He and B.J. Orr, Appl. Phys. B, 75, 267 (2002) will be presented. [2] P. Esherick and A. Owyoung, Advan. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, 9, 130 (1982) 138 Congress Handbook and Abstracts AOS FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Astronomy (ASA) telescopes , such as the proposed 25-metre GiantMagellan Telescope Antarctica. In partnership with international teams, plans are also being developed ASA THF11 to deploy an infrared interferometer and a robotic terahertz observatory. Thursday 1040–1100 hrs Interferometric Gravitational Wave ASA THF14 Antenna Thursday 1140–1200 hrs D.E. McClelland Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics, The ELTs: The Next Generation of Australian National University, Canberra Extremely Large Optical/Infrared e-mail of corresponding author: David.McClelland@anu.edu.au Telescopes Long baseline laser interferometer type gravitational wave Warrick Couch detectors are now on line in the USA, and Europe. With School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney upgrades to these instruments over the next few years, e-mail of corresponding author: w.couch@unsw.edu.au direct detection of gravity waves will occur opening the Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) represent the next new field of gravitational wave astronomy. I will outline quantum leap forward in optical/infrared telescope design Australian partnership in this endeavour, the case and and light-gathering capability. Their enormous main conditions for a southern hemisphere antenna and a mirrors, anticipated to be 20–100 meters in diameter, will possible timescale for its construction. collect 10–100 times as much light as the world’s largest existing telescopes, and will produce images far sharper ASA THF12 than those of the Hubble Space Telescope. They will be Thursday 1100–1120 hrs able to see the first stars forming in the universe billions of years ago and search out Earth-like planets around Future High Energy Cosmic Ray nearby stars for signs of life. This talk will describe the Detection Facilities already significant steps that have been taken to design Roger Clay and build ELTs, focussing on the several major international consortia that have formed so far, the The study of high energy cosmic rays should have deep concepts they have developed, and the opportunities this relevance to the broad spread of astrophysics. Cosmic presents for Australia to become a key player in ELT rays are believed to originate in the most exotic objects, technological and scientific development. and they interact with many of the key fields in the universe. At modest energies their sources may well be in supernovae, and the particles interact symbiotically with ASA THF15 galactic magnetic fields. At the highest energies, AGN are Thursday 1200–1220 hrs prime source candidates, and the particles are expected to interact strongly with the CMB. The Square Kilometre Array and the Next Generation Radio Telescope Our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays is limited by a paucity of observed particles above an Brian Boyle energy of 1019 eV. The deficiency is being addressed The Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO through the Pierre Auger Project and planned space e-mail of corresponding author: bboyle@csiro.au missions. This talk will briefly address the physics to be Australia stands poised to benefit from a once-in-a-lifetime studied at the highest particle energies known in Nature, opportunity to play a leading role, and potentially host, one and will look at the new facilities for those studies. of the major scientific facilities of the 21st century. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is a 16-nation project to ASA THF13 builda USD1b radio-telescope that will explore stategic Thursday 1120–1140 hrs advances in ICT technology and provide a scientific facility capable of answering fundamental questions on the nature Antarctic Astronomy of matter and energy and the history of the Universe. J.W.V. Storey, M.C.B. Ashley, M.G. Burton & J.L. Lawrence Australia has already established technology leadership, School of Physics, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia science leadership and site advantage. Over the next two years, Australia is building the MNRF-funded New e-mail of corresponding author: j.storey@unsw.edu.au Technology Demonstrator radio telescope (with a planned The recent discovery that the world’s best optical/infrared upgrade to increase the scientific utility of this telescope). observing sites lie within the Australian Antarctic Territory To be sited in Western Australia, this telescope will serve creates a remarkable opportunity for Australia. Plans are as a demonstrator for the SKA Pathfinder Telescope—an now well advanced to deploy PILOT, a 2-metre internationally funded USD100–200Million telescope optical/infrared telescope to Dome C, Antarctica. Despite scheduled for construction 2008–11. The USD1 Billion SKA its modest size, PILOT will take advantage of the will follow the pathfinder telescope, and is scheduled for exceptionally good observing conditions to address some construction in the middle of the next decade. of the most pressing questions of modern astrophysics. PILOT also serves as a pathfinder for future large Congress Handbook and Abstracts 139 ASA THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics JOINT ASA/ASRG SESSION widely distributed on the sky can detect GW in the range 10–8–10–6 Hz range, complementing the laser ASA THF21 interferometer systems. Pulsar timing array observations Thursday 1400–1420 hrs using the Parkes 64-m radio telescope have recently commenced, with a sample of about 15 millisecond See ASGRG THF21 pulsars. Timing precisions as good as 100 ns are being Testing Foundations of Physics in achieved with some of these pulsars. After 3–5 years, these observations should have the sensitivity to detect Space—and European Plans in This the a stochastic background of GW. The dominant Matter component of this background probably originates from Martin C.E. Huber super-massive black-hole binary systems in the centre of galaxies throughout the Universe. ASA THF22 Thursday 1420–1440 hrs ASA THF25 Thursday 1520–1540 hrs See ASGRG THF22 Pulsar Timing and General Relativity The Current Status of LIGO Matthew Bailes David H. Reitze Radio pulsars are exquisite clocks, with their immense moments of inertia and relatively small braking torques. ASA THF23 I will describe how new instrumentation is being used Thursday 1440–1500 hrs to measure the pulse arrival times to astounding accuracies that are enabling new tests of General See ASGRG THF23 Relativity and the search for a cosmological background Correlated Global Noise in of gravitational waves. Gravitational Wave Astronomy Susan M. Scott, Antony C. Searle and Karl W. Wette ASA THF24 Thursday 1500–1520 hrs Detection of Gravitational Waves Using a Pulsar Timing Array R N Manchester1, F A Jenet2 and G B Hobbs1 1. Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, Sydney; 2. Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Texas, Brownsville e-mail of corresponding author: dick.manchester@csiro.au Theories of gravitation predict that accelerating masses will emit gravitational waves (GW). Although pulsars have provided indirect evidence for GW, up to now there has been no direct detection. Ground-based laser interferometer systems such as LIGO have the potential to detect GW in the frequency range 10–1000 Hz and space- based laser systems such as LISA are sensitive in the 10–5–10–3 Hz range. Millisecond pulsars are very stable clocks. Timing observations of an array of such pulsars 140 Congress Handbook and Abstracts ASA THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Relativity and Gravitation ASGRG TUE13 (ASGRG) Tuesday 1120–1140 hrs Advanced Interferometry for ASGRG TUE11 Gravitational Wave Detection Tuesday 1040–1100 hrs Mal Gray AIGO: The Australian International CGP, Department of Physics, Australian National University, Gravitational Observatory Canberra e-mail of corresponding author: mal.gray@anu.edu.au David Blair We report on experimental developments at the ANU Australian International Gravitational Research Centre, School of Physics, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA Centre for Gravitational Physics utilising advanced interferometric techniques to enhance the sensitivity of e-mail of corresponding author: David.Blair@physics.uwa.edu.au second-generation gravitational wave detectors. Currently The worldwide array of gravitational wave observatories the CGP is pursuing quantum optics and non-linear requires a southern hemisphere node. In the 1990’s a site interferometry and advanced interferometer configurations for AIGO was selected about 70km north of Perth, and in order to improve sensitivity. We present recent progress since 1997 funds have been provided for the development in these research areas. of this site. In just over 5 years the site has been developed from a bushland wilderness to a significant science and education centre, under the auspices of the ASGRG TUE14 Australian Consortium for Interferometric Gravitational Tuesday 1140–1200 hrs Astronomy (ACIGA). It includes a major research facility into high optical power techniques for the next generation Tracking the Unity Gain Frequency of Advanced Interferometers. These advanced detectors of the Open Loop Gain Function in are almost certain to have a large number of signal LIGO Interferometers sources if they can achieve their predicted sensitivity. The Michael Ashley AIGO site also includes a major education centre for the promotion of science and a large public optical Center for Gravitational Wave Physics, Department of Physics, observatory. The site has been shown to be optimally Pennsylvania State University, USA located and to have advantageous seismic properties. e-mail of corresponding author: ashley@gravity.psu.edu Maximal effort is being put into collaborative development The complicated control systems used to lock the LIGO of high optical power techniques with the US LIGO interferometers are modelled using systems control theory. project. This will be followed by the development of a full One of the most important measurements for the advanced interferometer of 80 meter baseline. calibration of interferometer data is that of the gain of the This talk will present a brief overview of the Gingin science control loop with no input impetus i.e. the complex-valued precinct to introduce more specialised talks and posters open loop gain function G(f). The value of the frequency that will follow. for which |G(f)|=1 (termed the unity gain frequency) and the phase of G at this value are important measures of the ASGRG TUE12 stability of the locking mechanism. Tuesday 1100–1120 hrs Using test calibration signals, injected into the interferometer and online software calibration tools it is Off-axis Wavefront Sensors in High possible to produce near-real time evaluation of the unity Power Gravitational Wave gain frequency and the phase of G at this point. I describe Interferometers the status of software to determine the unity gain frequency and the use of its output. Aidan Brooks, Peter Veitch and Jesper Munch Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, SA e-mail of corresponding author: aidan.brooks@adelaide.edu.au ASGRG TUE15 The performance of a gravitational wave interferometer Tuesday 1200–1220 hrs (GWI) is degraded by distortion of the optics due to Measuring LISA Phase absorption of optical power. To maintain performance, detection and active compensation of the distortion are B. Ware, D.A. Shaddock and R.E. Spero necessary[1]. We are developing an off-axis Hartmann Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology/ wavefront sensor that can measure the distortion without NASA, Pasadena, CA interfering with the circulating optical power in the e-mail of corresponding author: brent.ware@jpl.nasa.gov interferometer. Our measurement analysis yields the axial The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a and radial distribution of the optical distortion. This allows mission to detect gravitational waves in the frequency us to resolve different thermo-refractive and thermo-elastic region from 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz. LISA is composed of three effects from a single measurement. We shall discuss the spacecraft flying in a heliocentric orbit with separations of development of the sensor, analysis of off-axis millions of kilometers. The fractional length stability measurements and the latest results. required to detect gravitational waves is much more [1] R. Lawrence, M. Zucker, P. Fritschel, P. Marfuta, and D. stringent than the fractional frequency stability of any Shoemaker, Classical and Quantum Gravity. 19(7), 1803, 2002. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 141 ASGRG TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics available laser. The phasemeter must have sufficient range to allow reconstruction of a gravitational wave signal that is ASGRG TUE23 approximately 108 times smaller than the laser noise. We Tuesday 1440–1500 hrs present a proposed design of the LISA phasemeter, and Transit Time of a Freely-falling results from simulations. Quantum Particle in a Background Gravitational Field ASGRG TUE21 P.C.W. Davies Tuesday 1400–1420 hrs Australian Centre for Astrobiology, Macquarie University Carmeli’s Cosmology Indicates No Email of corresponding author: pcwd@ozemail.com.au Dark Matter in the Universe Using a model quantum clock, I evaluate an expression J.G. Hartnett for the time of a non-relativistic quantum particle to transit School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Perth a piecewise geodesic path in a background gravitational e-mail of corresponding author: john@physics.uwa.edu.au field with small spacetime curvature (gravity gradient), in the case that the apparatus is in free fall. This calculation Carmeli’s 5D brane cosmology[1] has been applied to the complements and extends an earlier one in which the expanding accelerating universe and it has been found apparatus is fixed to the surface of the Earth. The result that the distance redshift relation followed the data of the confirms that, for particle velocities not too low, the high-z supernova teams without the need for dark matter. quantum and classical transit times coincide, in conformity Carmeli predicted the accelerating universe in 1996, now it with the principle of equivalence. I also calculate the is shown that no dark matter is required. The model does quantum corrections to the transit time when the de not explicitly involve the cosmological constant but by a Broglie wavelengths are long enough to probe the comparison with the standard model the vacuum energy spacetime curvature. The results are compared with the contribution to gravity, ΩΛ indicates that the universe is recent calculation of Chaio and Speliotopoulos, who asymptotically expanding towards a spatially flat state, propose an experiment to measure the foregoing effects. where the total mass/energy density Ω + ΩΛ ➝ 1. [1] M. Carmeli, Cosmological Special Relativity, 2nd ed. Singapore: World Scientific, 2002. ASGRG TUE24 Tuesday 1500–1520 hrs ASGRG TUE22 Causal Geodesics in Space-time and Tuesday 1420–1440 hrs the Existence of Singularities Curvature Singularity Theorems for Susan M. Scott and Ben Whale Space-time 1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Australian 1 National University, Canberra ACT, AustraliaMichael J.S.L. Ashley and Susan M. Scott2 email of corresponding author: ben.whale@anu.edu.au 1. Center for Gravitational Wave Physics, Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, USA; 2. Centre for The Abstract Boundary[1] is a scheme for constructing Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics, Faculty of and classifying singular points of space-times in General Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Relativity. We present a classification of the behaviour of Australia causal geodesics by examining their limit points, both in e-mail of corresponding author: Susan.Scott@anu.edu.au the space-time itself and on its boundary, and apply this to [2] The existence of singularities in a universe governed by the Abstract Boundary Singularity Theorem . In General Relativity has been inferred principally by the particular, we look at the ‘winding’ behaviour of both Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems. These theorems complete and incomplete precompact geodesics, such as predict causal geodesic incompleteness under generic those found in the Misner and Carter space-times, and physical conditions. These theorems fall short, however, examine the question of their existence in space-times since they do not predict the expected presence of satisfying certain causality conditions. unbounded curvature. Recent efforts using the abstract [1] S.M. Scott and P. Szekeres, “The abstract boundary—a new boundary construction of Scott and Szekeres and the approach to singularities of manifolds”, J. Geom. Phys. 13 (1994) 223–253. notion of strong curvature singularities have brought us [2] M. Ashley, PhD Thesis, http://eprints.anu.edu.au/perl/search, close to completing a famous singularity theorem of (2002) Hawking. We describe this research and the clarification of this important cosmological singularity theorem by Hawking. 142 Congress Handbook and Abstracts ASGRG TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics ASGRG TUE25 ASGRG PTU 39 Tuesday 1520–1540 Radiation Pressure Noise Cosmological Gamma-ray Bursts: Measurement in an Interferometer Singlets, Doublets? Triplets! A.Okutomi, K.Yamamoto, M.Miyoki, M.Ohashi, K.Kuroda Maurice H.P.M. van Putten Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), University of MIT-LIGO, Cambridge, MA USA Tokyo, Japan e-mail of corresponding author: mvp@ligo.mit.edu E-mail: okutomi@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp Cosmological gamma-ray bursts represent a fraction of Quantum noise of light (shot noise and radiation pressure about 0.2–0.4% of Type Ib/c supernovae. In the scenario noise) plays an important role in the sensitivity limits of of core-collapse of massive stars, we identify these rare interferometric measurements such as gravitational wave events with high-mass rapidly rotating black holes formed detector. Presently, various methods are being with low kick velocity (“centered” events). Non-GRB Type theoretically investigated to beat this quantum limit. Ib/c events are identified with low-mass black holes However, experimental researches are not tested. Even leaving the core prematurely with high kick velocity radiation pressure noise has not yet been observed for (“decentered” events). This scenario predicts long bursts macroscopic system. We propose an interferometer with in gravitational radiation contemporaneous with GRB- small test mass cavity, in order to measure remarkable supernovae (“triplets”), and quiescence or short bursts of effect of radiation pressure noise around 200Hz. gravitational radiation in Type Ib/c supernovae. Efficient searches for gravitational radiation from GRB-supernovae ASGRG PTU 40 by LIGO and Virgo obtain in combination with all-sky optical-radio supernova surveys. This poses some Simplified Derivations of the Space- interesting new challenges in high-performance Time Geometry Equations computing on gravitational-wave/optical/radio-data [1,2] V.N.E. Robinsonanalysis . ETP Semra Pty Ltd., Canterbury, NSW [1] Maurice H.P.M. van Putten, “Gravitational Radiation, Luminous Black Holes and Gamma-ray burst Supernovae,” Cambridge e-mail of corresponding author: viv@etpsemra.com.au University Press, in production For most people, understanding the complexities of [2] Maurice H.P.M. van Putten, Amir Levinson, Hyun-Kyu Lee, Tania Einstein’s field equations and their solution by Regimbau, Michele Punturo, & Gregory M. Harry, Phys. Rev. D., 69, 044007 (2004) Schwarzschild precludes an easy understanding of the physics governing general relativity. Commencing with the same starting position used by Einstein, it has been demonstrated that there exists a shorter path to the POSTERS derivation of the space-time geometry equations, which path yields answers indistinguishable from ASGRG PTU 38 Schwarzschild’s solution. The physics behind the Reflection on Event Horizon of curvature of space-time becomes easy to comprehend. Knowing the physics involved makes further results much Black Holes simpler to understand and calculate. The predictions M.Yu.Kuchiev , V.V.Flambaum match experimental observations. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: ASGRG PTU 41 kuchiev@newt.phys.unsw.edu.au It has been argued recently[1] that the event horizon of Rotating Michelson-Morley black holes can reflect particles; in other words a particle Experiment Based on a Dual Cavity approaching a black hole can bounce on its horizon back Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillator into the outside world. This phenomenon has purely P.L. Stanwix1, M.E. Tobar1, J. Winterflood1, P. Wolf2,3, quantum origins; classically the horizon is transparent for E.N. Ivanov1, M. Susli1, J.G. Hartnett1 and F. van Kann1 incoming particles. The effect is strong for low energy 1. School of Physics, The University of Western Australia, particles, transforming black holes into “mirrors” in this Crawley, Australia; 2. BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, region, which is surprising. A summary of recent progress Paris, France; 3. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, related to this phenomenon, including interrelations with Sevres CEDEX, France the Hawking radiation, is given. e-mail of corresponding author: pstanwix@physics.uwa.edu.au [1] M. Yu. Kuchiev, Phys. Rev. D 69, 124031 (2004); Europhys. Lett. 65, 445 (2004) Local Lorentz invariance (LLI) is a constituent element of the Einstein equivalence principle (EEP), a cornerstone of modern physics. Experiments that test the isotropy of the speed of light (Michelson-Morley experiment) have placed upper limits on any violation of LLI to a few parts in 1015 using data accumulated over one year[1,2,3]. We have constructed a new rotating Michelson-Morley experiment consisting of two cryogenic sapphire resonators. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 143 ASGRG TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics By rotating the experiment we have achieved the same level of sensitivity to light speed anisotropy as[2,3] with ASGRG PTU 44 16 hours of data. The experiment is ongoing and the latest An Experiment to Study Parametric results will be presented. Instabilities in Optical Cavities at [1] P. Wolf, S. Bize, A. Clairon, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 6, 060402, (2003) ACIGA High Optical Power Test [2] P. Wolf, M.E. Tobar, S. Bize, et al., Phys. Rev. D Rapid Comm., Facility accepted, (2004). C.Zhao, L. Ju and D. G. Blair [3] H. Muller, S. Herrmann, C. Braxmaier, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 2, 020401, (2003) School of Physics, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA e-mail of corresponding author: c.zhao@ecu.edu.au ASGRG PTU 42 The Australian Consortium for Gravitational Astronomy Parametrical Optics Effects at the (ACIGA) is building a High optical Power Test Facility Presence of Gravitation (HPTF) for Advanced LIGO and the future Australian International Gravitational Observatory (AIGO). The goal of R.Vlokh HPTF is to study and control various predicted effects Institute of Physical Optics, L’viv, Ukraine associated with very high optical power cavities. One of e-mail of corresponding author: :vlokh@ifo.lviv.ua these effects is the parametric instability. This is the result In the frame of optical-mechanical analogy in general of the non-linear coupling between the test mass relativity it has been shown that the change of refractive mechanical modes and the optical cavity modes through index of the space can be presented as the function of radiation pressure forces acting on the test masses. This gravitation field with a coupling coefficient. The gravitation coupling can excite the oscillation of the mechanical coefficient G (or time) in this relation plays the role of modes which decrease the detector sensitivity or even material coefficients of flat space (or corresponding make it disfunctional. optical medium) and should therefore obey von Neumann This article presents the proposed experiment to test the principle. Due to the Neumann principle, the symmetry parametric instability on HPTF. Detailed analysis of the test group of the flat space should depend on the field mass internal mode structures and the conditions of configuration and, following the Curie symmetry principle, parametric instability will be given. We propose control it should be a subgroup of symmetry group of the time. schemes to control instabilities. ASGRG PTU 43 Spinor Fields and Inflationary ASGRG THF21 Cosmology in Einstein-Cartan Theory Thursday 1400–1420 hrs T. Watanabe and M. J. Hayashi Testing Foundations of Physics in Department of Physics, Tokai University, Japan Space—and European Plans in this e-mail of corresponding author: Matter 2aspd004@keyaki.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp Martin C.E. Huber We present the cosmological model with the Dirac fields Laboratory for Astrophysics, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen or the Rarita-Schwinger fields, which is constructed in the PSI, Switzerland framework of the Einstein-Cartan theory to explain the e-mail of corresponding author: mceh@bluewin.ch origin of the accelerated expansion of the universe. We definitely derive the correction to the energy momentum The two great theories of the 20th century, general due to the spin in the Einstein equation without introducing relativity and quantum mechanics, have undergone the thermodynamical variables assumed in the existing serious tests, both in the laboratory und through models of the spinning matter. The results obtained in our observations of the Universe. Yet, in spite of positive approach imply that the spinor fields can provide the results, theoretical problems in developing a coherent negative pressure and be an alternative to false vacuum in physical model of the Universe, encompassing both the early stage of the universe. quantum theory and general relativity, remain at the forefront of today’s physics research. More accurate experimental tests, particularly in the areas of Cosmology, Gravitation and Particle Physics, are needed. Access to space makes it possible to perform experiments with a precision that goes far beyond that which can be achieved in ground-based laboratories: gravity and noise—both inescapable on Earth—are much reduced by use of ‘drag-free’, and cryogenic, space platforms that provide an extremely quiet environment at the pico-gravity level. Testing the range, over which a physical theory is valid, or testing how far an assumption, which is the basis of a given theory, is holding, can then be achieved with greatly improved accuracy over that 144 Congress Handbook and Abstracts ASGRG TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics available in ground-based investigations. If (and when) such tests reveal discrepancies between prediction and ASGRG THF23 measurement, or between assumption and reality, the Thursday 1440–1500 hrs measured divergence will provide guidance on where the Correlated Global Noise in accepted theories need to be complemented or modified. Gravitational Wave Astronomy Following a brief overview of extraterrestrial fundamental- physics experiments that have been carried out in the Susan M. Scott, Antony C. Searle and Karl W. Wette past, we will discuss current experiments and then Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics, describe future plans for fundamental-physics Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, investigations in space, specifically with a view towards Canberra ACT, Australia European plans in this matter. e-mail of corresponding author: susan.scott@anu.edu.au Gravitational wave astronomy will require the cooperation ASGRG THF22 of a world-wide network of gravitational wave observatories, including a possible future observatory in Thursday 1420–1440 hrs Australia. Globally correlated environmental noise— The Current Status of LIGO ranging from earthquakes to anthropogenic time standards—may limit sensitivity. We have established a David H. Reitze physical environment monitoring station at The Australian Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; National University to measure seismic and For the LIGO Science Collaboration electromagnetic environmental noise in the frequency e-mail of corresponding author: reitze@phys.ufl.edu bands relevant to terrestrial interferometric gravitational In 2004, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave wave observatories. Using the Australian Consortium for Observatory (LIGO) Science Collaboration reported the Interferometric Gravitational-wave Astronomy’s (ACIGA’s) first searches for gravitational waves from pulsars[1], Data Analysis Cluster (ADAC) we have performed ‘burst’ sources[2], binary neutron star systems[3], and extensive correlation studies between environmental noise remnant stochastic gravitational radiation[4] using the from Australia and that from interferometers in the USA LIGO and GEO600 detectors[5]. Recent significant and Europe. We present our findings, with particular improvements in the detector sensitivities have allowed us emphasis on their implications for an Australian to place better upper limits on these sources. In this talk, gravitational wave observatory. we review the current status of LIGO and present an overview of selected results from the S2 science run. In ASGRG THF24 addition, we will discuss prospects for improving the sensitivity of LIGO and plans for upgrading the detectors. Thursday 1500–1520 hrs [1] B. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Science Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D69: See ASA THF24 082004 (2004). [2] B. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Science Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D69: Detection of Gravitational Waves 102001 (2004). Using a Pulsar Timing Array [3] B. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Science Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D69: R N Manchester, F A Jenet and G B Hobbs 122001 (2004). [4] B. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Science Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D69: 122004 (2004). ASGRG THF25 [5] B. Abbott, et al. (LIGO Science Collaboration), Nuc. Instr. Meth. Thursday 1500–1520 hrs A 517, 154–179 (2004). See ASA THF25 Pulsar Timing and General Relativity Matthew Bailes Congress Handbook and Abstracts 145 ASGRG THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Synchrotron Science to generate spontaneous high flux, high brightnessradiation, of variable polarisation, from 3–100 eV. However, (ASRP) they will also generate usable radiation (in the higherharmonics) up to around 800 eV. The ERL technology of 4GLS will allow shorter bunches and higher peak photon ASRP MOC11 fluxes than possible from storage ring sources. It will also Monday 1040–1120 hrs give users the added bonuses of pulse structure flexibility and effectively an infinite beam lifetime. VUV and XUV The Australian Synchrotron— FELs will be used to generate short pulses (in the fs A Status Report regime) of extreme ultraviolet light that is broadly tuneable J. W. Boldeman and more than a million times more intense than the equivalent spontaneous undulator radiation. A strong Principal Scientific Advisor, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne feature of the scientific programme planned for 4GLS is A high performance, third-generation synchrotron facility is dynamics experiments in a wide range of fields. Pump being constructed as a National Facility on a site in probe experiments will allow the study of chemical Clayton, Victoria. First light is scheduled for early June reactions and short-lived intermediates on the timescale of 2006 and the experimental program will begin on 1st April, bond breaking and bond making, even for very dilute 2007. This paper will very briefly outline the development species. The high intensity of the FEL radiation will allow of the Australian synchrotron research community leading very high resolution in imaging applications. Funding for to the decision to build the facility, the design the first three years of the 4GLS project was announced specifications of the facility will be described and the by the UK Government in April 2003. This includes the planned experimental facilities and some preliminary research and development work necessary to produce a design details will be discussed. The present status of the design study report, with the construction of an ERL- construction will be outlined. prototype. It is anticipated that the full facility will be available to users in 2010. ASRP MOC13 [1] http://www.4gls.ac.uk Monday 1120–1140 hrs X-ray Lithography—An Australian ASRP MOF21 Perspective Monday 1400–1420 hrs A.G. Peele1, K.D. Vora1, E. Harvey2, R. Barber2 and Structural Characterization of Ion C.G. Chen2 Implanted Au Nanocrystals using 1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Synchrotron-based Analytical Australia; 2. MiniFAB Pty. Ltd., Scoresby, Australia Techniques e-mail of corresponding author: a.peele@latrobe.edu.au P.Kluth1, B. Johannessen1, C. J. Glover1, G.J. Foran2, X-ray lithography (XRL) typically uses a synchrotron S. M. Kluth1 and M. C. Ridgway1 source in order to provide the requisite x-ray exposure in a 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, The practical time. For Australian workers one access model is Australian National University, Canberra ACT; 2. Australian to participate in a multi-project wafer. A multi-project XRL Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Menai, run is currently being co-ordinated by MiniFAB enabling Australia industrial participants to evaluate the process. However, e-mail of corresponding author: patrick.kluth@anu.edu.au where extensive optimization or invention is required this Synchrotron based analytical techniques including approach can be difficult as long periods of time are extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) required to perfect the methods used. We present a case spectroscopy provide powerful tools for structural study describing how Australian researchers are characterization of nanocrystalline materials. Combining managing to develop XRL processes and show some new these techniques with conventional analytical methods results regarding a successful process improvement. such as x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy we have investigated Au nanocrystals ASRP MOC14 formed in thin SiO2 using ion implantation. Furthermore, Monday 1140–1220 hrs we have studied their structural evolution following ion irradiation. Non-irradiated nanocrystals show a significant 4GLS: The UK’s Fourth Generation bondlength contraction, essentially retaining the face- Light Source at Daresbury centred-cubic structure present in bulk material[1]. In contrast to bulk elemental metals, which cannot be E Townes-Andrews, E A Seddon rendered amorphous by ion irradiation, irradiated CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, UK nanocrystals exhibit a significant structural change 4GLS is a suite of accelerator-based light sources planned consistent with amorphous material. to provide state-of-the-art radiation in the low energy [1] P. Kluth, B. Johannessen, V. Giraud, A. Cheung, C. J. Glover, photon regime[1]. Superconducting energy recovery linac G. de M. Azevedo, G. J. Foran, and M. C. Ridgway, Appl. Phys. (ERL) technology will be utilised in combination with a Lett. (2004) in press variety of free electron lasers (IR to XUV), undulators and bending magnets. The 4GLS undulators will be optimised 146 Congress Handbook and Abstracts ASRP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics measurements of composition and for impurity profiling to ASRP MOF22 match evidential samples. However, the integrity of Monday 1420–1440 hrs samples is limited by microheterogeneity, for which, the Imaging of Nanocluster Using sensitive and localised nature of SXRF allows detailed fundamental studies. In addition, the use of X-ray Coherent X-ray Diffraction and absorption near edge structure (XANES) and synchrotron Computational Phase Retrieval X-ray micro-tomography allow for fundamental studies of Technique glass and glass-containing gunshot residues (GSR). The B. B. Dhal1, H. M. Quiney1, A. G. Peele2, D. J. Paterson3, complimentary use of time-of-flight secondary ion mass P. Mulvaney4, I. McNulty3 and K A Nugent1 spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) in the study of microheterogeneity and the characterisation of GSR is also presented. 1. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Latrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; 3. Advanced Photon ASRP MOF24 Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL, USA; 4. School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Monday 1500–1540 hrs Australia High Energy Synchrotron X-rays: e-mail of corresponding author: dhal@optics.ph.unimelb.edu.au A Tool for Bulk Investigations in The availability of intense X-ray sources and of high quality Physics and Materials Science focussing optics suggests the use of phase retrieval Klaus-Dieter Liss techniques based on diffraction from curved wavefield[1] to determine the structures of nanoscale particles. The Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Lucas Heights Science and Technology Centre, NSW ultimate aim of this approach is to develop practical methods for nanocrystallography and applications of the e-mail of corresponding author: liss@kdliss.de technique in the biological science. Here we investigate High energy X-rays between 30 keV and 1 MeV, as the solution of the structures of gold nanostructures. provided by modern synchrotron sources like the ESRF A recent experiments was performed using 6.773 and HASYLAB at DESY, bear the advantage of deep angstrom synchrotron radiation x-rays from an insertion penetration into most materials. Even heavy element device source, at beamline-2ID-B of Advanced Photon compositions can be accessed in their volume. The range Source (APS), Chicago. Our phase retrieval algorithms of applications is huge and spreads from nuclear physics have been devised which make use of this known beam to the characterization of a metal deformation under information to achieve unambiguous reconstruction of the industry-related conditions. This presentation compiles an diffracting object in favourable cases[2]. overview of my experience with the most common instrumental techniques and selected applications. Triple We will discuss our recent experimental and theoretical axis diffractometry can be used for highest resolution results and the issues involved in extracting useful purposes on single crystal characterization, even under information from weakly diffracting objects. heavy and dense sample environments. Thus artificial or [1] K A Nugent, A. G. Peele, H. N. Chapman and A. P. Mancuso, ultrasonic superlattices can be characterized as well as Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 203902–1 , (2003). structural changes around different kinds of phase [2] H. M. Quiney et al. Optics Express, 2004, (In Preparation). transitions. Time resolved studies can be performed stroboscopically from a sub-nanosecond to a second time ASRP MOF23 scale and are presented. Modern two-dimensional Monday 1440–1500 hrs detectors are used to obtain rapid overviews in reciprocal space. Whole sets of Debye-Scherrer rings are registered Applications of Synchrotron onto the detector, their diameters and eccentricities or X-Ray Sources for Forensic their intensity distribution along the rings relating to Characterisation of Glass anisotropic strain or texture measurements, respectively. Imaging techniques such as topography, radiography and I.M. Kempson1, J.A. Denman1, W.M. Skinner1, computed tomography allow to seize direct information in K.P. Kirkbride2 real space. Combinations of the different techniques will 1. Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, play a most important issue in the design of future Mawson Lakes, South Australia; 2. Forensic Science, SA, beamlines and a flux estimate for a potential Australian Adelaide, South Australia beamline is given. e-mail of corresponding author: Ivan.Kempson@unisa.edu.au Microprobe techniques originating from synchrotron radiation sources offer significant advantages over conventional approaches when characterising minute amounts of material. The advantages of synchrotron techniques for forensic analysis of glass are discussed. Examples of applications in practical situations and fundamental studies are also offered. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) can be used for non-destructive Congress Handbook and Abstracts 147 ASRP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics POSTERS ASRP PMO 60 ASRP PMO 58 The X-ray Extended Range Preliminary Analysis to Achieve a Technique for High Accuracy Atomic High-precision Measurement of the Structure in Simple Sstems Excitation Energy of the He (2p 3d) C. Q. Tran, C. T. Chantler, M. D. de Jonge, Z. Barnea and 1P Doubly Excited State in Helium N. Rae Using Landmark States in Neon School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia B.G. Birdsey1, P. Hammond1, J. Lambourne2, F. Penent2, 3 4 1 Over recent synchrotron experiments (PRA67 (2003)P. Lablanquie , R. Richter , A. Guha 042716,PRL90 (2003) 257401, PRA69 (2003) 257401, 1. School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, PRA69 (2004) 042101) we have developed methods for Western Australia; 2. DIAM, Universite Pierre et Marie Currie, measuring the imaginary component of the atomic form Paris, France; 3. LURE, Centre Universitarie Paris-Sud, Orsay, France; 4. Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy factor (the transform of the electron orbital charge density) in neutral atoms to below 0.1%. This is 10–100 times more e-mail of corresponding author: bbirdsey@cyllene.uwa.edu.au accurate than earlier methods, and 10–50 times more We present the groundwork a scheme to employ both first- accurate than claimed uncertainties in theoretical and third- harmonic undulator light to excite states of well- computations for these systems. The experiments are known energy in singly-excited neon and high excitation sensitive to many theoretical and computational issues, energy doubly-excited states in helium in a single scan. including correlation. We will discuss key features of the This simultaneous excitation superimposes the features of method and results, including especially theoretical issues the two spectra, providing landmarks for accurate raised by the new accuracies. measurement of the helium features. We measured an excitation energy of 64.1198(14) for the He (2p 3d) 1P which differs by 5.3 meV from the value calculated in _itnik ASRP PMO 61 et al.[1]. These measurements were performed at a Phase Separation in the Organic resolving power more than 4 times the designed operating Solid State: Simultaneous range of the BL 6.2 R gas-phase beamline at Elettra, where the data were recorded. This induced significant Synchrotron SAXS / DSC Studies of technical challenges in calibrating the energy scale. Unstable n-alkane Blends [1] M. _itnik et al., Phys. Rev. A 65, 032520 (2002). E.P. Gilbert1, D. Sutton1,2, A. Nelson1, N. Terrill3, C. Martin4, J. Lal5, E. Lang5 ASRP PMO 59 1. Bragg Institute, PMB 1, Menai, NSW, Australia; 2. CRC for Polymers, Australia; 3. DIAMOND Synchrotron, Rutherford Failure of XAFS interpretation for Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom; 4. Synchrotron ab Initio Investigations—a New Way Radiation Source, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, United Kingdom; 5. Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne Forward National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States L.F. Smale, C. T. Chantler, E. C. Cosgriff, M. D. de Jonge, e-mail of corresponding author: epg@ansto.gov.au Z. Barnea, C. Q. Tran Blends of normal alkanes form lamellar structures, when School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, quenched from the melt, in which the separation of the VIC, Australia individual chains may be controlled by the chain-length XAFS structures are solved routinely and many hundreds difference, molar composition, isotopic substitution and of publications appear per annum. We have collected the confinement. We have performed simultaneous highest precision experimental data and used the most synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and differential reliable existing technique to analyse the structure. We scanning calorimetry studies on 2:1 C28H58:C36D74 find major limitations in theoretical predictions and in XAFS mixtures as a function of cooling protocol. Their analytical frameworks which lead to very large simultaneous collection enables the temperature- uncertainties in the derived results. However, we discuss dependent nanostructural changes to be correlated with appropriate methods for overcoming these limitations and phase transitions. The data are further complemented by increasing the accuracy of XAFS determinations by small-angle neutron scattering highlighting the separation perhaps a factor of 104, which would thereby allow ab of the individual chains via isotopic contrast and optical initio structural and radial solutions directly. microscopy indicating changes occurring on the macroscopic scale. [1] E.P. Gilbert, D. Sutton, A. Nelson, N. Terrill, C. Martin, J. Lal and E. Lang, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., (2004) accepted 148 Congress Handbook and Abstracts ASRP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics ASRP PMO 62 ASRP PMO 64 Structural Perturbations within Physics of Radiological Protection at Nanocrystalline Cu probed by EXAFS High energy Synchroton Light B. Johannessen1, P. Kluth, C.J. Glover, G.J. Foran1, Sources M.C. Ridgway2 Bhaskar Mukherjee1, Joseph Kachan2 and Roger Alsop3 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Australian 1. Radiation Protection Group (D3), Deutsches Elektronen- National University, Canberra ACT, Australia; Australian Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany; 2. Department of Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Menai, Applied and Plasma Physics), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; 2. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Australia; 3. JBS Health Physics Group, Mascot, NSW, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia Australia email of corresponding author: bej109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Highly monochromatic, polarized, low energy x-rays, Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) within a bandwidth ranging from tens to several hundred spectroscopy has emerged as an invaluable synchrotron keV predominate the radiation environment at the user end radiation technique for determining the short-range atomic of a Synchrotron-Light-Source (SLS). Therefore, the structure in a vast range of diverse materials. Cu probability of an excessive radiation exposure to the nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesised by high-energy ion synchrotron light users remains quite low. Consequently, beam implantation and thermal annealing. We present the radiological safety procedures and associated results of EXAFS measurements determining the first regulatory and licensing conditions of a common nearest neighbour Cu environment and quantify significant diagnostic (clinical) x-ray laboratory could be concentration- and annealing-temperature-dependent implemented. On the other hand, the accelerator end of a structural perturbations as compared to a bulk Cu SLS consists of an electron linac (50–200 MeV), a high- standard. In particular we observe and explain an energy booster synchrotron (1–5 GeV) and a storage ring. enhanced structural disorder involving both a suppressed As a result, in non-routine situations intense fields of high- coordination number and bondlength contraction. energy photons and photoneutrons may be generated with considerable radiological consequences. These include, (a) radio-activation of accelerator components ASRP PMO 63 (b) activation of air circulating in the accelerator tunnel, On-line Readout of Detectors for (c) radiation leakage through the accelerator containment High Spatial Resolution Dosimetry of shielding (d) radiation induced degradation of permanent Synchrotron Microbeams magnets of the wigglers and undulators and (e) radiationinduced malfunction of the electronic instrument and M.L.F. Lerch1, A.B. Rosenfeld1, E. Bräuer-Krisch2, control devices situated in the vicinity of the accelerator A. Bravin2, J.A. Laissue3 system. In this paper we will address the production 1. Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of mechanism of radiation fields in a modern SLS from the Wollongong, NSW, Australia; 2. European Synchrotron perspective of High-Energy-Physics and their interaction Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France; 3. Institute of Pathology, pathways. The above information encompasses the University of Bern, Switzerland fundamentals of radiological protection of high energy e-mail of corresponding author: mlerch@uow.edu.au particle accelerators. Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) is an emerging technique for cancer treatment. Preclinical ASRP PMO 65 experiments are carried out with ~20–30 µm-wide, ~10 mm-high parallel microbeams with pitch about Preferential Amorphisation of Ge 200 mm of hard, broad-”white”-spectrum X rays Nanocrystals in a Silica Matrix (~50–600 keV). The main parameter responsible for quality M.C. Ridgway1, G. de. M. Azevedo1, R.G. Elliman1, of treatment is the peak-valley dose ratio. The required W. Wesch1, C.J. Glover1, R. Miller1, D.J. Llewellyn1, spatial resolution for microbeam dosimetry is about 1 mm G.J. Foran2, J.L. Hansen3 and A. Nylandsted Larsen3 or better and is a limiting factor for the application of traditional dosimetry. On-line, “edge on” MOSFET 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian dosimetry was proposed and successfully implemented National University, Canberra, Australia; 2. Australian Nuclear for MRT microbeams at ESRF. Good correlation exists Science and Technology Organisation, Menai, Australia; between our experimental results compared to those using 3. Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, the PSI-version of the GEANT Monte Carlo code. Aarhus, Denmark Relative to bulk crystalline material, Ge nanocrystals in a silica matrix exhibit subtle structural perturbations including a non-Gaussian inter-atomic distance distribution. We now demonstrate such nanocrystals are extremely sensitive to ion irradiation. Using transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and extended Congress Handbook and Abstracts 149 ASRP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, the crystalline-to-amorphous phase transformation in ~8 nm ASRP PMO 66 diameter nanocrystals and bulk crystalline material has Problems Encountered in the been compared. Amorphisation of Ge nanocrytals in a Measurement of Diffuse X-ray silica matrix was achieved at an ion dose ~100 times less than that required for bulk crystalline standards. This rapid Scattering amorphisation of Ge nanocrystals is attributed to the T.R. Welberry, D.J. Goossens and A.P. Heerdegen preferential nucleation of the amorphous phase at the Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, nanocrystal/matrix interface, the pre-irradiation, higher- Canberra, ACT energy structural state of the nanocrystals themselves and e-mail of corresponding author: welberry@rsc.anu.edu.au an enhanced nanocrystal vacancy concentration due to the more effective trapping of irradiation-induced Although X-ray diffuse scattering has been observed since interstitials at the nanocrystal/matrix interface and inhibited the earliest days of crystallography obtaining high-quality Frenkel pair recombination when Ge interstitials are quantitative diffuse scattering data has been far from recoiled into the matrix. To demonstrate the significance of routine and has been attempted, even for limited regions the latter, we show ion irradiation of ~2 nm diameter of reciprocal space, by relatively few workers. Although nanocrystals yields their dissolution when the range of diffuse scattering is very much weaker than Bragg recoiled Ge atoms exceeds the nanocrystal bounds. scattering synchrotron sources should be more than sufficient to compensate for the disparity and fully three- dimensional data ought to be easily achievable. However, difficulties arise when measurement of such weak intensities is attempted in the presence of the very strong Bragg peaks. In this paper we describe our recent experiences in this area. 150 Congress Handbook and Abstracts ASRP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Biophysics and Medical BMP MOF13 Physics (BMP) Monday 1120–1140 hrs The Melanins: Form Experiment to Quantum Chemistry to Many-Body BMP MOF11 Quantum Theory Monday 1040–1100 hrs B. J. Powell1, J. Riesz1, E. Moore1, C. Giacomantonio1, Protein Crystallography with N. Bernstein2, M. R. Pederson2, T. Barauh2,3, K. Brake1, Spallation Neutrons R. H. McKenzie1 and P. Meredith1 Benno Schoenborn and Paul Langan 1. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia; 2. Center for Computational Materials Los Alamos National Laboratory USA Science, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. Email of presenting author: schoenborn@lanl.gov USA; 3. Department of Physics, Georgetown University, The Protein Crystallography Station at LANSCE[1] is a high Washington, D.C. USA performance neutron protein crystallography beam line at e-mail of corresponding author: powell@physics.uq.edu.au a spallation neutron source. The station is equipped with a Melanins found thoughout the biosphere from fungi to large high resolution position sensitive He 3 detector with man. In humans they are our primary photoprotectant a total counting rate of over 1 million events per second. (remember slip, slap, slop!) Melanins have many Neutron diffraction is a powerful technique for locating unexplained physical properties. Including a strong, hydrogen atoms even at resolutions of 2A–2.5A and can monotonic, broad band absorption[1] and semiconducting therefore provide unique information about enzyme behavior with a superexponential humidity dependant mechanism, protein hydrogen and hydrogen bonding. The conductivity[2]. We will describe a holistic approach to the beam-line exploits the pulsed nature of spallation neutrons theoretical description of these molecules, including a in order collect wavelength resolved Laue patterns using targeted experimental program[2], quantum chemical all available neutrons in the wavelength range 1A to 5A. studies[3] and many-body quantum theory. We will discuss [1] Langan,P; Greene,G; Schoenborn,B.P.; J. App.Cryst.37,24 the possibilities that chemical and structural disorder is (2004) responsible for optical absorption and that multiple conduction mechanisms (e.g. electronic and ionic) are at BMP MOF12 play in these materials. Monday 1100–1120 hrs [1] P. Meredith and J. Riesz, Photochem. Photobiol. 79, 211(2004). The Most Energetic Process in [2] P. Meredith, et al., Proceedings of ICSM 2004 and C. Biology Giacomantonio et al., this conference. [3] See for example B.J. Powell et al., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8608 Elmars Krausz1, Joseph L. Hughes1, Paul J. Smith2, (2004). Ron J. Pace2, Sindra Peterson Årsköld3 1. Research School of Chemistry; 2. Faculties Chemistry, ANU, Canberra Australia; 3. Division of Biochemistry, Lund BMP MOF14 University, Sweden Monday 1140–1200 hrs Email of the corresponding author: krausz@rsc.anu.edu.au Quantum Decoherence of Electronic The reaction centre of Photosystem II of has the unique Excitations of Biomolecules ability to oxidise water, making it the most potent and Joel Gilmore and Ross H. McKenzie poisonous metallo-enzyme in nature. Using polarization and laser-selective spectroscopies on fully active PSII core Department of Physics, University of Queensland complex preparations at ~2K we have penetrated the Email of the corresponding author: spectral complexity of the reaction centre, leading to a gilmore@physics.uq.edu.au remarkable new vision of this vital system. The charge What is the role of quantum mechanics in biology? separating excited state lies lower in energy than Although often ignored, quantum mechanics can be previously assumed. It has dipole strength less than the critical for the biological “functionality”, such as in equivalent of 1 chlorphyll pigment and is part of an exciton photosynthesis and vision. We are investigating electronic coupled system. It is homogeneously broadened pointing excitations in biomolecules and the effect of decoherence to strong electron phonon coupling. due to the “hot and wet” environment of biology. We find that the interaction may be modeled quantum mechanically by the spin-boson model. This model is applied to systems of biomolecules coupled by Förster interaction, using parameters obtained directly from experiment and simulation, and used to investigate the presence and importance of entanglement and decoherence in biological systems. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 151 BMP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics BMP MOF15 BMP MOF32 Monday 1200–1220 hrs Monday 1640–1700 hrs Electrostatic Basis of Valence Stability and Connectivity of the Selectivity in Biological Ion Brain Channels R. T. Gray and P. Robinson B. Corry1, T. Vora2 and S.H. Chung2 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney 1. Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Hospital and University of University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA; 2. Department Sydney, Westmead of Theoretical Physics, Research School of Physical e-mail of corresponding author: R.Gray@physics.usyd.edu.au Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT The dynamics of a network of brain components can be e-mail of corresponding author: ben@theochem.uwa.edu.au described using a generalized continuum model. The linear stability of this network, determined by the model’s To carry out numerous functions in the body, including dispersion relation, will act as a constraint on the possible conveying nerve impulses and sensory transduction, ion structure of the network and hence on the physiology and channels have to be able to open and close at the anatomy of the brain. In this presentation the impact of appropriate times and allow only the correct types of ion to stability on the structure of the brain will be investigated. pass. We use Brownian dynamics simulations to examine A particular focus will be placed on resulting permitted how the KcsA potassium, voltage gated sodium and L- patterns of the connectivity of brain components, with type calcium channels discriminate between ions of comparisons to the connectivity of real brains. differing charge. We demonstrate that none of these conduct anions and all conduct monovalent cations. As a result of the different charge distributions in the protein in BMP MOF33 each case, divalent cations can only pass through the Monday 1700–1720 hrs calcium channel and block the others. A Model-based Approach to EEG Spectral Analysis BMP MOF31 C.J. Rennie1,2, P.A. Robinson1 and D.L. Rowe1,2 Monday 1620–1640 hrs 1. School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney; 2. Brain Visualising the Genetic Code Dynamics Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney J. D. Bashford, E.Z. Chelkowska and P.D. Jarvis e-mail of corresponding author: c.rennie@physics.usyd.edu.au Discipline of Physics, School Mathematics of Physics, Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) University of Tasmania, Hobart commonly involves simply measuring total power in e-mail of corresponding author: certain frequency bands. However an invertible model of Elzbieta.Chelkowska@utas.edu.au EEG, combined with a suitably constrained optimization These days, new discoveries in molecular biology and algorithm, provides an alternative quantification of spectra advances in biotechnology are proceeding at breakneck in terms of physiologically-relevant parameters. This is pace. However, our understanding of some fundamental demonstrated in cases where data from simple questions—such as the origin and evolution of the genetic experiments are used to infer the corresponding model code (not to mention the origin of life!)—remains parameters. Only a subset of parameters show significant rudimentary. The genetic code itself can be studied in changes related to the experiment, and this is more terms of regularities in the physical and (bio)chemical informative than traditional power changes. properties of the codons, anticodons and amino acids which form its building blocks. We give several graphical BMP MOF34 presentations (including 3D plots) of such physico- Monday 1720–1740 hrs chemical data. These visualisations can reveal otherwise hidden periodicities and other symmetries: the ‘code A Phase-Transition Model for the within the code’. Cycles of Natural Sleep [1] J. D. Bashford and P.D. Jarvis, BioSystems, 57, 147 (2000) D.A. Steyn-Ross1, M.L. Steyn-Ross1, M.T. Wilson1, J.W. Sleigh2, I.P. Gillies1 and J.J. Wright3 1. Dept of Physics & Electronic Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; 2. Dept of Anaesthetics, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand; 3. Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand e-mail of corresponding author: asr@waikato.ac.nz This paper presents a model that describes the dramatic changes in brain electrical activity that occur during transition from slow-wave sleep (SWS) into rapid-eye- movement (REM) sleep. Our approach to the sleep cycle builds on earlier cortical-continuum models[1–5], and is most similar to our phase-transition model for 152 Congress Handbook and Abstracts BMP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics anaesthesia[6]. We describe the mathematical foundations POSTERS of the model, calculate the predicted changes in EEG power and correlation time across the SWS! REM BMP PMO 67 transition, then compare these predictions with clinical recordings from a human sleeper[7]. (The dynamical Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Ablation for properties of the model are presented in a companion Dental Hard-tissue Treatments paper[8].) C. Artlett, J.M. Dawes and G. Marshall The authors acknowledge support from the New Zealand Centre for Lasers and Applications, Macquarie University, Marsden Fund, contract UOW307. Sydney [1] W.J. Freeman, Mass Action in the Nervous System, Academic Press, New York (1975) e-mail of corresponding author: cartlett@ics.mq.edu.au [2] J.J. Wright and D.T.J. Liley, Behavioral and Brain Science 19, For some time now laser ablation for the purposes of hard- 285–316 (1996) tissue dental treatment has been limited to Er:YAG and [3] P.A. Robinson, C.J. Rennie and J. J. Wright, Physical Review E Er:YSGG based solid-state laser systems. Subpicosecond 56, 826–840 (1997) laser ablation has the potential to provide painless dental [4] D.T.J. Liley and P.J. Cadusch and J.J. Wright, Neurocomputing treatments with excellent surface preparation quality[1,2]. 26–27, 795–800 (1999) There exist issues with thermal deposition during the [5] C.J. Rennie, J.J. Wright and P.A. Robinson, J. Theoretical ablation process which may result in nerve and pulp tissue Biology 205, 17–35 (2000) damage[3]. Both 800 nm and 400 nm laser pulses from a [6] M.L. Steyn-Ross, D.A. Steyn-Ross and J.W. Sleigh, Progress in Ti:Sapphire based system (~120 fs pulses) were used to Biophysics and Molecular Biology 85, 369–385 (2004) examine the effect of frequency doubling on the level of [7] I.P. Gillies, D.A. Steyn-Ross, M.L. Steyn-Ross, J.W. Sleigh and thermal loading, surface quality, ablation threshold and M.T. Wilson, “Evidence for cortical phase transitions in EEG recordings of human sleep”, Poster: 16th National AIP material removal efficiency. Preliminary results indicate Congress, Canberra, Australia (2005) there may be some advantage to using blue (400 nm) light [8] M.T. Wilson, M.L. Steyn-Ross, D.A. Steyn-Ross and J.W. Sleigh, for subpicosecond laser ablation as opposed to infrared. “Instabilities of the cortex during natural sleep”, in: Proceedings [1] J. Serbin et al., Applied Surface Science, 197–198 (2002), of 16th National AIP Congress, Canberra, Australia (2005) 737–740 [2] M.H. Niemz et al., Appl. Phys. B 79 (2004), 269–271 BMP MOF35 [3] J.C. Chang, P. Wilder-Smith, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 22 (1997), 46–50 Monday 1740–1800 hrs BOLD Responses to Stimuli: BMP PMO 68 Dependence on Frequency, Stimulus Form, Amplitude and Repetition Bio-nano-fabrication: Using Surface Plasmon Resonance to Study the P.A. Robinson, P.M. Drysdale, H. Van der Merwe, Architecture and Kinetics of E. Kyriakou, B. Germanoska, M. Rigozzi and C.J. Rennie Construction of a Protein-based School of Physics, University of Sydney Biosensor e-mail of corresponding author: robinson@physics.usyd.edu.au C.S. Barton1, S. Martin1, L. Waniganayake1, A quantitative theory is developed for the relationship E. J. McMurchie2, W. Leifert2, L. Wieczorek1 between stimulus and the resulting Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) functional MRI signal in the brain. A 1. CSIRO Industrial Physics, West Lindfield, NSW, Australia; hemodynamic model is used to interrelate the neural 2. CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, SA, Australia activity and the BOLD response, where the neural activity is inferred from Evoked Response Potentials (ERPs). The e-mail of corresponding author: chris.barton@csiro.au BOLD response is studied for different forms, frequencies, The nanoscale assembly of protein-based biosensors is of and amplitudes of stimuli, in contrast with existing critical importance to their function. Studied here is the research which investigated only sustained pulses. It is coupling of the protein sensor element to a functionalised found BOLD response depends strongly on both peak self-assembled monolayer on a gold substrate. activity and profile. Stimulus sequences to optimize BOLD Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) was used to measure response signal-to-noise are derived using the the kinetics of protein binding to functionalised surfaces. hemodynamic transfer function. Proteins were immobilized using both histidine-Nickel affinity, and covalent amine coupling. SPR results provide the reaction kinetics for the two coupling systems. The histidine-Nickel interaction is weaker but allows for a controlled molecular architecture, whereas the covalent coupling is significantly stronger, but involves random protein orientation. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 153 BMP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics [1] J.J.G. Leandro et al. Proceedings Image Processing and Vision BMP PMO 69 (Sibgrapi03) 262 (2003) Modular Design of a Scanning Gantry [2] S. Chaudhuri et al. IEEE Trans. Med. Im. 8, 263 (1989) for Animal SPECT, PET and CT [3] F. Zana and J.-C. Klein, IEEE Trans. Med. Im. 10, 1010 (2001) [4] M. Marinez-Perez, et al. IEEE Int. Conf. Im. Proc., 173 (1999) Applications [5] X. Jiang and D. Mohon, IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Int. 25, J.A.M. Brady1, M. Lerch1, S.R. Meikle2, J. Bourke1, 131 (2003) A.B. Rozenfeld1. 1. Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of BMP PMO 71 Wollongong, NSW; 2. Department of PET and Nuclear Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW Investigating a Novel Spectral e-mail of corresponding author: jbrady@uow.edu.au Hole-Burning Mechanism in Using the modular design methodology, we have Photosystem II developed a scanning gantry system; custom designed Joseph L. Hughes1*, Elmars Krausz1, Paul J. Smith2, for multi-modality nuclear imaging techniques (NITs) and Ron J. Pace2 the CoALA SPECT project[1]. This paper discusses the 1. Research School of Chemistry, Australian National gantry’s flexible modular design and how significant University, Canberra, ACT; 2. Department of Chemistry, components and functionality have been reused in other Australian National University, Canberra, ACT medical physics related instrumentation developed at the email of corresponding author: hughes@rsc.anu.edu.au Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong. The gantry is designed to meet the exacting Photosystem II is a chlorophyll-containing trans-membrane requirements of researchers in new radiotracer protein complex. The PSII reaction centre (RC) contains a development who require accurate functional and highly photo-oxidizable assembly of chlorophyll molecules. anatomical information—the scanning gantry has a linear We have found highly efficient (up to ~1%) persistent stepping accuracy of +/–12.5 microns and an angular spectral hole-burning in PSII core complexes occurs in accuracy of +/–0.03 degree. The scanning gantry is a chlorophyll’s involved in energy transfer processes. The precision instrument that is also affordable to research hole-burning mechanism, however, is associated with the groups working in small laboratories or universities. primary charge separation process. We present results [1] S.R. Meikle, R. Wojcik, A.G. Weisenberger, M. F. Smith, S. from investigation of the unusually symmetric Majewski, P. Kench, S. Eberl, R. Fulton, M. Lerch, A. B. photoproduct distribution and the (pseudo-) phonon Rozenfeld; CoALA-SPECT: A Coded Aperture Laboratory sideband structure of spectral holes in PSII. We have also Animal SPECT System for Pre Clinical Imaging, Nuclear studied the wavelength dependence of the hole-burning Science Symposium Conference Record, 2002, IEEE, Volume: quantum efficiency, and relate it to the QE of primary 2, 10–16 Nov. 2002, Pages:1061–1065 vol.2. charge separation. BMP PMO 70 BMP PMO 72 Comparison of Various Methods to Delineate Blood Vessel in Retinal Quantitative Study on the Effects of Images Sugars on Membrane PhaseTransitions—Preliminary M.J. Cree1, J.J.G. Leandro2, J.V.B. Soares2, R.M. Cesar, Investigations Jr.2, G. Tang1, H.F. Jelinek3, and D.J. Cornforth4 1 1 2 1. Department of Physics & Electronic Engineering, University T. Lenné , G. Bryant and K.L. Koster of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; 2. Department of 1. Department of Applied Physics, RMIT University, Computer Science, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; 3. School Melbourne; 2. Department of Biology, University of South of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury; Dakota, Vermillion, USA 4. School of Environmental and Information Sciences, Charles e-mail of corresponding author: thomas.lenne@rmit.edu.au Sturt University, Albury Severe dehydration is lethal for most biological species. e-mail of corresponding author: m.cree@ieee.org However, there are a number of organisms which have We compare a number of methods to detect and delineate evolved mechanisms to avoid damage during blood vessels in retinal images. The five methods include: dehydration. One of these mechanisms is the Wavelet detection developed by ourselves[1], and accumulation of small solutes, which can inhibit matched-filtering[2], morphological processing[3], deleterious membrane phase transitions at low hydration. curvature estimation[4] and multi-threshold probing[5], Although these effects have been studied for some time, developed by others. We test the methods against the there is debate about whether the effects are caused by publicly available STARE database which consists of direct interactions between the solutes and the lipids, or twenty non-mydriatic colour retinal images and gold by non-specific physical effects. In this paper we report on standards containing delineated vessels as determined by the preliminary investigations, using SAXS and DSC, of a two ophthalmologists. The resultant vessel detections are project aimed at addressing this issue. compared against the gold standards using FROC methodology. It is found that the majority of vessel detection methods perform to similar ability to within the estimated uncertainty of the experiment. 154 Congress Handbook and Abstracts BMP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics BMP PMO 73 BMP PMO 76 Development of Models for Protein Melanin and Melanoma: The Aggregation Kinetics Quantum Chemistry of Pheomelanin S. Maheswaran and William S. Price Jennifer Riesz, Ben Powell, Evan Moore, Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of Ross McKenzie, Paul Meredith Science, Food and Horticulture, University of Western Sydney, Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane NSW, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: riesz@physics.uq.edu.au E-mail of corresponding author: s.maheswaran@uws.edu.au Melanins are pigments responsible for photoprotection in Protein self-association is of critical importance in a wide humans. In order to understand the photophysics of variety of situations, ranging from disease states (e.g., pheomelanin (the type of melanin more closely associated Alzheimer’s disease) to protein-based drugs and food with the formation of melanoma skin cancer[1]) we have processing. The delicate nature of associating protein used first principles Density Functional Theory to calculate systems severely restricts the techniques available for the electronic and vibrational properties of cysteinyldopa, probing the kinetics of association in such systems. Of the key precursor[2]. We have calculated realistic HOMO- these techniques, NMR diffusion measurements show LUMO gap energies, and determined the likely ratio of the great promise[1]. Theoretical development of models for two forms at room temperature. HOMO and LUMO aggregation kinetics has also been retarded by the electron densities have been calculated and compared paucity of experimental data. In this work we modify two with results from Huckel theory. These results take us one existing, albeit simplistic, kinetic models[2] (i.e., (i) random step closer to understanding the paradoxical behaviour of polymerisation and (ii) nucleation-dependent these mysterious molecules. polymerisation) into a form suitable for analysing NMR [1] H. Hill, G. Hill, Pigment Cell Research, 13 (Suppl. 8): 140–144 diffusion data[1,3]. These models were used as the basis (2000) for designing more cogent models of aggregation kinetics. [2] B. Powell, T. Baruah, N. Bernstein, K. Brake, R. McKenzie, P. [1] W.S. Price, F. Tsuchiya, Y. Arata, Biophys. J., 80, 1585 (2001). Meredith, M. Pederson, Journal of Chemical Physics, 120 (18), [2] M. Kodaka, Biophys. Chem. 109, 325 (2004). 8608–8615 (2004) [3] W. S. Price, F. Tsuchiya, Y. Arata, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 11503 (1999). BMP PMO 77 A Thermodynamics-Based BMP PMO 75 Mechanism for the Slow Component Infectious Disease Epidemic of Oxygen Uptake Kinetics During Evolution in Inhomogeneous High Power Exercise Human Society J. O’Reilly1 and R.J. Simeoni2 I. M. Lyashenko1, M. I. Pinkevych1 and I. P. Pinkevich2 1. Department of Chemistry, St Saviour’s College, Toowoomba; 1. Faculty of Cybernetics, National Taras Shevchenko 2. School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University of Kyiv, Kyiv; 2. School of Physics, University of University, Gold Coast New South Wales, Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: Jeannie.OReilly@stsav.qld.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: mykola_p@hotmail.com The profile of human oxygen consumption during high Mathematical model of the epidemic evolution in the power exercise has captivated exercise physiologists for inhomogeneous human society, which consists of the decades and the mechanism behind the slow component population groups with different values of their immune of this profile is still unclear[1,2]. The present study models system parameters such as susceptibility to disease, this component from a thermodynamics perspective that infection level, disease duration, and immunity duration is considers the work associated with gas pressure, volume developed. The values of the most important parameters and temperature changes for the glucose-based equation of the epidemic model are determined through the of respiration. Model slow component curves closely solutions of equations that describe the infection disease match clinically measured curves[2] in shape and scale. evolution in the human organism. The epidemic evolution Existing proposed mechanisms for the slow component in the society as well as in the separate groups of are generally more qualitative or physiological in nature. population is studied depending on the values of the Thus, the presented model may represent a significant human immune system parameters. contributing mechanism towards the slow component. [1] D.J. Jacobsen, R. Coast and J.E. Donnelly, J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 38, 124 (1998) [2] J.A. Zoladz and B. Korzeniewski B, J. Physiol. Pharm., 52, 167 (2001) Congress Handbook and Abstracts 155 BMP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics [1] D.A. Steyn-Ross, M.L. Steyn-Ross, M.T. Wilson, J.W. Sleigh, I.P. BMP PMO 78 Gillies and J.J. Wright, “A phase-transition model for the cycles of natural sleep”, in: Proceedings of 16th National AIP Instabilities of the Cortex during Congress, Canberra, Australia (2005) Natural Sleep [2] M.T. Wilson, M.L. Steyn-Ross, D.A. Steyn-Ross and J.W. Sleigh, 1 1 1 “Instabilities of the cortex during natural sleep”, in: ProceedingsM.T. Wilson , M.L. Steyn-Ross , D.A. Steyn-Ross and of 16th National AIP Congress, Canberra, Australia (2005) J.W. Sleigh2 1. Dept of Physics & Electronic Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; 2. Department of BMP PMO 80 Anaesthetics, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand Modelling the Readout Performance e-mail of corresponding author: m.wilson@waikato.ac.nz of a New Silicon Photodetector for We examine the electrical behaviour of the cortex during Use in PET natural sleep. We use a macrocolumn-averaged model of 1 1 1 1 cortical dynamics to analyse the stability of the stationary G.J. Takacs , M.L.F. Lerch , R.D. Ward , P.E. Simmonds , 2 1 states. The model, developed from those introduced by V. Perevertaylo , and A.B. Rosenfeld Wright and Liley[1], Liley et al[2] and Robinson et al[3], 1. Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of allows the soma potentials to vary with time and space. Wollongong, NSW, Australia; 2. SPO-BIT, Ukraine The stability of the stationary states depends particularly e-mail of corresponding author: george_takacs@uow.edu.au on the inhibitory synaptic time constants. When unstable, This paper discusses a Monte Carlo model of the readout the cortex moves into a limit cycle in time, but rapidly performance of a new silicon photodetector (PD) when synchronises in space. High spatial frequencies are optically coupled to a scintillator for use in Positron quickly removed. The results have similarities with the Emission Tomography (PET). Results of the model for two phenomenon of slow-wave bursting during sleep. PD-scintillator readout combinations have been compared The authors acknowledge support from the New Zealand with experimental results for the same readout Marsden Fund, contract UOW307. configurations. The PDs were designed by the Centre for [1] J.J. Wright and D.T.J. Liley, Behavioral and Brain Science 19, Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong and 285–316 (1996) manufactured by SPO BIT, Ukraine. We have found that [2] D.T.J. Liley and P.J. Cadusch and J.J. Wright, Neurocomputing the developed model could be a very useful tool in 26–27, 795–800 (1999) predicting the response of silicon PD-scintillator detectors [3] P.A. Robinson, C.J. Rennie and J. J. Wright, Physical Review E for a variety of imaging applications. 56, 826–840 (1997) BMP PMO 81 BMP PMO 79 Application of Hard X-ray Phase- Evidence for Cortical Phase contrast Imaging to Biomedical and Transitions in EEG Recordings of Clinical Medical Studies Human Sleep S.W. Wilkins1, D. Gao1, T.E. Gureyev1, S.C. Mayo1, I.P. Gillies1, D.A.Steyn-Ross1, M.L.Steyn-Ross1, P.R. Miller1, Y.I. Nesterets1, D.M. Paganin2, D.J. Parry1, J.W.Sleigh2 and M.T.Wilson1 A. Pogany1, and A.W. Stevenson1 1. Dept of Physics & Electronic Engineering, University of 1. CSIRO, Manufacturing & Infrastructure Tecnology, Clayton, Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; 2. Dept of Anaesthetics, VIC; 2. School of Physics & Materials Engineering, Monash Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand University, Clayton, VIC e-mail of corresponding author: ig1@waikato.ac.nz e-mail of corresponding author: steve.wilkins@csiro.au Clinical electroencephalogram (EEG) records were Conventional X-ray radiography that has prevailed for the obtained from human subjects during overnight sleep. past 100 years relies on differential absorption in a sample Statistics derived included EEG power, correlation time, to produce contrast. Recently, a variety of methods for spectral entropy, and high-frequency/low-frequency power producing additional x-ray contrast via phase effects have fractions. Time-series for power and correlation-time show been proposed and explored[1–3]. Two of the most coherent “sawtooth” patterns, with both quantities important classes of these methods are the double-crystal gradually increasing during SWS, then abruptly dropping type (Analyzer-Based) and the simple Fresnel diffraction away as the cortex transits into rapid-eye-movement (In-Line) types. The present paper will briefly highlight the (REM) sleep. The low- and high-frequency power fractions key features of these and some recent results obtained behave in antiphase, with growth in low-frequency power with them for biomedical applications using both coinciding with decay in high-frequency power, and vice synchrotron[2] and conventional sources[3]. It will also versa. These results are consistent with a first-order describe their current status for clinical medical phase-change theory for sleep being developed at applications. Waikato University[1,2]. This theory predicts a critical [1] R. Fitzgerald, Phase-sensitive X-ray imaging, Phys. Today 53, slowing down of the EEG signal on approach to the SWS ! No7,23–26 (2000) REM transition. [2] A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, M. Suvorov, M. Kocsis,., & V. Kohn, Author IPG acknowledges Enterprise Scholarship support Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1995) 66, 5486–92. from the New Zealand Tertiary Education Commission. [3] S.W. Wilkins, T.E. Gureyev, D. Gao, A. Pogany, and A.W. Stevenson, Nature 384, 335–8(1996). 156 Congress Handbook and Abstracts BMP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics BMP PMO 82 BMP TUE31 Nanodosimetric Cluster Size Tuesday 1620–1640 Distributions of a 250 MeV Oligonucleotide Microarrays and Therapeutic Proton Beam Langmuir Adsorption Theory Andrew Wroe1, Reinhard Schulte2, Anatoly Rosenfeld1, C.J. Burden, Y. Pittelkow and S.R. Wilson Bernd Grosswendt3 Centre for Bioinformation Science, Australian National 1. Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of University, Canberra Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; 2. Dept. of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, e-mail of corresponding author: conrad.burden@anu.edu.au CA, USA; 3. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Oligonucleotide microarrays are designed to enable Braunschweig, Germany evaluation of the simultaneous expression of large e-mail of corresponding author: ajw16@uow.edu.au numbers of genes in prepared RNA samples. A microarray Nanodosimetry enables the energy deposition of ionizing consists of a substrate onto which short, single strand radiation on a DNA scale to be determined. The purpose DNA probes have been synthesized. Intensity of this research is to conduct nanodosimetric measurements from fluorescent dye attached to RNA measurements of proton radiation fields at the proton target molecules hybridized onto the microarray surface accelerator of Loma Linda University Medical Center are intended as a measure of gene expression. (LLUMC) in an attempt to verify a Monte Carlo simulation We develop a model based on Langmuir adsorption system. To achieve this, these measurements will be theory for relating measured intensity measurements to the compared to the output from a Monte Carlo simulation underlying specific sequence RNA concentration. The system that is being developed to simulate the model includes the effects of non-specific hybridization nanodosimetric spectra of the LLUMC beamline. Once and acknowledges that hybridization is a two step process verified, this Monte Carlo system will provide a very involving a rate determining nucleation step followed by a powerful tool with which to measure the effect of radiation rapid zipping up step. fields on a nanoscopic level without submitting humans or expensive electronics to such a potentially damaging environment. BMP TUE32 Tuesday 1640–1700 BMP PMO 83 Nano-structured Surfaces for Guided Protein Response to Electric Field Actomyosin Motility to Develop New Stress Toxin Indicating Biosensors D. Ramdutt1 R.W. Boswell1 and C. Charles1, A. Budi1, S. Legge1, H. Treutlein2, and I. Yarovsky1 C. dos Remedios2 and R. Martinez2 1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT 1. Plasma Research Laboratories, Research School of University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; 2. Cytopia Research Pty Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National Ltd, Melbourne, VIC, Australia University, Canberra; 2. Muscle Research Unit, Department of e-mail of corresponding author: irene.yarovsky@rmit.edu.au Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney Proteins can change conformation under stress, which can e-mail of corresponding author: devin.ramdutt@anu.edu.au lead to disruption of their biological function and result in a We have developed techniques for producing nano- number of diseases[1]. structured surfaces that will allow us to bind functional In an effort to understand the effect of external stresses on heavy meromyosin (HMM) in such a way that the velocity protein conformation, we have performed long term of the fluorescing actin filament can be easily measured. molecular dynamics simulations of insulin chain β in Methods trailed by Bunk et al[1] using different resist several different environments. The conformational polymers has been repeated as well as techniques we behaviour of the protein under thermal and electric field have pioneered using Focused Ion Beams (FIB) and stresses was compared to the reference system under isotropic plasma etching to develop physical (non-time ambient conditions. We found the system under electric dependent) hydrophobic surfaces. Motility, including field stress to behave similarly to the system under thermal speed and density of actin filaments, has been measured stress, both adopting conformations rarely seen under on all surfaces. It is hoped that these surfaces will aid in ambient conditions. the development of a new biosensor. [1] L.C. Serpell, J.M. Smith, J. Mol. Biol., 299, 225 (2000) [1] R. Bunk et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301, 783–788, 2003 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 157 BMP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics BMP TUE33 BMP TUE35 Tuesday 1700–1720 Tuesday 1740–1800 Research and Development of Application of the Lattice Boltzmann Semiconductor-based Model to Hemodynamics with Instrumentation with Application Arterial Stenosis Growth to Medical Physics J. Boyd1, J.M. Buick1, J.A. Cosgorve2 and P. Stansell2 A.B. Rosenfeld 1. Physics and Electronics, School of Biological, Biomedical Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of and Molecular Sciences, The University of New England, Wollongong, NSW, Australia Armidale, NSW, Australia; 2. School of Physics, The University of Edinburgh, UK e-mail of corresponding author: anatoly@uow.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: jbuick@une Over the last ten years the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics at the University of Wollongong has established a Blood flow dynamics is an important feature in the study of research programme in the area of medical physics that is many arterial diseases. There is a body of evidence that centred on new and novel silicon semiconductor suggests there is a correlation between atherosclerosis detectors. Arising from this research is the development of and abnormal wall shear stress. The Lattice Boltzmann innovative instrumentation with application to radiation Model (LBM) can be used to study many of the flow medicine. This paper will describe the motivation and features that are important in hemodynamic modelling. background research of several instruments, that are at applications. In this paper, the LBM with an extrapolation different stages of development and commercialisation, boundary scheme is used to model blood flow through a including the Semiconductor Microdosimeter, Radiation carotid artery with increasingly severe stenosis. The Damage Monitoring System, MOSFET dosimetry System, simulations are two dimensional as a precursor to three Urethra Probe Mini-Spectroscopy System and Anti- dimensional simulations and give an indication of the flow Compton Probe. These instruments have found application characteristics. in a wide variety of radiation medicine related areas includng Proton Therapy, Fast Neutron Therapy, Microbeam Radiation Therapy, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, Permanent Seed Implant Prostate Brachytherapy, and Radionuclide Image Guided Surgery. BMP TUE34 Tuesday 1720–1740 The Key Factors which Determine the Cooling Effect of Blood Flow Near Ultrasonically Heated Bone G. J. Vella1, V. F. Humphrey2, F. A. Duck3 and S. B. Barnett4 1. School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; 2. Institute of Sound and Vibration Research. University of Southampton, UK; 3. Medical Physics Department, Royal United Hospital Bath, UK; 4. Honorary Research Associate, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: g.vella@fhs.usyd.edu.au To determine the critical factors that produce cooling, a phantom simulating human fetal skull bone was immersed in a soft tissue mimicking material (TMM). This was exposed to clinically relevant pulsed Doppler ultrasound with power outputs of up to 255 mW. Water flowing in a 2-mm wall-less channel in the TMM, at various distances from the bone target, simulated blood flow. The temperature was measured at the inner surface of the bone. The cooling effect was more effective as the distance between the perfusing channel and bone was decreased, as the number of channels increased and as the ultrasound beamwidth increased. 158 Congress Handbook and Abstracts BMP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Condensed Matter and Material, and Surface Physics (CMMSP) CMMSP MOC21 CMMSP MOC24 Monday 1400–1440 hrs Monday 1500–1520 hrs Quantum Mechanics Rules Toward Quantum-limited Detection Jaan Oitmaa with an Aluminium SQUID Amplifier School of Physics, University of New South Wales, N.A. Court1,2, D.J. Reilly1,2, T.M. Buehler1,2, V.C. Chan1,3, Sydney NSW 2052 R.P. Starrett1,2 and R.G. Clark1,2 e-mail of corresponding author: j.oitmaa@unsw.edu.au 1. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for While it is well known that magnetism is a macroscopic Quantum Computer Technology; 2. School of Physics quantum phenomenon, a semi-classical picture is University, of New South Wales, Sydney NSW Australia; 3. School of Electrical Engineering, University of New South generally used and is often adequate. However in recent Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia years a number of phenomena have been observed which cannot be understood at all without a full quantum e-mail of corresponding author: ncourt@phys.unsw.edu.au mechanical treatment. Examples include spin liquid states, The radio frequency single electron transistor (rf-SET) is a “order from disorder”, quantum phase transitions. I will near quantum-limited electrometer, capable of sensing give an overview of such phenomena, including both sub-electron charge signals on microsecond timescales[1]. theory and experiment. Some of the recent work of our In addition to applications in radio astronomy and nuclear group at UNSW will be described. magnetic resonance, this device holds promise as a read- out detector for solid state quantum computing[2]. At present the sensitivity of the rf-SET is limited by the CMMSP MOC23 noise contribution of the post amplifier which is typically Monday 1440–1500 hrs a cryogenic transistor. In an effort to overcome this The Locus of High Temperature limitation we are currently exploiting the dc-SQUID Superconductivity in YBa Cu O (superconducting quantum interference device) as a 2 3 7–δ near-quantum limited post amplifier of radio frequency G. Jakovidis1 and K. H. Johnson2 signals[3]. This hybrid configuration, consisting of a near 1. School of Physics & Materials Engineering, Monash quantum-limited electrometer (rf-SET) coupled to a near University, Victoria Australia; 2. Nanocluster Technologies LLC quantum-limited post amplifier (dc-SQUID) opens the & IPVision, One Broadway, Cambridge, MA USA prospect of studying sub-electron charge motion in e-mail of corresponding author: condensed matter systems with unheralded sensitivity. greg.jakovidis@spme.monash.edu.au Here we present results to date in our effort to construct Despite intensive (>30,000 technical publications) and an all Aluminium microstrip SQUID amplifier. We include sustained research over the past 18 years, a consensus details of our fabrication process together with numerical regarding the pairing mechanism in cuprate simulations of the microwave circuits and compare these superconductors remains elusive. Related to this issue is results to data taken at mK temperatures. the question of the locus of high Tc superconductivity. [1] R.J. Schoelkopf et al, Science 280, 1238 (1998) At the outset a bold model[1] and more recent work[2,3] [2] T.M Buehler et al, arXiv:cond-mat/0302085 (2003) suggest that superconductivity is parallel to copper oxide [3] R. Bradley et al, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 777 (2003) planes but displaced along the c-axis. Such models are remarkable given that it is widely assumed that the superconductivity is confined to CuO2 planes. We present CMMSP MOC25 experimental[4] and theoretical work[5] on YBCO that Monday 1520–1540 hrs attempts to reconcile these contrasting views. Evolution of the Bilayer υ = 1 [1] K. H. Johnson, M. E. McHenry, C. Counterman, A. Collins, M. M. Donovan, R. C. O’Handley and G. Kalonji, Physica C, Quantum Hall State under Charge 153–155, 1165 (1988). Imbalance [2] A. Kumar, J. D. Dow and H. A. Blackstead, Philos. Mag. 84, 1 2249 (2004). W.R. Clarke , A.P. Micolich 1, A.R. Hamilton1, M.Y. Simmons1, C.B. Hanna2, J.R. Rodriguez2, [3] J. D. Dow and D. R. Harshman, Philos. Mag., 82, 1055 (2002). M. Pepper3 and D.A. Ritchie3 [4] J. D. Cashion, D. Jinks, G. Jakovidis, L. J. Brown, G. Ganakas and M. J. Morgan, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Elec. 8, 39 (1997). 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Boise State University, [5] A. E. Smith, S. Homolya and G. Jakovidis, 3rd International Boise ID USA; 3. Cavendish Laboratory, University of Conference on Computational Modelling and Simulation of Materials, Sicily (2004). Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. e-mail of corresponding author: wclarke@phys.unsw.edu.au We use high-mobility bilayer two-dimensional hole systems with negligible tunnelling to examine how the bilayer υ = 1 quantum Hall state evolves as charge is transferred from one layer to the other at constant total density[1]. We map Congress Handbook and Abstracts 159 CMMSP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics bilayer υ = 1 state stability versus imbalance for five total is to be in the top 3 such facilities worldwide. densities spanning the range from strongly interlayer coherent to incoherent. We observe competition between single-layer correlations and interlayer coherence. Most CMMSP MOC34 significantly, we find that bilayer systems that are Monday 1720–1740 hrs incoherent at balance can develop spontaneous interlayer Time-resolved Studies of Neutron coherence with imbalance, in agreement with recent theoretical predictions. Diffraction Intensities in Association [1] W.R. Clarke et al., Cond-Mat/0403490 (2004). with Phase Transitions [2] Y. N. Joglekar and A. H. MacDonald, Phys. Rev. B 65, J.E. Daniels1, A.J. Studer2, T.R. Finlayson1 and 235319 (2002). M.E. Hagen3 1. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash CMMSP MOC31 University, Clayton, Victoria; 2. Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Menai, NSW; Monday 1620–1700 hrs 3. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA Inelastic Neutron Scattering and the e-mail of corresponding author: Dynamics of Biomolecules john.daniels@spme.monash.edu.au D. A. Neumann A neutron scattering capability has been developed, enabling time-resolved measurements, for example, in NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA ferroelectric crystals. Neutrons detected at the position sensitive detector on TASS, are time-stamped allowing e-mail of corresponding author: dan@nist.gov measurement of scattered intensities versus time. Samples Life is intrinsically a dynamic process. As such, the are continually strobed by an electric field while detected biophysical and biochemical processes which living neutrons are binned according to their scattering times systems rely upon are inherently dynamic as well. One from the sample, within the strobing period. The particular manifestation of this is the molecular motion of ferroelectric triglycine sulphate is being used as a model proteins and enzymes, without which the functional system for the development of the technique, owing to this specificity and efficiency would not be attained. Here, we material exhibiting some unusual changes in peak will discuss the use of neutron spectroscopy to study the intensities with time, during poling[1]. motions of proteins in solution in various folded sates. [1] S.J. Payne, PhD Thesis, University of Keele (1998) These experimental results will be directly compared with the results of molecular dynamics simulations enabling a detailed interpretation of the side-chain motions related to CMMSP MOC35 each individual amino acid residue. We will also describe Monday 1740–1800 hrs how neutron scattering can be used to measure the suppression of these intrinsic motions and how this Neutron Reflectivity of Titania and suppression correlates directly to the shelf-life of Zirconia-based Films Self-assembled biopharmaceutical formulations. at the Solid/Liquid Interface M.J. Henderson, A.M. Hawley and J.W.White CMMSP MOC33 Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Monday 1700–1720 hrs Canberra, ACT Opportunities for Scientific e-mail of corresponding author: jww@rsc.anu.edu.au Research at Australia’s Replacement Self-assembled orientated titania (TiO2) and zirconia Research Reactor (ZrO2) based films have been produced at the solid-liquid interface using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the R. A. Robinson template. For the first time these new films are Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology characterised by in situ grazing angle neutron Organisation, Menai, NSW reflectometry using the recently commissioned X172 e-mail of corresponding author: rro@ansto.gov.au instrument at HIFAR facility (Australian Nuclear Science The 20-MW Australian Replacement Research Reactor and Technology Organisation). This work complements our represents possibly the greatest single research recent study of the formation of these films at the air/water [1,2,3] infrastructure investment in Australia’s history. The project interface using fast, time resolved energy dispersive includes a large state-of-the-art liquid deuterium cold- x-ray reflectometry. neutron source and supermirror guides feeding a large [1] Henderson, M. J., King, D., White, J. W., Langmuir, 2004, modern guide hall, in which most of the instruments are 20, 2305–2308. placed. Alongside the guide hall, there is good provision [2] Henderson, M. J., King, D., White, J. W., Aust. J. Chem., 2003, of laboratory, office and space for support activities. While 56, 933–939. the facility has “space” for up to 18 instruments, the [3] Henderson, M. J., Gibaud, A., Bardeau, J. F., Rennie, A., project has funding for an initial set of 8 instruments, White, J. W., Physica B submitted, 2004. which will be ready when the reactor is fully operational in July 2006. Instrument performance will be competitive with CMMSP TUC11 the best research-reactor facilities anywhere, and our goal Tuesday 1040–1100 hrs 160 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Conducting Ni Nanoparticles in an Nano-assembly of Conjugated Ion-modified Polymer Polymer on Carbon Nanotubes: J.Y. Sze1, C.I. Pakes2, S. Prawer2, B.K. Tay1 and An STM Study D.N. Jamieson2 R. Goh1, E. R. Waclawik2, N. Motta1,3, J. M. Bell1 1. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang 1. Centre for Built Environment and Engineering Research, Technological University, Singapore; 2. Centre for Quantum Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA; Computer Technology, School of Physics, University of 2. Inorganic Materials Research Program, School of Physical Melbourne, Victoria and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of e-mail of corresponding author: jiayin@pmail.ntu.edu.sg Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA; 3. on leave from INFM- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma TRE, Rome, ITALY Conductive atomic force microscopy has been used to perform nanoscale current mapping of Ni-implanted e-mail of corresponding author: r.goh@qut.edu.au polythylene terephthlate films at low temperature. The films Composites of the conducting polymer poly were implanted using a filtered cathodic arc with pulse (alkylthiophene)s and carbon nanotubes have huge substrate biasing. Our interest is in the study of electrical potential for a variety of application including organic solar transport in the implanted surface layer, which cells and optoelectronic memory device[1,2]. For this demonstrates a reduction in bulk sheet resistance for Ni potential to be realised, the interactions between nanotube surface concentration of 14–18%. The local transport and the polymer and the crystallisation mechanism needs properties are found to evolve with increasing Ni content to be first of all clarified. Here, we will report on our latest from a near continuous conducting surface to the work on scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) to directly formation of a quasi-regular array of conducing Ni visualise the conformation of poly(3hexylthiophene) (P3HT) clusters, about 30 nm in size, consistent with X-ray on single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Based on analysis. We shall discuss temperature dependent high resolution STM observations, the mechanisms for the electrical measurements, that are indicative of an insulator- organisation of monolayer and multilayers of P3HT on metal transition accompanying the formation of Ni SWNT are proposed. crystallites, and the magnetic properties of the films. [1] E. Kymakis, PhD thesis, University of Cambridge (2003) [2] A. Star, Y. Lu, K. Bradley, and G. Gruner, Nano Lett, 4, CMMSP TUC12 1587 (2004) Tuesday 1100–1120 hrs Investigation of the Growth and CMMSP TUC14 Spontaneous Alignment of Tuesday 1140–1200 hrs Lanthanum Gallate Self-Assembled Nanoporosity in a Self-Assembled Microdots on Si(111) Surface Drug Delivery System Detected by J. R. Sellar1, G. Jakovidis1 and A. Singh1,2 Positron Annihilation Lifetime 1. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash Spectroscopy University, Victoria, Australia; 2. The University of the South Ansgar Bögershausen1, Steven J. Pas1,2, Anita J. Hill2,3*, Pacific, Laucala Bay, Suva, Fiji and Hubert Koller1 e-mail of the corresponding author: 1. Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Jeff.Sellar@spme.monash.edu.au Münster, Germany; 2. CSIRO Manufacturing and The formation of self-assembled Quantum Dots (QDs) on Infrastructure Technology, South Clayton VIC Australia; semiconductor surfaces is well-known. We have used RF 3. School of Chemistry, Monash University, VIC Australia sputtering to produce self-assembled islands of doped e-mail of corresponding author: anita.hill@csiro.au Lanthanum Gallate on Si(111) substrate that are several We present a new drug carrier system that consists of orders of magnitude larger than the QDs. These silica hybrid gels having organic side groups. A major microdots, however, share many features with Quantum difference to existing formulations is that the matrix is Dots, such as the ability for spontaneous alignment. We generated in the presence of the drug molecule in a self- present our Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and assembling process. The critical role of pore architecture Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) results, and put (size and accessibility) in the tailored drug release is forward explanations of the formation and alignment by clearly revealed by positron annihilation lifetime reference to the Stranski-Krastanov (SK) Growth spectroscopy (PALS), while the classical nitrogen Mechanism. adsorption technique (BET method) is not suitable here to indicate the internal void structure. CMMSP TUC13 Tuesday 1120–1140 hrs CMMSP TUC21 Tuesday 1400–1440 hrs Congress Handbook and Abstracts 161 CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Silicon-based Quantum Computing Tuesday 1440–1500 hrs using Buried Donor Architectures Differentiating Dopant and Resist in A.S. Dzurak Device Fabrication on the Atomic Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Scale Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, University of 1 1 2 1 New South Wales, Sydney, Australia T.C.G. Reusch , N.J. Curson , S.R. Schofield , T. Hallam , and M.Y. Simmons1 e-mail of corresponding author: a.dzurak@unsw.edu.au 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Quantum computers have the potential to unveil a new Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; paradigm of information processing via the coherent 2. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University control of quantum bits (qubits). Solid-state of Newcastle, NSW Australia implementations based on superconductors and e-mail of corresponding author: thilo.reusch@unsw.edu.au semiconductors are particularly promising due to the prospect of producing large numbers of qubits via STM lithography using a hydrogen resist has been integrated circuit fabrication technology. Of these, the recently demonstrated to achieve atomically precise Kane Si:P scheme[1] has generated great interest because placements of single phosphorous dopants on Si(001)[1] of the long coherence times of spins in silicon. This and surfaces . This approach is currently pursued to related Si schemes (such as the Si:P charge qubit[2]) fabricate nanoscale devices towards the quantum[2] require the positioning of single phosphorus atoms in computer architecture proposed by Kane . silicon, registered to surface control gates with high So far, studying the redistribution of P dopants in the precision, together with an ability to read out a single spin Si(001) surface has been hampered by the fact that the P or charge. Important strides in construction of atomically- dopants in the surface and remains of the hydrogen resist precise P atom arrays in Si have been demonstrated over have close similarity in STM imaging[3]. We demonstrate the past few years using a bottom-up assembly that subtle differences in the local electronic structure can approach[3], while controlled single ion implantation[4] has be exploited for differentiating the two species in voltage- recently been used to construct Si:P qubit test devices dependent imaging and Scanning Tunneling with a precise number of P atoms using more conventional Spectroscopy. top-down nanotechnologies. This presentation will discuss [1] S. R. Schofield et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 136104(2003) the challenges of fabricating, controlling and measuring [2] B. E. Kane, Nature 393, 133(1998) such single donor qubits, in particular those constructed [3] N. J. Curson et al., Phys. Rev. B 69, 195303(2004) via single ion implantation. Experimental results showing the gate-controlled transfer of single electrons between two buried Si:P quantum dots, each containing ~ 600 CMMSP TUC24 phosphorus atoms, with non-invasive detection using rf Tuesday 1500–1520 hrs single electron transistors (SETs) will be presented[5], together with recent data on devices with only a few (less Magnetospectroscopy to 18 T of than ten) phosphorus donors. Phosphorous Donor in Silicon [1] B.E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998). R.A. Lewis1, R.E.M. Vickers1, and Y.-J. Wang2 [2] L.C.L. Hollenberg, A.S. Dzurak, C. Wellard, A.R. Hamilton, D.J. 1. Institute for Superconductivity and Electronic Materials, Reilly, G.J. Milburn and R.G. Clark, Phys. Rev. B 69, 113301 University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; (2004). 2. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State [3] S.R. Schofield, N.J. Curson, M.Y. Simmons, F.J. Ruess, T. University, Tallahassee, Florida USA Hallam, L. Oberbeck and R.G. Clark, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 136104 (2003). e-mail of corresponding author: roger@uow.edu.au [4] R.P. McKinnon, F.E. Stanley, E. Gauja, L.D. Macks, M. Mitic, V. We report the far-infrared absorption Chan, K. Peceros, T.M. Buehler, A.S. Dzurak, R.G. Clark, C. magnetospectroscopy of P donor in Si to higher Yang, D.N. Jamieson and S.D. Prawer, Smart Mat. and Struct. magnetic fields than those employed previously. 11, 735 (2002). Absorption spectroscopy provides additional information [5] T.M. Buehler, V. Chan, A.G. Ferguson, A.S. Dzurak, F.E. Stanley, to that provided by PTIS for P donor in Si. Anti-crossings D.J. Reilly, A.R. Hamilton, R.G. Clark, D.N. Jamieson, C. Yang, between various states have been observed. C.I. Pakes and S. Prawer, in preparation. CMMSP TUC23 162 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP TUC25 CMMSP TUC33 Tuesday 1520–1540 hrs Tuesday 1700–1720 hrs Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Investigation Of Subsurface Study of Ion Implanted Thermal Specimen Charging Induced in Oxide Thin Films on Silicon Buried Oxide Layers by Electron M. D. H. Lay, C. I. Pakes, and J. C. McCallum Beam Irradiation Centre for Quantum Computing Technology and Micro- M A. Stevens-Kalceff1,2 and S. Mickle1 analytical Research Centre, School of Physics, University of 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney; Melbourne, Melbourne 2. Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales, e-mail of corresponding author: mlay@ph.unimelb.edu.au Sydney Ion implantation through gate oxides may be used for e-mail of corresponding author: future device fabrication. However, studies of the damage Marion.Stevens-Kalceff@unsw.edu.au created have mostly been restricted to optical and Kelvin Probe Microscopy (KPM) and Cathodolumin- magnetic studies with EPR, PL and IR absorption. We escence (CL) microanalysis have been used to investigate have studied the surface potential of keV energy P electron beam induced localized charging processes and implanted 15 nm thermal oxides on silicon substrates with defect generation in technologically important SIMOX-SOI. Kelvin probe Force Microscopy. Results have shown a KPM directly confirms significant localized residual surface potential change while there may not be any potentials associated with the buried oxide layer. observed change in the topology. Analytical & numerical Observed potentials are modelled giving insight into the modeling has also been used to relate the change in complex, dynamic and self-regulating irradiation induced potential to net charge. processes which involve competition between electron trapping, defect generation and electromigration. CL CMMSP TUC31 identifies defects in irradiated SIMOX consistent withoxygen radiolysis and breakdown of the buried oxide Tuesday 1620–1700 hrs layer. CL also provides evidence for the dissociation of Liquid Semiconductors: Is Mott or passivating species from silicon nanocrystals incorporated Anderson Localisation Relevant? within the buried oxide layer. J. Enderby President, Institute of Physics CMMSP TUC34 Emeritus Professor and Senior Research Fellow in Physics, Tuesday 1720–1740 hrs Department of Physics, University of Bristol Photo-excitation Induced Processes Sir Professor John Enderby is the current President of the In Amorphous Semiconductors Institute of Physics (IOP) and his two-year term of office Jai Singh will encompass the Einstein International Year of Physics— the centenary of Einstein’s greatest discoveries, and a School of Engineering and Logistics, Charles Darwin celebration of physics around the world. He received his University, Darwin NT Australia knighthood in the 2004 New Year’s honours list for e-mail of corresponding author: jai.singh@cdu.edu.au services to science and technology and is currently Amorphous semiconductors are used in fabricating many involved in work on molten ceramics and some exotic opto-electronic devices such as solar cells, large area thin liquid semiconducting materials. This later work includes film transistors (TFT), memory storage discs etc., and studies of the electrical conductivity of liquid silicon hence have immense industrial applications. Most of such obtained from samples that were aerodynamically levitated devices operate on the principle of first creating excited on an inert argon gas stream. In this case it was shown electron and hole pairs by optical excitations or injections that the conductivity could be obtained by accurate and then their separation and collection or their radiative measurements of the change in the self-inductance and recombination. On one hand, structures of such the resistance of a sensing coil in the presence of a semiconductors do not have any long-range orders and conducting sample over a frequency range of 100 kHz to hence tend to hinder the motion of charge carriers by 5 MHz. This and related work on liquid alloy offering them some confinements. On the other hand, the semiconductors has challenged the idea that the apparent lack of long-range periodicity gives rise to several new metal to non-metal transition observed in liquid alloy phenomena, which do not occur in crystalline solids.. semiconductors is related to disorder induced localization. Some of these new phenomena are used in new frontier This presentation will highlight aspects of this work. technologies, for example, future DVDs are likely to use the phenomena of photodarkening and volume expansion for storing information in their optical memory. In this paper, the current understanding of photodarkening, volume expansion and radiative recombination of the excited charge carriers in amorphous semiconductors will be presented. [1] J. Singh and K. Shimakawa, Advances in Amorphous Semiconductors (Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 2003). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 163 CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics very high aspect ratio. We aim to realise the full potential CMMSP TUC35 of ion beam lithography by reaching the ultimate resolution Tuesday 1740–1800 hrs limit of a single ion track using controlled ion implantation. Electrical Conduction Mechanism of We spin a PMMA resist film onto a PIN photodiodes which functions as an active substrate, counting each ion ZnO Thin Films impact. We have investigated the formation of single ion J. Lee1, J. Metson2 and D. Bhattacharyya1 tracks using ions with a wide range of LETs using non- 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of contact Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to image single Auckland, New Zealand; 2. Department of Chemistry, ion tracks. University of Auckland, New Zealand e-mail of corresponding author: zli007@auckland.ac.nz CMMSP PTU 47 The ZnO thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering were studied by X-ray diffraction and conductivity Charge Transfer in Single-Ion measurement. We have found that the density of ZnO thin Implanted Silicon Devices films have some relationships with their conductivity. The M. Mitic1, S.E. Andresen1, C. Yang2, T. Hopf2, V. Chan1, conductivity with temperature has been found to follow the F.E. Hudson1, E. Gauja1, A.J. Ferguson1, R. Brenner1, Arrhenious equation, revealing two activation energies, T.M. Buehler1, S.M. Hearne2, C.I. Pakes2, G. Tamanyan2, one for higher and one for the lower temperature ranges. D.N. Jamieson2, A.R. Hamilton1, A.S. Dzurak1 and While the activation energy at higher temperatures is R.G. Clark1 derived from charge transport in the conduction band, the 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, University of lower energy activation energy is derived from electronic New South Wales, Sydney; 2. Centre for Quantum Computer hoping between the nearest neighbours. Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne e-mail of corresponding author: s.andresen@unsw.edu.au POSTERS We present results on gate-controlled charge transfer in silicon devices fabricated using controlled single-ion implantation. Individual phosphorus donors are introduced CMMSP PTU 45 using integrated p-i-n detectors[1]. Positional accuracy of 1-Dimensional P Wires in Si 20 nm is obtained using a nanopatterned resist mask, and 1 nanocircuitry consisting of surface electrodes and single-M.A. Ahrens electron transistors is used to control and detect charge 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, University of transfer in the implanted region[2]. Using the cross- NSW, Sydney correlated signal from two simultaneously operated single- e-mail of corresponding author: marca@unsw.edu.au electron transistors, we have observed isolated charge Mesoscopic wire fabrication methods were developed for transfer events with occasional coupling to nearby Si wafers containing P “delta-doped layers”. Reactive ion fluctuating charge. These results indicate a possible etching through masks written using electron-beam- pathway for charge-based solid state quantum bits. lithography was used to make 1-D wires that are a few nm [1] T. Hopf et al., Submitted to AIP Congress 2005 thick[1], and 20nm to 1um wide. These permitted [2] M. Mitic et al., Submitted to Microelectron. Eng. exploration of electron quantum transport at 4K in disordered systems, as wire width approaches the electron coherence length. The results exhibit resistivity CMMSP PTU 48 rising sharply as channel widths reduce. Also, wafers Dephasing of a Charge Qubit by grown at 250C show resistivity two orders less than those at room temperature, agreeing with the notion that higher Charge Fluctions encapsulation temperatures provider better quality J.C. Ang, C.J. Wellard and L.C.L. Hollenberg crystals. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, [1] ‘Encapsulation of phosphorus dopants in silicon for the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia fabrication of a quantum computer’, L. Oberbeck, N. J. Curson, e-mail of corresponding author: j.ang3@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au M. Y. Simmons, R. Brenner, A. R. Hamilton, S. R. Schofield, and R. G. Clark, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3197 (2002) In this work, we examine the dephasing effects of charge fluctuations on Si:P donor charge qubits caused by the presence of randomly occupied charge traps. We CMMSP PTU 46 numerically calculate the evolution of a general two-level Ion Beam Lithography of PMMA system in the presence of these traps, by either solving a Using Single Ion Detection deterministic master equation or a stochastic Schroedinger equation, depending on the trap rate. The A. Alves1, P.N. Johnston1, D.N. Jamieson2, P. Reichart2 induced dephasing rate is calculated as a function of both 1. Applied Physics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, the strength and the rate of the fluctuation as well as the Australia; 2.Microanalytical Research Centre, University of position of the trap with respect to the qubit. This general Melbourne, Victoria, Australia formalism is applied to the specific case of a phosphorus e-mail of corresponding author: andrew.alves@rmit.edu.au in silicon based charge qubit. A high energy ion (>1 MeV) travelling through a resist material leaves a cylindrical latent damage track with a 164 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PTU 49 CMMSP PTU 51 Development of a Silicon-based Effects of As/P Exchange on InAs/InP Single Electron Transistor (100) Quantum Dots Formation by S.J. Angus1,2, C.E.A. Smith1, G. Snider3, E. Gauja1,2, Metalorganic Chemical Vapor A.S. Dzurak1,2 and R.G. Clark1,4 Deposition 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, University of S. Barik, H. H. Tan, and C. Jagadish New South Wales, Sydney; 2. School of Electrical Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney; 3. School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia Dame, Notre Dame, USA; 4. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: snb109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: Self-assembled InAs/InP quantum dots (QDs) are very susan.angus@student.unsw.edu.au promising active materials for QD lasers and Single electron transistors (SETs) are able to perform fast semiconductor amplifiers for optical fiber communications and sensitive charge measurements. The silicon SET (1.3–1.55 mm). However the main challenge associated described here is designed for controllable and with this material system is the As/P exchange reaction reproducible low temperature operation, suitable for which degrades the structural and optical properties of the integration with Si-based quantum bit devices. It QDs. In this talk, we will show the effect of growing a thin comprises a novel dual gate structure on a silicon-on- spacer layer of GaAs or InGaAs prior to the deposition of insulator substrate. A silicon quantum wire is formed in a the InAs QDs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. high-resistivity superficial silicon layer. Carriers are Not only the effect of As/P exchange is suppressed or induced in the silicon wire by a back gate in the minimized but the bandgap of the QDs could be tuned too. degenerately-doped silicon substrate. The tunnel barriers are created electrostatically, using lithographically defined CMMSP PTU 52 metallic electrodes. This architecture enables independent control of tunnel barrier height and island occupancy. Fast Simulation of a Quantum Phase Transitions in a Ion-Trap Realisable CMMSP PTU 50 Unitary Map Stress Formation in Continuous and J.P. Barjaktarevic 1, R.H. Mckenzie1, and G.J. Milburn1 Multiple Layer Depositions of SiO 1. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane2 by Helicon-activated Reactive e-mail of corresponding author: jpb@physics.uq.edu.au Evaporation We demonstrate a method of experimentally exploring the quantum critical point of the Ising universality class using V. Au, C. Charles, R. W. Boswell unitary maps that have recently been demonstrated in ion Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physical trap quantum gates. We reverse the idea with which Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Feynman conceived quantum computing, and ask whether ACT, Australia a realisable simulation corresponds to a physical system. e-mail of corresponding author: vicky.au@anu.edu.au Using renormalisation group theory, we show that a Multiple layers of SiO films have been deposited by specific unitary map may be identified with the time2 helicon-activated reactive evaporation which show evolution of an effective Hamiltonian, which belongs to the dramatic differences in the stress profiles compared to a same universality class as the transverse Ising Hamiltonian. single continuous deposition. A new in-situ method of We suggest experimental signatures, and present measuring curvature due to stress in the film shows numerical simulations for these in the six-qubit case. promising results for a non-destructive and direct method of stress measurement. The presence of a post-growth CMMSP PTU 53 relaxation mechanism, which serves to redistribute the stress formed during film growth, is suggested following a RVB Theory of Cs2CuCl4 in a comparison of results obtained by in-situ stress Magnetic Field measurements and by profilometry after etching back the J.P. Barjaktarevic, B.J. Powell and R.H. McKenzie film. This may have implications for optoelectronic applications, e.g. through stress-induced birefringence. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane e-mail of corresponding author: jpb@physics.uq.edu.au The Resonance Valence Bond (RVB) state was (incorrectly) suggested as the solution to the ground state of the Hubbard model on the square and isotropic triangular lattices[1]. Recently deconfined spinons, a natural feature of an RVB state, have been observed by neutron scattering in the frustrated antiferromagnetic Cs CuCl [2]2 4 . Exact diagonalisation shows that the RVB state strongly overlaps with the exact ground state for some frustrated Heisenberg models[3]. We develop the Congress Handbook and Abstracts 165 CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics RVB theory of the Heisenberg model on the anisotropic intermetallic particles in conjunction with S-phase triangular lattice (appropriate for Cs2CuCl4) in a magnetic intermetallics have a high correlation with pit nucleation. field and compare the results with the aforementioned We also show that Al-Cu correlation diagrams can be neutron scattering experiments. used to show dealloying of S-phase particles (CuMgAl2) [1] P.W. Anderson, Science 235, 1196 (1987) following corrosion. [2] R. Coldea et al., Phys. Rev. B 68, 134424 (2003) [3] L. Capriotti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 097201 (2001) CMMSP PTU 56 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance CMMSP PTU 54 of Defects and Fe3+ in Kimberley Phase Evolution in Aluminium Alloys Zebra Rock as Studied by Nuclear Magnetic J. F. Boas, J. D. Cashion, J. Chadwick1, M. J. Clark, R. D. Resonance and Positron Annihilation Mackie and E. Mattievich2 Lifetime Spectroscopy School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash University, Victoria; 1. Present address: Air Operations T. J. Bastow1,2,3* K. Nairn1, G. Yiapanis1 and A. J. Hill1,4 Division, DSTO, Melbourne; 2. Permanent address: Instituto 1. CSIRO Manufacturing and Infrastructure Technology, de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janiero, Brazil South Clayton, Victoria Australia; 2. School of Physics and e-mail of corresponding author: john.boas@spme.monash.edu.au Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia; 3. Department of Physics, University of Warwick, The unusual red-brown and white bands in Zebra rock Coventry UK; 4. School of Chemistry, Monash University, from the Kimberley region of Western Australia have been Clayton, VIC Australia proposed as originating from a ferronematic Precambrian E-mail of corresponding author: tim.bastow@csiro.au liquid crystal phase[1]. This is supported by the linewidth variations and orientation dependence of the EPR spectra The structural evolution of aluminum alloys Al(Cu), Al(Cu, of defects and substitutional Fe3+ in the kaolinite Mg), and Al(Cu, Cd) is studied by combining the chemical 63 constituent. The temperature dependence of the EPRspecificity of Cu nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of superparamagnetic particles of ferrihydrite, with the defect sensitivity of positron annihilation lifetime observed in both red and white regions, suggest particle spectroscopy (PALS). The early stages of decomposition uniformity and a mechanism for the aggregation and including solute clustering and Guinier-Preston (GP) or segregation of the haematite in the red bands. Guinier-Preston-Bagaryatski (GPB) zone formation are followed and the effects of micro alloying are examined. [1] E. Mattievich, J. Chadwick, J.D. Cashion, J.F. Boas, M. J. Clark and R.D. Mackie (2003). Proceedings of the 27th Annual Structural evolution is encouraged via a sequence of Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting, Wagga 2003. thermal treatments as well as mechanical deformation, or www.aip.org.au/wagga2003 light cold-work, of the alloys. [1] Bastow, T. J. and Celotto, Acta Materialia, Vol 51 (15): 4621–4630 (2003). CMMSP PTU 57 [2] Bastow, T. J. and Celotto, S., Materials Scienece and Determining Structural Information Engineering C, Vol 23 (6–8): 757–762 (2003). from Powders using Small Angle [3] Bastow, T. J., 63Cu Phil. Mag. in press. X-ray Scattering (SAXS). C.E. Buckley, C.F. Maitland CMMSP PTU 55 Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Analysis of Intermetallic Phases in Technology, Perth, WA, Australia Aerospace Aluminium Alloys Using a Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is an excellent Nuclear Microprobe and Phase technique to characterise the morphology of Correlation Mapping inhomogeneities in the bulk in the size range from 1 nm—several hundred nm’s. SAXS is due to the electron A.P. Boag1*, D.G. McCulloch1, D.N. Jamieson2, density difference between the matrix and the S.M. Hearne2, A.E. Hughes3, C.G. Ryan4 and B. Rout2 inhomogeneity. It is an indirect imaging technique where 1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Science, RMIT information on the morphology of the inhomogeneity is University, Melbourne, Australia; 2. Microanalytical Research determined by a transformation from reciprocal space to Centre, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Australia; real space. I will introduce the fundamentals of SAXS and 3. CSIRO, Division of Manufacturing and Infrastructure describe how SAXS can determine information from Technology, Clayton, Australia; 4. CSIRO, Division of powder samples such as specific surface area, pore size Exploration and Mining, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Australia and volume fraction. e-mail of corresponding author: adam.boag@rmit.edu.au In this work we investigate the use of correlation maps produced using PIXE analysis performed on a nuclear microprobe for studying different intermetallic phases in the important aerospace alloy AA2024-T3. The aim of this work is to develop a method for the rapid identification of intermetallic particles and their association with the onset of pitting corrosion in this alloy. We show that Cu-Fe-Mn-Al 166 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PTU 58 CMMSP PTU 60 Plasma Engineering of Multilayered Using Single-Electron Transistors to Carbon Coatings Investigate Charge Transport in Ion F.A. Burgmann1, X.L. Xiao1, S.H.N. Lim1, D.G. McCulloch1, Implanted Si:P Nanostructures L. Ryves2, T.W.H. Oates3, P.C.T. Ha2, D.R. McKenzie2 and V.C. Chan1, T.M. Buehler1, D.R. McCamey1, D.J. Reilly1, M.M.M Bilek2 A.J. Ferguson1, C.Yang2, T. Hopf2, A.S. Dzurak1, 1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT A.R. Hamilton1, D.N. Jamieson2, R.G. Clark1 University, City Campus, Melbourne VIC, Australia; 2. Applied Centre for Quantum Computer Technology; 1. Schools and Plasma Physics, School of Physics (A28), University of of Electrical Engineering and Physics, University of New Sydney, NSW Australia; 3. Forschungszentrum Rossendorf South Wales, Sydney; 2. School of Physics, University of e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Melbourne, VIC Dresden, Germany e-mail: victor.chan@student.unsw.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: flame.burgmann@rmit.edu.au By capactively coupling sensitive charge detectors (i.e. Thin film coatings consisting of alternating layers of single-electron transistors SETs) to nanostructures such as different materials or phases (multilayers) with structural quantum dots and two-dimensional systems, it is possible features in the nanometer scale can exhibit exceptional to investigate charge transport properties in extremely low mechanical properties. For demanding applications such conduction regimes where direct transport measurements as cutting tools and biomedical devices, this new and are increasingly difficult[1,2]. Ion implanted Si:P novel method for producing coatings may prove to be nanostructures, nano-MOSFETs and metallic dots with superior compared to traditional single-layer coatings. source-drain leads, that are also capacitively coupled to However, the relationship between microstructure and aluminium SETs have been constructed in order to study properties in multilayers is not well understood. We charge transport between locally doped regions in Si at investigate the possibility of producing multilayers mK temperatures via direct source-drain measurement as consisting of different forms of amorphous carbon. We well as charge detection. Of particular interest are the show that these types of multilayered structures can be effects of material defects and gate control on charge synthesised using plasma deposition and processing. transport, which is of relevance to Si-based quantum computing[3,4]. CMMSP PTU 59 [1] Y.Y. Wei, K.v. Klitzing, K. Eberl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1674 (1998). Magnetic Structures and Valence [2] W. Lu, Z. Ji, L. Pfeiffer, K.W. West, A.J. Rimberg, Nature 423,422 (2003). Transitions in RMn2(Si,Ge)2 (R=Yb, Eu) [3] B.E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998). S J Campbell1 and M Hofmann2 [4] L.C.L. Hollenburg, A.S. Dzurak, C. Wellard, A.R. Hamilton, D.J. 1. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Reilly, G.J. Milburn, R.G. Clark, Phys. Rev. B. 69, 113301 (2004). Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany CMMSP PTU 61 e-mail of corresponding author: stewart.campbell@adfa.edu.au The Effect of Vapor Concentration Rare-earth (R) intermetallic compounds containing Yb and on the Formation of Nanowires Eu are of continuing interest—they exhibit a wide range of Yongjun Chen1, Jianbao Li2, Yongsheng Han2, Jinhui Dai2, unusual physical and magnetic properties as well as Xiaozhan Yang2, Ying Chen1 intermediate valences associated with the transition from 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research the divalent state to the trivalent state. Ternary School of Physical Science and Engineering, Australian RMn2(Si,Ge)2 compounds (R= Yb, Eu) have attracted National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia; 2. Department particular attention as the 1-2-2 compounds form readily, of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of allowing details of the magnetic interactions for the Mn New Ceramics & Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, and R sublattices and the valence transitions to be Beijing, China investigated. Here we present the findings of a E-mail of corresponding author: yong.chen@anu.edu.au comprehensive investigation of YbMn2(Si,Ge)2 and EuMn (Si,Ge) using neutron diffraction (~1.8–723 K; During the synthesis of MgO, Si-SiOx (x=1–2) nanowires2 2 p ~ 0–2.7 GPa) and related techniques. We have using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method in the determined the magnetic structures over the range of presence of catalysts, we found that the concentration of (Yb,Eu)-2–2 compounds and propose a magnetic phase vapor can significantly affect the morphology and diagram for YbMn Si Ge . formation of final products. When Mg vapor concentration2 2-x x was low, MgO nanowires and nanoribbons formed via vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) or vapor-solid (VS) mechanisms; when Mg vapor concentration was very high, only micro- sized MgO whiskers and ribbons were obtained, which usually grow via VS mechanism. Similarly, different concentrations of Si and SiOx vapor lead to the products of Si and SiOx nanoswires and growth mechanisms of VLS and VS, respectively. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 167 CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics [1] Y.J. Chen, J.B. Li, Y.S. Han et al., J. Cryst. Growth, 245, 163 (2002) CMMSP PTU 64 [2] Y.J. Chen, J.B. Li, J.H. Dai, Chem. Phys. Lett., 344, 450 (2001) Spin-Charge Conductance in Nanoscale Electronic Devices CMMSP PTU 62 Huan-Qiang Zhou1, Sam Young Cho2 and Structures, Properties and Ross H. McKenzie2 Applications of Three-terminal 1. Centre for Mathematical Physics, The University of Carbon Nanotube Junctions Queensland, Brisbane; 2. Department of Physics, TheUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane Leonid A. Chernozatonskii1, Antonis Andriotis2, e-mail of corresponding author: sycho@physics.uq.edu.au Madhu Menon3, Elena Belova1, Inna Ponomareva1, Deepak Srivastava4 A fundamental issue is how to characterize spin currents associated with a given charge currents which is well 1. Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of understood in conventional electronics, such as that Sciences, Moscow, Russia; 2. Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Heraklio Crete, Greece; 3. Department of Physics described by the Landauer-Büttiker formula. We introduce and Astronomy,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; a matrix representation of conductance in electron spin 4. NASA Ames Research Center, CSC, MoÆett Field, CA USA space and show a unifying concept underlying charge and spin conductance in mesoscopic systems. We We present an overview of structures, formation consider an experimental setup to measure the spin mechanisms, properties and applications of multy-terminal conductance associated with tunneling from a scanning junctions of carbon nanotubes. We cosider different types tunneling microscope tip through a magnetic atom and of these junctions consisted of solely sp2 C-atoms and discuss how to observe the spin conductance. topological defects. Further we present effect arising under force influence upon ends of “fork”- and “bough”- [1] H.-Q. Zhou, S. Y. Cho, and R. H. McKenzie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 186803 (2003) junctions: processes of branch sticking together and opening of closed branches. Various forms of the spacer region, the latter formed by one or more pairs of covalent CMMSP PTU 65 bonds that include sp3 C-atoms are considered. The effects of the spacer-symmetry on the transmission Fabrication and Metallic Behaviour function and the I-V characteristics of the different tube of Induced 2D Hole Systems in Novel junctions are investigated. GaAs Heterostructures W.R. Clarke1, C.E. Yasin1, A.P. Micolich1, A.R. Hamilton1, CMMSP PTU 63 M.Y. Simmons1, K. Muraki2 and Y. Hirayama2 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Thermal and Electrical Currents in Australia; 2. NTT Basic Research Laboratory, NTT Double Quantum Dot Interferometers Corporation, Atsugi, Japan Sam Young Cho and Ross H. McKenzie e-mail of corresponding author: wclarke@phys.unsw.edu.au Department of Physics, The University of Queensland, We have demonstrated a novel method for fabricating Brisbane induced p-type field effect transistors (FETs). This method e-mail of corresponding author: sycho@physics.uq.edu.au is a hybrid of previous techniques[1–3] but offers simpler device fabrication, lower threshold voltage and high We theoretically consider thermal transport in an electronic mobility (µ = 6 x 105 cm2V–1s–1). Low temperature interferometer comprising a parallel circuit of two quantum peak transport measurements in lower mobility induced 2D hole dots. As a result of quantum interference, the heat current samples (µ = 1.5 x 105 cm2V–1s–1), show very strong through one of the dots is in the opposite direction to the peak metallic behaviour when traditionally, it is higher mobility temperature gradient. An excess heat current flows 2D systems that produce the strongest metallic behaviour. through the other dot. Although locally, heat flows from Modelling of the scattering mechanisms in these devices cold to hot, globally the second law of thermodynamics is suggests that particle interactions must also be not violated because the entropy current associated with considered to obtain a complete explanation of the heat transfer through the whole device is still positive. We metallic behaviour in 2D systems. discuss the second law of thermodynamics in relation to the two unique thermal transport processes in the [1] B.E. Kane et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2132 (1993). interferometer. [2] Y. Hanein, H. Shtrikman and U. Meirav, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 1426 (1997). [1] S. Y. Cho, R. H. McKenzie, K. Kang, and C. K. Kim, J. Phys. Cond. Matt. 15, 1147 (2003) [3] R.H. Harrell et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2328 (1999). [2] S. Y. Cho and R. H. McKenzie, cond-mat/0403414 (2004) 168 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PTU 66 CMMSP PTU 68 Systematic Hamiltonian Mechanical Behaviour of a- and Identification of Two-Level Systems c-axis Epitaxial ZnO Grown on J.H. Cole1, A.D. Greentree1, S.G. Schirmer2, C.J. Wellard1 Sapphire and L.C.L. Hollenberg1 V.A. Coleman1, J.E. Bradby1, C. Jagadish1, M.R. Phillips2, 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of M.V. Swain3 and P. Munroe4 Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research 2. Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian Physics, University of Cambridge, UK National University, Canberra; 2. Microstructural Analysis Unit, e-mail of corresponding author: j.cole@physics.unimelb.edu.au University of Technology Sydney, Australia; 3. Department of The problem of characterising the evolution of a two-level Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; 4. Electron Microscope Unit, The system accurately has received much attention recently as University of New South Wales, Sydney this is essential to the operation of a so called “quantum computer”. This characterisation is usually performed e-mail of corresponding author: victoria.coleman@anu.edu.au using state and process tomography where the full density The mechanical behaviour of ~500 nm-thick epitaxial ZnO matrix is measured for a range of different input states. We layers grown on a- and c-axis sapphire have been studied suggest another technique where the parameters in the using nanoindentation, atomic force microscopy, cross- system Hamiltonian can be determined directly to arbitrary sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), and accuracy. For situations where the system is effectively scanning cathodoluminescence monochromatic imaging. closed such as those required for quantum computing, XTEM results suggest that the presence of as-grown this may provide a more efficient method of dislocations strongly influence the deformation processes characterisation than conventional tomography. of the epi-layers. Comparison of the epi-layers with single crystal bulk ZnO reveals significant differences in the mechanical behaviour of the two systems, with the eip- CMMSP PTU 67 layers showing both increased hardness and a Porous Alumina as a Template for suppression of “pop-in” events. The results of this study the Design of Novel Semiconductor have implications for the fabrication and processing of ZnO based optoelectronic devices. Nanostructures V.A. Coleman, S. Venkatesan, P.N.K Deenapanray, H.H. Tan, and C. Jagadish CMMSP PTU 69 Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research Correlations in Inelastic Scattering School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian T.A.Colson, A.F. Moodie and H.J.Whitfield. National University, Canberra Department of Applied Physics, RMIT Univerity, Melbourne, e-mail of corresponding author: victoria.coleman@anu.edu.au VIC, Australia Porous alumina is an attractive material for the design of corresponding author: tobias.colson@rmit.edu.au nanostructured materials. Produced by a simple electrochemical anodization process, it is characterised by It is often assumed that inelastic electron scattering from a hexagonally close-packed ordered array of pores, the the plasmon is incoherent and confined to small angles. properties of which can be controlled by changing the However it can be seen that this is not the case in anodising conditions[1]. Recently, porous alumina has elements and compounds that share the ‘simple’ metal been used to make a wide variety of diverse form of electron correlation. A continuous electron density nanostructures[2]. Here, we report on the formation of distribution results in a characteristic ‘bare’ plasmon porous alumina by pulsed anodic oxidation, and the ways spectrum. In this case, an image filter can be used to test in which this porous template could be used to form a a simple model describing the dynamical scattering of number of semiconductor nanostructures by metal-organic electrons that have suffered multiple interactions with chemical vapour deposition and ion implantation. plasmons. [1] H. Asoh, K. Nishio, M. Nakao, T. Tamamura and H. Masuda, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, B512 (2001) CMMSP PTU 70 [2] see for example X. Mei, M. Blumin, M. Sun, D. Kim, Z.H. Wu, H.E. Ruda and Q.X. Guo, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 967 (2003), H. Specific Mechanical Behaviour of Gao, C. Mu, F. Wang, D. Xu, K. Wu, Y. Xie, S. Liu, E. Wang, J. DLC Coatings at High Temperature Xu and D. Yu, J. Appl. Phys., 93, 5602 (2003) Christophe Comte, Avi Bendavid, Phil Martin CSIRO—Division of Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: comte@csiro.au Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are used in numerous industrial applications including tribology, optics, electronics and biomedical. However, the extensive scientific work devoted to DLC gives little information on the influence of temperature on its mechanical behaviour. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 169 CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics In order to obtain information more relevant to real-world situations, we propose to explore the elastic and plastic CMMSP PTU 73 properties of DLC samples using nanoindentation at Lattice Dynamics of Hydrogenated temperatures ranging between 20°C and 500°C. Austenitic Steels Performing the tests at high temperature allows assessment of the reversible phenomena induced by S.A. Danilkin1, M. Hoelzel2, T.J. Udovic3, T. Rameriz- temperature increments as well as irreversible Cuesta4, S. Parker4, H. Wipf5 and H. Fuess5 transformations for instance the sp3/sp2 transitions. 1. Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Menai NSW; 2. TU Muenchen, Garching, Germany; 3. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg; 4. ISIS Facility, Rutherford CMMSP PTU 71 Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot; 5. TU Darmstadt, Geometric Analysis and Optimisation Darmstadt, Germany of the Single Electron Transistor for e-mail of corresponding author: s.danilkin@ansto.gov.au Solid-State Quantum Computer We investigated hydrogen vibrations in of Fe-18Cr-10Ni and Fe-25Cr-20Ni austenitic steels doped in H gas V. Conrad, A. D Greentree, D.N. Jamieson, L. Hollenberg atmosphere at pressures up to 7 GPa. Measurements Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, were performed with neutron spectrometers FANS at NIST University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia and TOSCA at ISIS. e-mail of corresponding author: v.conrad@physics.edu.au Experiments show that vibrational energy of H atoms in The single electron transistor (SET) offers unparalled studied steels decreases from 132 meV at H/Me=0.0033 performance as a nano-scale electrometer. Due to this to 111 meV at H/Me=0.9 due to lattice dilatation. The they are attractive devices for performing quantum hydrogen peaks are broadened. At H contents from 0.003 computer read-out in the solid state, as this generally to 0.4—where the single broad peak is observed—the involves the detection of the location of a single electron in broadening is most probably connected with the Me-H the substrate. Through the use of finite element modelling force constant disorder. At H/Me>0.4–0.5—where H-peak with the ISE-TCAD semiconductor simulation package, we has the two-component structure—the H-H interaction investigate various SET geometries to optimize sensitivity becomes important resulting in the dispersion of the to sub-surface charge motion. We reproduce the expected optical phonon branches. IV curve for a SET using mesoscopic circuitry arguments and relate the currents to read-out events for both the Kane and charge-qubit solid-state quantum computer CMMSP PTU 74 architectures. The techniques used to describe the read- What Causes Dissipation in a out procedure are quite general and as such are Ballistic Quantum Point Contact? applicable to most devices acting in the mesoscopic realm in the steady-state. M.P. Das1 and F. Green2 1. Department of Theoretical Physics, IAS, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; 2. School of Physics, CMMSP PTU 72 The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia Molecular Simulation of Colloidal e-mail of corresponding author: mukunda.das@anu.edu.au Fluid Flow in a Microchannel The defining signature of transport in quantum point T. Kairn. P.J. Daivis and I.K. Snook contacts is the discretization of conductance into “Landauer steps”, in units of 2e2/h=0.078mS. They can be Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, explained via collisionless quantum transmission of Melbourne VIC Australia individual electrons through a one-dimensional, lossless e-mail of corresponding author: peter.daivis@rimit.edu.au barrier. However, simple quantum scattering cannot tackle We have used molecular dynamics simulations to study the central issue of conduction: What causes dissipation in the flow of a colloidal fluid through a narrow channel, with a ballistic quantum point contact? The answer—given width ranging from a few up to several tens of colloidal uniquely by many-body quantum theory—leads not only to particle diameters, as a function of the external force that conductance quantization, while fully accounting for pulls the fluid through the channel. Our results show that inelastic energy loss, but also resolves a long-standing the classical Navier-Stokes-Fourier description fails for experimental enigma in the noise of a quantum point small channel widths and large external fields. We show contact. how a modified hydrodynamic description can be used to model the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. 170 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Besides, Rutherford backscattering measurements were CMMSP PTU 75 performed to infer the morphology of implantation induced Practicality of Fault-Tolerant damage. Quantum Computation Simon J. Devitt, Austin G. Fowler and Lloyd C.L. CMMSP PTU 77 Hollenberg Characterizations of MgO Substrates Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, and Epitaxial YBCO Thin Films University of Melbourne, VIC Australia. e-mail of corresponding author: devitt@physics.unimelb.edu.au Jia Du, S. Gnanarajan, Avi. Bendavid and Cathy Foley Applied Quantum Systems Group, CSIRO Industrial Physics, The theoretical power of large scale quantum algorithms Lindfield, NSW Australia has driven the race to build a practical quantum computer. e-mail of corresponding author: jia.du@csiro.au However, large scale algorithms such as Shor algorithm have been shown to be quite sensitive to error effects YBCO films were grown on MgO substrates for fabricating within quantum computers. Quantum error correction step-edge junction SQUIDs and other devices. In-plane (QEC) and Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) 45˚ grain misalignment was frequently observed in the provide a platform for correcting errors to arbitrary films grown on the degraded or contaminated MgO accuracy, however suitable Fault-tolerant circuits are substrates. We investigated the chemical properties of the generally far more complex than their non-Fault-tolerant MgO substrates of varied surface conditions that are due versions. We will provide a brief introductory analysis to to different substrate preparation methods and the stability of preparing a logical 0 state using the 7-qubit environmental degradation by using XPS. The in-plane Steane code both grain orientation of the YBCO films was studied by means of XRD phi-scan. A final cleaning step of MgO substrates Fault-tolerantly and non-Fault-tolerantly for linear nearest using an ion beam etching (IBE) prior to the thin film neighbour (LNN) circuits and circuits employing arbitrary deposition was found to be effective in removing the in- coupling between qubits. We will show that the increased plane grain misalignment and promoting the growth of complexity of fault-tolerant circuits cause them to be perfectly aligned c-axis YBCO films. unreliable compared with their non-fault-tolerant counterparts at all but extremely low error rates. CMMSP PTU 78 CMMSP PTU 76 UV and Raman Spectroscopic Study TDPAC Study of Implantation of Diamond-Like Carbon Induced Amorphization in GaAs W. W. Duley and S. Lazarev and InAs Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada R. Dogra1,2, Z. Hussain1, A.P. Byrne2,3 and M. C. Ridgway1 e-mail of corresponding author: wwduley@uwaterloo.ca 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, UV and Raman spectra of thin films of partially graphitised Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, DLC reveal spectroscopic structures that can be Australian National University, ACT; 2. Department of Nuclear associated with excitations localised within fused-ring Physics, RSPhysSE, Australian National University, ACT; aromatic molecular groups. We compare theoretical and 3. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Australian experimental spectra and show that a primary contributor National University, ACT to UV absorption in these materials involves π electron e-mail of corresponding author: rak109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au excitations in structures similar to de-hydrogenated The III-V compound semiconductors have generated a coronene. This information is being used in the considerable interest because of their technological development of a quasi-molecular model to describe the importance. In order to exploit the full potential of these properties of DLC films. materials, doping with different ions is required. Ion implantation is the most attractive method of dopant CMMSP PTU 79 incorporation for device fabrication because concentration of the dopants can be controlled precisely and almost all Silicon Nanocrystals as an Optical the elements can be implanted. The process of ion Gain Medium? implantation is always accompanied by the radiation N. Smith1, B. Luther-Davies2, M. Samoc2 and damage of the lattice and for higher doses, it leads to R.G. Elliman1 amorphization. The perturbed angular correlation technique in time differential mode has been utilized to 1. Electronic Materials Engineering Department, RSPhysSE, ANU, Canberra, Australia; 2. Laser Physics Centre, characterize the implantation induced crystalline to RSPhysSE, ANU, Canberra, Australia amorphous transformation in GaAs and InAs. The radioactive probe nuclei 111In were first introduced in the e-mail of corresponding author: rob.elliman@anu.edu.au crystal lattice followed by implantation with stable Ge ions. There has been enormous interest in the possibility of The crystalline, disordered and amorphous probe using silicon nanocrystals as an optical gain medium environments were identified from the measurement. since initial reports by Pavesi et al. However, despite considerable research effort there is little widespread Congress Handbook and Abstracts 171 CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics acceptance of the original, or subsequent, measurements. One of the key reasons for this being the fact that the CMMSP PTU 82 measurements rely heavily on the variable stripe length Modication of Mechanical Properties (VSL) technique, the results of which have been shown to of Silicon Cantilevers by Self Ion suffer from possible misinterpretation. To avoid these experimental difficulties we have undertaken optical Implantation pump-probe measurements with planar waveguide K.R. Virwani1, A.P. Malshe1, D.K. Sood2 and R.G. Elliman3 structures containing silicon nanocrystals. This paper 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of reports the results of these measurements. Arkansas, USA; 2. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourn, Australia; 3. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, RSPhysSE, CMMSP PTU 80 ANU, Canberra, Australia. Mechanical Properties of e-mail of corresponding author: rob.elliman@anu.edu.au Nanoscale Si Nano-scale silicon structures are employed for a broad W. Pok, J. Bradby, R.G. Elliman range of micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) devices and structures. The ability to tailor the mechanical properties of Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian such structures, or components of these structures, is National University, ACT highly desirable. This paper examines the use of self-ion irradiation as a means of modifying the Young’s modulus e-mail of corresponding author: rob.elliman@anu.edu.au of 3D silicon nanostructures, namely, silicon cantilevers. This paper examines the effect of mechanical deformation The mechanical properties of such structures were on nanoscale silicon structures. Direct mechanical measured using an atomic force microscope and indentation of nanometer thick Si films, produced by the demonstrate that significant changes in Young’s modulii oxidation of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers, is examined (> 20%) can be effected. Modeling shows that the to determine the dynamics of deformation and associated changes can be predicted from the mechanical properties phase changes. The resulting deformed region is of crystalline and amorphous silicon. characterized by photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman microspectroscopy. The effect of mechanical CMMSP PTU 83 deformation due to differential expansion and contraction Leaky Mode Emission from a Planar rates is also explored. In this case by studying the Optical Waveguide Made of luminescence from silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 during different heating and cooling cycles. Luminescent Silicon Nanocrystals J. Valenta1, T. Ostatnick1,2, I. Pelant3, P. Janda1, R.G. Elliman4, J. Linnros5, and B. Hönerlage2 CMMSP PTU 81 1. Department of Chemical Physics & Optics, Charles Effect of Material Structure on University, Prague, Czech Republic; 2. IPCMS, Groupe Photoluminescence Spectra from d’Optique Nonlinéaire et d’Optoéléctronique, CNRS, Silicon Nanocrystals Strasbourg, France; 3. Institute of Physics, Academy ofSciences of the Czech Republic; 4. Electronic Materials S.M. Orbons, M.G. Spooner and R.G. Elliman Engineering Department, RSPhysSE, ANU, Canberra, Electronic Materials Engineering Department, RSPhysSE, Australia; 5. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden ANU, Canberra e-mail of corresponding author: rob.elliman@anu.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: rob.elliman@anu.edu.au The propagation of light emitted from silicon nanocrystals A broad range of material structures have been employed forming planar waveguides buried in SiO2 is studied both by researchers studying light emission from Si experimentally and theoretically. Experiments reveal that nanocrystals. What is often not often appreciated, however, photoluminescence spectra detected from the sample is that such structures can have a significant impact on facet contains narrow, (10–20 nm full-with-at-half- measured emission spectra. Indeed, the spectral maximum) polarisation-resolved transverse electric and distortions due to even simple material structures can be transverse magnetic modes instead of the usual broad very significant and lead to misinterpretation of measured nanocrystal emission band peaked at 700–800 nm. A data. These effects are illustrated in the present study by theoretical model developed in the framework of wave studying the photoluminescence spectra from an identical optics identifies these modes as leaky substrate modes layer of luminescencet silicon nanocrystals produced by propagating along the waveguide boundary (not the usual ion-implantation (30 keV Si; 2.5x1016 Si.cm–2) into SiO /Si modes guided inside the nanocrystal plane due to its2 structures with different oxide thicknesses. graded index profile). 172 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics in the framework of the Holstein-Hubbard model, in CMMSP PTU 84 particular with respect to a Peierls-Mott insulator-insulator Photonic Band-Gap Effects on transition. Photoluminescence of Silicon Nanocrystals Embedded in CMMSP PTU 86 Artificial Opals Neutron Diffraction Studies of the J. Valenta1, J. Linnros2, J.-L. Rehspringer3, F. Huber3, and Ferroelectric/paraelectric Transition Ch. Hirlimann3, S. Cheylan4 and R.G. Elliman4 in Triglycine Sulphate 1. Department of Chemical Physics & Optics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; 2. Royal Institute of J.E. Daniels 1, R. Piltz2, M.E. Hagen3 and T.R. Finlayson1 Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; 3. Institut de Physique et 1. School of Physics & Materials Engineering, Monash Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, University, Clayton, VIC; 2. Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear France; 4. Electronic Materials Engineering Department, Science and Technology Organisation, Menai, NSW; 3. Oak RSPhysSE, ANU, Australia Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA e-mail of corresponding author: rob.elliman@anu.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: trevor.finlayson@spme.monash.edu.au This study explores the optical emission from a regular array of light emitting silicon nanocrystals as a means of This research is a preliminary study in preparation for controlling the spectral distribution of emitted light. relaxation measurements using the stroboscopic neutron Nnaocrystals were formed in synthetic opals by Si-ion diffraction technique being presented at this congress[1]. implantation and their optical properties studied using Triglycine sulphate, TGS, is a ferroelectric material with micro-photoluminescence and reflection techniques. The important potential for its pyroelectric applications. photoluminescence spectra from Si nanocrystals However, despite a number of structural studies of TGS in embedded in silica spheres is narrowed by the inhibition the literature, many have been done using x-ray diffraction of emission at wavelengths corresponding to the opal and so uncertainty remains in regards to the precise photonic pseudo-band-gap (~690 nm). Measurements of hydrogen atom positions and the role of hydrogen photoluminescence spectra from individual implanted bonding in the transition to the ferroelectric state. In this silica spheres is also demonstrated. paper, structural studies using single-crystal neutron diffraction at temperatures in the vicinity of the Curie temperature, will be presented. CMMSP PTU 85 [1] J.E. Daniels, A.J. Studer, T.R. Finlayson and M.E. Hagen, “Time- Luttinger Liquid versus Charge resolved studies of neutron diffraction intensities in associationwith phase transitions”, (Presentation at this Congress) Density Wave Behaviour in the Spinless Fermion Holstein Model CMMSP PTU 88 H. Fehske1, G. Hager2, G. Wellein2, K. W. Becker3, S. Sykora3, A. Hübsch3, A. Weisse4, A. R. Bishop5 Simulation of Gold Nanoparticles 1. Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, Germany; and Surface Absorption 2. Regionales Rechenzentrum Erlangen, Universität Erlangen- M.J. Ford1, B. Soulé de Bas, C. Masens, and M.B. Cortie Nürnberg, Germany; 3. Institut für Theoretische Physik, TU Dresden, Germany; 4. School of Physics, The University of 1. Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; 5. Division and Center Technology, Sydney, Australia for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los e-mail of corresponding author: mike.ford@uts.edu.au Alamos, New Mexico, USA We will present the results of two of our computational e-mail of corresponding author: fehske@physik.uni-greifswald.de themes: the structure and dynamics of small gold clusters, In order to clarify the physics of the crossover from a and absorption of molecules onto gold surfaces. The Luttinger liquid to a Peierls insulator, we investigate motivation for this work is two-fold. Gold nanoparticles are ground-state and spectral properties of the one- known to have important optical and catalytic dimensional spinless fermion Holstein model at half-filling. properties[1], and gold surfaces are good substrates for In the metallic regime we determine the renormalized self-assembling molecular devices. We use density effective coupling constant and the velocity of the charge functional and empirical techniques to simulate these excitations via a density-matrix renormalization group systems and understand the underlying atomistic finite-size scaling approach. At the transition to the mechanisms. Ultimately the two themes are linked since charge-ordered Peierls-distorted state, which occurs only control of nanoparticle growth and functionality can be above a finite critical electron-phonon coupling if the achieved through selective absorption. phonon dynamics is taken into account, the staggered [1] M.M. Schubert et. al., J. Catalysis, 197, 113 (2001) charge structure factor starts to increase from zero. At the [2] Wagner, F.E. et al, Nature, 407, 691 (2000) same time a gap in the (inverse) photoemission spectra evolves, which is calculated in good accordance by exact diagonalization and projector-based renormalization (PRM) techniques. Moreover the PRM approach reveals the softening of the Brillouin zone boundary phonon mode. Effects of an additional Hubbard interaction are discussed Congress Handbook and Abstracts 173 CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics In this paper we present measurements of the CMMSP PTU 89 luminescence properties of cold excitons in a range of Single Molecules on Gold Surfaces systems including coupled quantum wells[1,2], quantum and Molecular Conduction ring-like topologies in the optical Aharonov-Bohm regime[3] and selectively patterned 2D geometries and R.C. Hoft1, M.J. Ford1 and M.B. Cortie1 comment on their applicability to the observation of 1. Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University of exciton condensation. Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia [1] D. Snoke, S. Denev, Y. Liu, L. Pfeiffer and K. West, Nature 418, e-mail of corresponding author: mike.ford@uts.edu.au 754 (2002) [2] L. V. Butov, A. C. Gossard, and D. S. Chemla, Nature 418, The conduction of electric current through single 751 (2002). molecules is the subject of considerable research interest. [3] A. O. Govorov, S. E. Ulloa, K. Karrai, and R. J. Warburton, Experimental studies have concentrated on scanned Phys. Rev. B 66, 081309(R) (2002). probe measurements of current voltage characteristics[1], with the results for some molecules demonstrating, for example, diodic behaviour or negative differential CMMSP PTU 92 resistance[2]. Agreement is yet to be reached between Self-consistent Linear Response these measured currents and calculated values[3], and a unified picture of the transport process is still pending. Approximation for Longitudinal and Here we present our simulations of single molecules Transverse Plasmons adsorbed on gold surfaces to understand how factors T. Fukuda and T. Toyoda such as absorption site and applied bias can affect the Department of Physics, Tokai University, Japan calculated tunnelling current. e-mail of corresponding author: [1] R.P. Andres et al., Science 272, 1323 (1996) 2kspd001@keyaki.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp [2] J. Chen et al., Science 286, 1550 (1999) We present a unified treatment of the dispersion relations [2] A. Nitzan and R.A. Ratner, Science 300, 1384 (2003) for the longitudinal and transverse plasmons in an electron gas on the basis of the self-consistent linear response CMMSP PTU 90 approximation (SCLRA). For the longitudinal plasmon, it turns out that our result is equivalent to random phase Optimal Construction of Arbitrary approximation (RPA) result. The advantages of the SCLRA Fault-tolerant Gates are its universality to allow a unified treatment of both Austin G. Fowler longitudinal and transverse plasmons on the same Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, theoretical footing, and also its clear physical meaning. University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: agf@physics.unimelb.edu.au CMMSP PTU 93 In this work, we perform a detailed study of the properties Atomic Intermixing of In Ga As/InP of optimal fault-tolerant approximations of arbitrary gates x 1-xQuantum Well Structures using the gate set directly applicable to the 7-qubit Steane code. Given a unitary matrix distance measure that we P. L. Gareso1, H. H. Tan1, C. Jagadish1 and L.V. Dao2 define, we find that for a given number of gates n the 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research optimal distance that can be achieved is approximately School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian d = 0.3 10^(–0.05 n). Full details of the method used to National University, ACT, Australia; 2. Centre for Atom Optics construct these optimal approximations are given. and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, School of Biophysical Sciences and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC Australia CMMSP PTU 91 e-mail of corresponding author: plg109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Towards Exciton Condensation in Intermixing in quantum-confined structures has drawn Quantum Semiconductor Structures considerable interest in recent year due to its potential for 1,2 1 2 1 the fabrication of photonic integrated circuit of differingM. D. Fraser , H. H. Tan , M. Gulacsi and C. Jagadish functionalities. Intermixing of these structures leads to 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research modification of the band gap, optical and electrical School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian properties. In this work the atomic intermixing by both ion National University, Canberra, ACT; 2. Department of irradiation and impurity free vacancy disordering of In Ga Theoretical Physics, Research School of Physical Sciences x 1- and Engineering, The Australian National University, xAs/InP QWs is investigated for lattice-matched (x=0.53), Canberra, ACT tensile strained (x=0.38) and compressive strained (x=0.68) QWs. Various optical techniques such as e-mail of corresponding author: mdf109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au photoluminescence, time-resolved photoluminescence and The phenomena of exciton condensation, analogous to photoreflectance are used to investigate the properties of Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) of bosonic atoms is a the QWs and the carrier dynamics after intermixing. rapidly advancing field with recent observations of macroscopically ordered states in a two-dimensional system[1,2]. The basic requirements of an exciton system include long radiative lifetime, repulsive interactions and low potential disorder. 174 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PTU 94 CMMSP PTU 97 Charge Transport in Melanin, a Interplay between Tm3+ and Cr5+ Disordered Bio-Organic Conductor Magnetic Sublattices in TmCrO4 Clare Giacomantonio1, Ben Powell2, Adam Micolich3 and E. Jimenez1, P.C.M. Gubbens2, G.A. Stewart3, Paul Meredith1 S.J. Harker4, D. Robinson4, P. Dalmas de Réotier5, 1. Soft Condensed Matter Physics Group, University of A. Yaouanc5, J. Isasi1, and R. Sáez-Puche1 Queensland School of Physical Sciences, St. Lucia Campus, 1. Dpto Q. Inorganica, Fac. C. Quimicas, Univesidad Brisbane, QLD; 2. Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics Compulutense Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain; Group, University of Queensland School of Physical Science, 2. Interfacultair Reactor Instituut, TUDelft, Delft, The St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD; 3. University of New South Netherlands; 3. School of Physics at the University of New Wales School of Physics, Sydney, NSW South Wales, ADFA, Canberra, Australia; 4. School email of corresponding author: clare@physics.uq.edu.au of Physics and Material Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; 5. CEA Grenoble, DRFMC/SPSMS, Melanins are organic macromolecules with many roles in Grenoble, France the biosphere including as pigments and photoprotectants in humans. They possess several unique physical and The tetragonal compound TmCrO4 allows us to study the chemical properties. However, these properties are, in effect of the magnetic interaction between the S = 1/2 general, poorly understood. In our paper, we will present Cr 5+ and the Tm3+ sublattices. The magnetic structure of solid state measurements showing that the electrical TmCrO4 at T = 2K determined with neutron diffraction conductivity of melanin is strongly dependent on relative shows two ferromagnetic Tm and Cr sublattices parallel to humidity. These results suggest that charge transport in the c axis. 169Tm Mössbauer and µSR spectra of TmCrO4 melanin may be dominated by ionic rather than electronic were measured between T = 4.2 and 300 K. The results processes. The remarkably strong RH dependence is an show that the Cr sublattice orders at T = 18.75 K with a unusual feature, and it may be critical to understanding second order transition at Tc = 18.75 K and the Tm and exploiting the properties of melanins. sublattice with a first order transition below 17 K. Analysis of inelastic neutron scattering measurements on TmCrO4 is in progress. CMMSP PTU 96 Adiabatic Passage Techniques in CMMSP PTU 98 Solid-state Quantum Devices Magnon Dispersion and Structure A.D. Greentree1, J.H. Cole1, A. R. Hamilton2 and Factors for Heisenberg L.C.L. Hollenberg1 Antiferromagnets 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne; 2. Centre for Weihong Zheng, Jaan Oitmaa, Chris J. Hamer Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, University School of Physics, University of New South Wales, of New South Wales, Sydney Sydney NSW e-mail of corresponding author: e-mail of corresponding author: cjh@phys.unsw.edu.au a.greentree@physics.unimelb.edu.au The dispersion relations and structure factors for single- We describe recent work towards understanding charge magnon states are computed for the Heisenberg transfer mechanisms based on adiabatic passage antiferromagnet on square and cubic lattices, using high- techniques with all-electrical controls through two-dot order series expansions. systems (rapid-adiabatic passage), three-dot systems The dispersion relation is in almost perfect agreement with (Coherent Tunneling Adiabatic Passage—CTAP) and multi- second-order spin-wave theory for the cubic lattice. For dot systems (Straddling CTAP). Adiabatic passage square lattice, the spin-wave theory predicts a flat minimizes adiabatic evolution times through the use of dispersion from (π, 0) to (π/2, π/2), but the series gives the optimized control pulses, maintaining the robustness of excitation energy at (π/2, π/2) about 9.3% higher than that adiabatic methods. We show that these schemes may be at (π, 0). This is in agreement with experimental data for implemented in present day and soon to be realized Cu(DCOO) ·4D O (CFTD)[1] and Sr Cu O Cl [2], but technologies developed for quantum computing and their 2 2 2 3 4 2opposite to La CuO [3]2 4 . The predictions for the structurerole in the transportation of quantum information within a factors can also be tested against experimental data from quantum network. neutron scattering experiments. [1] H.M. Ronnow, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 037202(2001). [2] Y.J. Kim, et al., Phys. Rev. B64, 024435(2001). [3] R. Coldea, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5377(2001). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 175 CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics negative surface charge, the origin of which has remained CMMSP PTU 99 a mystery. We show that this effect is associated with the Finite Size Effects and capture of electrons into traps created by the ion Superconducting Correlations irradiation process. The trapped charge increases with ion dose and incident electron current, and decreases with Y. Hancock1, R.J. Bursill2 and D.M. Paganin1 increasing sample temperature and laser illumination as 1. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash the traps are depleted of charge. An activation energy for University, Clayton, VIC., Australia; 2. School of Physics, detrapping of about 1.5 eV is deduced from the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia temperature dependence of the charging. These results e-mail of corresponding author: have important implications for the use of diamond in Yvette.Hancock@spme.monash.edu.au electron multipliers and cold cathode devices. The role of finite size and its effect on the superconducting correlations in one dimensional Hubbard systems with CMMSP PTU 102 correlated hopping[1] has been investigated. The study has been performed using both exact diagonalization and Coherent Spin Transport and Two- density matrix renormalization group methods. Various dimensional Architectures for quantum measurements have been used to probe the Scalable Donor Quantum Computing underlying microscopic mechanisms responsible for modulating the superconducting signatures. The role of L.C.L. Hollenberg, A.D. Greentree, A.G. Fowler and topological transitions has also been determined by C.J. Wellard measuring the spin and charge Berry Phases. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia [1] L. Arrachea, A.A. Aligia and E. Gagliano, Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 4396 (1996) e-mail of corresponding author: l.hollenberg@physics.unimelb.edu.au CMMSP PTU 100 Although it has been shown that linear qubit arrays can in principle implement Shor’s quantum factoring algorithm Fast Solid-state Donor Electron Spin without significant extra gate overheads[1], for the realistic Quantum Computing case of logical encoded qubits intra-qubit information flow 1 2 bottlenecks become a serious and probablyC. D. Hill , L. C. L. Hollenberg , A. Fowler, C. J. Wellard, 3 insurmountable problem. A second direction of quantumA. Greentree and H.-S. Goan information flow is required to define a scalable 1. School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, architecture for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Brisbane; 2. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, For the case of donor based quantum computing we Melbourne; 3. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, New South Wales consider means of implementing coherent spin transport in order to break free of the 1D constraint of the Kane e-mail of corresponding author: hillcd@physics.uq.edu.au design[2], and address some of the outstanding We present an alternate scheme for quantum computing architecture issues in the process. based on the Kane[1] architecture. This scheme will based [1] A. Fowler, S. Devitt and L. Hollenberg, Quant. Inf. and Comp., on donor electron spins in semiconductors. The proposed 4, 237 (2004) scheme will take advantage of the long decoherence [2] B. Kane , Nature, 393, 133 (1998) times recently measured for donor electron spins in similar systems[2]. It also takes advatage of the comparitively fast electron spin time scales. We show how quantum gates CMMSP PTU 103 may be performed on fast timescales in comparison to Fabrication of Two Donor Quantum typical decoherence timescales for this architecture. Computer Devices by Controlled [1] B.E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998). Single Ion Implantation [2] A. M. Tyryshkin, S. A. Lyon, A. V. Astashkin, and A. M. Raitsimring, Phy. Rev. B68 193207 (2003). T. Hopf1, D.N. Jamieson1, C. Yang1, S. Hearne1, C.I. Pakes1, G. Tamanyan1, S. Andresen3, M. Mitic2, E. Gauja2, F. Stanley2, A.S. Dzurak2, R.G. Clark2 CMMSP PTU 101 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Electron Trapping and de-Trapping Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; 2. Centre for in Ion-Beam-Damaged Diamond Quantum Computing Technology, Schools of Physics and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia; Surfaces 3. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Coperhagen, Denmark A. Hoffman1, S.M. Hearne2, D.N. Jamieson2 and e-mail of corresponding author: thopf@physics.unimelb.edu.au S. Prawer2 Fabrication of a quantum computer in silicon requires the 1. Chemistry Department, Technion, Haifa, Israel; 2. Centre of ability to embed individual donors at precise positions. We Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, School of present a novel method for the implantation of single ions, Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia which we use to fabricate prototype devices, allowing us e-mail of corresponding author: to test important parameters including charge transfer and s.prawer@physics.unimelb.edu.au decoherence[1]. Here we present numerical models and Ion beam damaged diamond surfaces subjected to experimental results demonstrating the unequivocal electron irradiation are observed to develop a pronounced detection, for the first time, of single sub-20 keV ions with 176 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics 100% efficiency, using the ion impact ionization signal to register the individual ions. This technique has CMMSP PTU 106 applications not only in quantum computing, but also for The Rheology of Melt-free suppressing statistical fluctuations in dopant numbers for Polycrystalline Olivine conventional microelectronics devices. [1] Los Alamos Science, Information, Science and Technology Ian Jackson in a Quantum World, Number 27, 284–301 (2002) Research School of Earth Sciences, ANU Several very pure olivine polycrystals have been prepared CMMSP PTU 104 from sol-gel precursors by hot-isostatic pressing. Compressive creep tests at progressively increasing Towards Stark Shift Tuning of stress have been performed on each of these specimens Phosphorous Doped Silicon Qubits in a Paterson apparatus at a confining pressure of 300 N. Suwuntanasarn1, W.D. Hutchison1, R. Bramley2, MPa and temperatures of1150–1350°C. Grain growth A.R. Hamilton3, E. Gauja3, R.G. Clark3 during the deformation tests is minor: mean grain sizes 1. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of PEMS, varying with hot-pressing temperature from 3 to 6 micron. The University of New South Wales @ ADFA, Canberra ACT; The transition from diffusion to dislocation creep occurs at 2. Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National stresses of 100 to 150 MPa and strain rates are University, Canberra ACT; 3. Centre for Quantum Computer systematically much lower than expected from previous Technology, School of Physics, The University of New South work on mildly impure olivine of larger grain size. Wales, Sydney NSW e-mail of corresponding author: w.hutchison@adfa.edu.au CMMSP PTU 107 The Kane[1] model for a silicon based quantum computer proposes that the nuclear spins of individual phosphorus InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Layers dopant atoms be the qubits. An external voltage would Grown by MOCVD control the phosphorus hyperfine field and hence the Greg. S. Jolley1, Kallista Stewart, H.H. Tan and nuclear magnetic resonance frequency of the qubits. Here C. Jagadish electron spin resonance is used to probe for changes in Department of Physical Sciences & Engineering, Australian the phosphorus hyperfine field. Initial measurements on National University, Canberra (bulk) P:Si wafers as a function of applied DC voltage at 5 e-mail of corresponding author: gregory.jolley@anu.edu.au K show no Stark shift. However, DC current measurements at 4.2 K show that this observation is not a fundamental Theoretical predictions have been made that suggest problem but the result of slow time scale charge migration quantum dot nanostructures can be used in the fabrication in the 1017 cm–3 doped silicon. of semiconductor devices with superior performance [1] B. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998). characteristics. The synthesis of high quality self assembled quantum dot layers remains to be an enormous experimental challenge. Our research focuses CMMSP PTU 105 on the deposition of quantum dot layers by the NMRON Measurements of Nano- commercially viable technique of metal-organic vapor- Crystalline Cobalt phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The results of our latest efforts toproduce device quality InAs quantum dot layers on a W.D. Hutchison1, D.H. Chaplin1, W. Dickenscheid2 and GaAs substrate are presented. We address the key issues H. Gleiter2 related to the formation of InAs QDs in particular the 1. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical stacking multiple dot layers suitable for device application. Sciences, The University of New South Wales @ ADFA, Canberra ACT Australia; 2. Institut für Neue Materialien, Universität des Saarlandes, Sarbrücken, Germany CMMSP PTU 108 e-mail of corresponding author: w.hutchison@adfa.edu.au Dielectric Properties and A nuclear magnetic resonance on oriented nuclei study of Photoluminescence of nanocrystalline cobalt metal via the 60Co nuclear probe is Diatomaceous Silicas reported. In particular, modulated adiabatic passage on [1] J. W. Jong Wah 1, J. M. Ferris1, M. Wintrebert-Fouquet2 oriented nuclei (MAPON) is used to investigate the and K. S. A. Butcher2 electric quadrupole interaction (EQI) at the cobalt nuclei. These MAPON data show the presence of hexagonal and 1. Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney; cubic crystalline sites plus an additional EQI peak with a 2. ANSTO Environment, ANSTO, Sydney mode value of –28(2) kHz for 60Co tentatively assigned as Email of corresponding author: jjongwah@ics.mq.edu.au a uniquely valued relativistic quadrupole interaction Silica shells produced by diatoms have been studied to existing in the nanocrystalline interfacials. NMR of 59Co in investigate their potential for applications in electronic and the nanocrystalline powder, thermally detected via the photonic devices due to their dielectric and 60Co nuclear orientation is also presented. photoluminescent properties. [1] P.T. Callaghan, P.J. Back and D.H. Chaplin, Phys. Rev. B. 37 Dielectric measurements for low (1k–1MHz) and high 4900–4910 (1988). (~1GHz) frequencies were performed on processed diatomaceous earth samples and compared with measurements for artificial porous silica samples. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 177 CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Photoluminescence spectra for a sample of freshwater benthic diatoms were obtained and compared with CMMSP PTU 111 silica spectra. Glass Transition in Colloidal Hard The ratio of the 3.2eV photoluminescence peak compared Spheres to a peak at ~2.20eV is smaller than for pure fused silica, B. Kent, G. Bryant, H.-J. Schöpe and W. van Megen and there is evidence of extra shoulder peak near 2.2eV for diatogenic silica. Department of Applied Physics, RMIT University, Melbourne e-mail of corresponding author: gary.bryant@rmit.edu.au CMMSP PTU 109 The glass transition remains a poorly understood aspect of condensed matter physics. A better understanding of this Qubit Control and Crosstalk transition is important not only from a fundamental Characterization in the Kane viewpoint, but for the potential industrial applications. Quantum Computer Hard-sphere colloidal suspensions provide an excellent model system for studying phase transitions, and the G. Kandasamy, C.J. Wellard, L.C.L. Hollenberg, glass transition in particular. This poster will present the A. Greentree, V. Conrad results of investigations, using a range of dynamic light Center for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, scattering (DLS) techniques, to probe the dynamics of University of Melbourne, Victoria hard-sphere colloidal suspensions as they undergo a e-mail of corresponding author: phase transition from a metastable fluid to an amorphous gajendran@physics.unimelb.edu.au glassy phase, as a function of elapsed time since the The Kane proposal[1] for implementing a quantum quench. computer on an array of 31P atoms in silicon, requires the placement of closely spaced control gates. This CMMSP PTU 112 theoretical study investigates gate bias and architectural implications with a view to achieve realistic control of A New THz Facility for Condensed qubits. The control of an individual qubit (donor nuclear or Matter Physics electron spin) may be problematic due to interactions R.A. Lewis1, R.E.M. Vickers1 and M.L. Smith1 (crosstalk) between the gates and the donors neighbouring the qubit being addressed. We use 1. Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, analytical and TCAD modelling, to determine the nature University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW, Australia and extent of crosstalk propagation, methods to eliminate e-mail of corresponding author: roger@uow.edu.au them viz. adaptive correction and consider incorporation This paper describes a new THz facility for condensed in a scalable implementation. matter physics that complements the existing [1] B.E. Kane, Nature, 393, 133 (1998) infrastructure at the University of Wollongong (UoW). The THz regime is of immense importance in condensed matter physics as many energies of interest fall in this CMMSP PTU 110 region—phonon energies, cyclotron energies in laboratory Heterostructure Field Effect magnetic fields, energies of shallow impurities in Transistors in InAlN/GaN semiconductors, bound levels in heterostructures, to name a few. J. Salzman1,2, O. Katz2, D. Mistele2, B. Meyler2, S. Prawer1, and D.N. Jamieson1 1. Center of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, CMMSP PTU 113 School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Spectroscopy of Acceptor States Australia; 2. Microelectronics Research Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, The Israel Institute of in ZnSe Technology, Haifa, Israel R.A. Lewis1, R.E.M. Vickers1, H. Nakata2, Y.-J. Wang3 e-mail of corresponding author: salzman@ee.technion.ac.il and D. Smirnov3 Heterostructure field effect transistors (HFET’s) in 1. Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, AlGaN/GaN have achieved record breaking output power University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW, Australia; levels at high frequencies. This heterostructure suffers 2. Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka from current collapse, persistent photo current and RF University, Japan; 3. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA compression. Here, we study the alternative way in which the AlGaN layer is replaced by an Al In N barrier for e-mail of corresponding author: roger@uow.edu.aux 1-x HFET implementation[1]. The InxAl1-xN layer composition We report the infrared absorption spectrum of nominally can be adjusted to be lattice matched or polarization undoped bulk crystalline ZnSe prepared by the solid- matched to GaN. The InAlN/GaN structure shows high growth method, and expected to contain Li as the chief values of 2DEG concentration, up to 4x1013cm–2. Both DC unintentional impurity. Our data resolves features more and RF characteristics of the InAlN/GaN HFETs were clearly than does previous work. On the basis of the data measured, showing potential for improvement over the and analysis presented we discuss earlier interpretations performance of state of the art AlGaN/GaN transistors. of the myriad absorption features and suggest a new [1] O. Katz, D. Mistele, B. Meyler, G. Bahir, and J. Salzman, explanation: that the origin of the complex structure in the “InAlN/GaN Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistor DC and absorption spectrum of ZnSe is the presence of more than Small Signal Characteristics”, to be published in Electronics one acceptor. Letters (2004) 178 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics and other elements, with the RF source installed. A CMMSP PTU 114 quantitative depth profile for a sample of tempered Precipitation, Recovery, Phase aluminium alloy 7475 is presented and compared with Transition and Recrystallization earlier work [1,2]. Processes of Massively Transformed [1] S.K. Toh, D.G. McCulloch, J. Duplessis, P.J.K. Paterson, A.E.Hughes, D. Jamieson, B. Rout, J.M. Long, and A. Stoneham, TiAl Scrutinized by ex- and in-situ Surface Review and Letters 10, 365–371 (2003). High-energy X-ray Diffraction [2] J.M. Long (2003), in Proceedings of the 27th Annual A&NZIP Condensed Matter and Materials Meeting (Wagga Wagga, Klaus-Dieter Liss1, Slawomir Bystrzanowski2, Arno Australia), 4–7 February, editors. J. Cashion, T. Finlayson, D. Bartels2, Thomas Buslaps5, Helmut Clemens3, Rainer Paganin, A. Smith, and G. Troup (Australian Institute of Physics, Gerling4, Frank-Peter Schimansky4, Andreas Stark2 http://www.aip.org.au/wagga2003/Hubpage.pdf). 1. Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Lucas Heights Science and Technology Centre, NSW; 2. Arbeitsbereich für CMMSP PTU 116 Werkstoffphysik und -technologie, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Germany; 3. Department Metallkunde Ion Scattering Simulations of Misfit und Werkstoffprüfung, Montanuniversität, Leoben, Austria; Dislocations at the Fe O /Al O 4. Institut für Werkstoffforschung, GKSS-Forschungszentrum, 2 3 2 3 Geesthacht, Germany; 5. European Synchrotron Radiation interface Facility, Grenoble, France S. Maheswaran1, S. Thevuthasan2, F. Gao2, e-mail of corresponding author: liss@kdliss.de V. Shutthanandan2 and C. Wang2 High-energy synchrotron radiation above 100 keV is a 1. Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of novel and sophisticated probe to access the volume Science, Food and Horticulture, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia; 2. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, properties of materials. A Debye-Scherrer method is Richland, WA, USA shortly presented for the measurements of textures, strain and composition. e-mail of corresponding author: s.maheswaran@uws.edu.au Low density, high specific yield strength, good oxidation Recent studies of buried interface a-Fe2O3(0001)/ resistance and good creep properties at elevated a-Al2O3(0001) using high resolution transmission electron temperatures make intermetallic γ-TiAl-based alloys top microscopy (HRTEM) and ion scattering techniques reveal candidates as structural materials for advanced jet and the existence of disordering at the interface due to the [1] automotive engines as well as for future hypersonic misfit dislocations . Molecular dynamics (MD) vehicles. The mechanical properties depend strongly on calculations were carried out to understand the formation composition, thermo mechanical processing and of misfit dislocations and the interface structural [2] subsequent heat treatments. The present study examines features . The misfit dislocations are formed because of the recrystallization processes of a massively transformed the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the film. specimen of Ti Al Ion scattering simulations were carried out using VEGAS45 46Nb9 upon a heat ramp from room temperature to 1400°C. The registered Debye-Scherrer code, in which the atomic positions generated by the MD rings are rich of features relating to thermal expansion, calculations were used. The hitting probabilities phase changes, domain and phase coherences, determined from these simulations were compared with chemical separation and much more which will be the experimental surface and interface peaks obtained regarded in detail. from the aligned RBS spectrum. [1] C.M. Wang, S. Thevuthasan, F. Gao, D.E. McCready and S.A. Chambers, Thin Solid Films, 414, 31 (2002) CMMSP PTU 115 [2] F. Gao, C.M. Wang, S. Thevuthasan, S. Maheswaran, and A. El- Azab, submitted to Phys. Rev. B. An RF-GD-OES Calibration for Surface Analysis on Aluminium Alloys CMMSP PTU 117 J.M. Long1, P.J.K. Paterson2, A.E. Hughes3 Nano-scale Superconducting 1. School of Engineering and Technology, Deakin University, Photon/Particle Detector Geelong, Victoria; 2. Applied Physics Department, RMIT J.C. Macfarlane1, L. Hao2 and S.K.H. Lam3 University, Melbourne, Victoria; 3. CSIRO Manufacturing and 1. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK; 2. National Infrastructure Technology, Clayton, Victoria Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK; 3. CSIRO Industrial e-mail of corresponding author: jlong@deakin.edu.au Physics, Lindfield, Australia Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD-OES) e-mail of corresponding author: j.c.macfarlane@strath.ac.uk is a powerful technique for the rapid analysis of elements With the advent of sub-micrometre fabrication technology, in a solid surface as a function of depth. DC-GD-OES superconducting devices have entered a new regime of allows depth profiling on electrically conductive surfaces applications. In the example to be described[1], the only, and has proven to be difficult for the analysis of quantum limits of energy sensitivity, response time and insulating layers, such as oxides. However, the technique spectral bandwidth of a SQUID-based nano-bolometer are of radio-frequency (RF) GD-OES has the advantage of explored. Experimental proof-of-principle data are being able to depth profile through multiple layers, both presented and prospects for the ultimate goal of single- conducting and insulating. In this work, a LECO GDS- particle detection and spectroscopy are discussed. 850A spectrometer was calibrated for aluminium, oxygen, Congress Handbook and Abstracts 179 CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics [1] L. Hao, J. C. Macfarlane, P. Josephs-Franks and J. C. Gallop, ‘Inductive Superconducting Transition-edge Photon and CMMSP PTU 120 Particle Detector’, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond, vol.13, no. 2, pp. 622–625, Jun 2003. Characterization of π-SQUIDs Fabricated Using Orthogonal CMMSP PTU 118 YBa2Cu3O7-d Step Edge Junctions Ab Intio Modelling of Energetics in E.E. Mitchell 1, D.L. Tilbrook1 and C.P. Foley1 ta-C Films 1. Applied Quantum Systems Group, CSIRO IndustrialPhysics, Lindfield, Sydney, Australia A.R. Merchant1, D.G. McCulloch1, D.R. McKenzie2 and e-mail of corresponding author: Emma.Mitchell@csiro.au C. Handley1 The predominately d-wave nature of the order parameter 1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT of high-T superconductors offers the possibility to University, Melbourne VIC; 2. Deaprtment of Applied Physics, c University of Sydney, Sydney NSW fabricate Josephson junctions (JJ) with a phase shift of π[1]. A dc superconducting quantum interference device e-mail of corresponding author: alex.merchant@rmit.edu.au (SQUID) in which one JJ is “normal” and the other is a Amorphous carbon (a-C) films can be deposited using a π-JJ (called a π-SQUID) is expected to demonstrate variety of techniques to produce films with a range of spontaneous flux generation and a spontaneous persistent properties. At low densities, the material is soft due to current at zero applied field[2,3]. Under these conditions a graphite-like bonding, while at high densities the material π-SQUID needs no external bias and has an intrinsic is hard and contains predominantly diamond-like bonding. double-well potential, making it a possible candidate for a In this paper we study the bonding and energetics of qubit in quantum computing. structures formed at different densities and bonding For symmetric π-SQUIDs with a small inductance, the configurations using ab initio Car-Parrinello molecular phase shift across the π-junctions causes a minimum in dynamics. The results are used to help understand why the Ic(B) pattern at zero applied field, in contrast to thehigh density a-C films can be readily synthesised and how maximum observed in normal SQUIDs. We outline the films of different densities behave following annealing. design and fabrication of π-SQUIDs using orthogonal step-edge junctions and characterize the devices in terms CMMSP PTU 119 of expected π-SQUID behaviour. We will also discuss issues relating to experiments performed in a true zero- The Melanins: Robust Functionality field environment and overcoming remanent fields that through Structural Disorder cause trapped flux during the cool down of the device Paul Meredith1, Ben J. Powell2, Jennifer Riesz1, past its critical temperature. Clare Giacomantonio1, Adam Micolich3, Jose Eduardo [1] D.A. Wollman et al., Phys.Rev. Lett. 71, 2134 (1993). de Albuquerque1 and Evan Moore1 [2] R.R. Schulz, B. Chesca, B. Goetz, C.W. Schneider, A. Schmehl, H. Bielefeldt, H. Hilgenkamp and J. Mannhart, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1. Soft Condensed Matter Physics Group, University of 76(7), 912–915 (2000). Queensland School of Physical Sciences, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD; 2. Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics [3] B. Chesca, R.R. Schulz, B. Goetz, C.W. Schneider, H. Hilgenkamp and J. Mannhart, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(17), Group, University of Queensland School of Physical Sciences, 177003–1–4 (2002). St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD; 3. University of New South Wales School of Physics, Sydney, NSW email of corresponding author: Meredith@physics.uq.edu.au CMMSP PTU 121 The melanins are a class of functional macromolecule Efficiency of Ideally Filtered found throughout the biosphere. In humans they are mainly Thermionic Devices responsible for photo-protection and pigmentation. They 1 have a remarkable set of physio-chemical properties; for M.F. O’Dwyer , T.E. Humphrey 1,2, R.A. Lewis1 and 1 example, in the condensed solid state they are electrical C. Zhang conductors and photoconductors. In my talk I will discuss 1. School of Engineering Physics, and Institute for the structure-property-function relationships of these Superconductivity and Electronic Materials, University of unique bio-macromolecules. I will present spectroscopic Wollongong, Wollongong; 2. Centre of Excellence for evidence, quantum chemical simulations and solid state Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics, University of New South Wales, Sydney measurements which all show that melanins may be a unique example of a biological system where function is e–mail of corresponding author: mo15@uow.edu.au derived from chemical and structural disorder. The efficiency of ideally filtered one-dimensional and three-dimensional kx thermionic refrigerators and power generators are compared. Whilst it has been shown that the one-dimensional device may theoretically achieve Carnot efficiency in the limit of ideal filtering[1], it is shown here that the kx filtered thermionic device does not for arbitrary electrochemical potentials. However, with non- arbitrary electrochemical potentials the efficiency may 180 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics approach the Carnot value. It is shown that, as the energy position of the ideal kx filter changes, the efficiency of the CMMSP WEC11 system varies and a value exists for both refrigeration and Wednesday 1040–1100 hrs power generation where peak efficiencies occur. [1] T. E. Humphrey, R. Newbury, R. P. Taylor, and H. Linke, Phys. Prediction of Surface Free Energy Rev. Lett, 89, 116801 (2002) and Surface Phonon Modes in Nanodiamond Clusters CMMSP PTU 122 S.P. Russo1, P. Bath, I.K.1 Snook, J.1, Srbinov, D.1, 1 2 Low Energy Spin-Polarized (e,2e) Wilson , A.S. Barnard Coincidence Spectroscopy of Fe 1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australi; 2. Center for Nanoscale Layer on W(110). Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, USA S.N. Samarin1, A.D. Sergeant1, O.M. Artamonov2 and A Monte-Carlo/Molecular Dynamics study of the vibrational J.F. Williams1 density of states (VDOS) in relaxed nanodiamond clusters 1. Centre for Atomic, Molecular and Surface Physics, of cubic, octahedral and cubo-octahedral morphology has University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; been preformed. The clusters ranged in size from 1700 to 2. Research Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg University, 102,000 atoms. The density of states was decomposed Russia into contributions from the bulk and surface atoms and e-mail of corresponding author: samar@cyllene.uwa.edu.au also according to the bonding coordination of the surface Spin-polarized (e,2e) spectroscopy was applied to study atoms. From the VDOS, an estimate of the Gibbs surface ferromagnetic layers of iron deposited on nonmagnetic free energy of the various clusters was calculated and the substrate. Normal incidence and 26 eV primary electrons relative stability of each of the cluster morphologies is were used to record energy—and momentum distributions predicted as a function of cluster size. of correlated electron pairs. Polarization of incident beam was chosen to be perpendicular to the scattering plane. CMMSP WEC12 Experimental results confirm, that the Fe film changes the Wednesday 1100–1120 hrs easy magnetization axis when the film thickness reaches the critical value of about 50 ML. Spin-dependent total Ion-irradiation-induced Porosity in energy distribution and spin-dependent parallel-to-the- GaSb and InSb surface momentum distribution reflect mostly spin- 1 dependent distributions of electronic states in energy- S. M Kluth , B. Johannessen 1, P. Kluth1, C. J. Glover1, momentum space. G. J. Foran 2 and M. C. Ridgway1 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra; 2. Australian Nuclear Science CMMSP PTU 123 and Technology Organisation, Menai Spin-Orbit Coupling Studied by Low e-mail of corresponding author: susan.kluth@anu.edu.au Energy Spin-Polarized (e,2e) Ion irradiation of crystalline GaSb and InSb can yield not Coincidence Spectroscopy only amorphisation, as commonly observed in semiconductors, but also porosity. Extended x-ray S.N. Samarin1, A.D. Sergeant1, O.M. Artamonov2 and absorption fine structure spectroscopy, electron J.F. Williams1 microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry 1. Centre for Atomic, Molecular and Surface Physics, have been used to determine the exact nature of and University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; relationship between these two transformations. In both 2. Research Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg University, materials, low dose, room temperature implantation Russia produces spherical voids yet the material remains e-mail of corresponding author: samar@cyllene.uwa.edu.au crystalline. With increasing implant dose, the porous layer We present experimental results showing spin-orbit eventually evolves into a network of straight rods 15nm in coupling in W(110) collected through the use of novel two- diameter. We suggest the porosity arises from preferential electron coincidence spectroscopy (e,2e) in reflection clustering of interstitials into extended defects and mode with a low-energy spin-polarized incident electron vacancies agglomerating to form voids. beam. Time-of-flight energy analysis and position sensitive detection allows the collection of both angular and energy distributions of correlated electron pairs. Analysis of energy sharing and momentum conservation provide detailed insight into the scattering dynamics of this and other systems. Using this technique we were able to analyze how two correlated electrons share energy within 2 eV total (binding) energy just below the Fermi level. We have observed spin-orbit coupling in the inelastic scattering of low energy electrons from W(110). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 181 CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics coercive force Hc = 420 Oe and remnant magnetisation ofCMMSP WEC13 5x10–3 emu/g at low temperatures, susceptibility of the Wednesday 1120–1140 hrs order of 10–5 emu/gOe and a high saturation On the Structure of Self-assembled magnetization up to 0.8 emu/g at 1.8 K. We postulate that localized unpaired spins occur because of topological and Biomimetic Precipitates bonding defects associated with the sheet curvature, and A.-K. Larsson1, A.M. Carnerup1, S.T. Hyde1 and that these spins are stabilized for > 1 year due to the J. FitzGerald2 steric protection offered by the convoluted sheets. 1. Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of This work underscores how nanotechnology can change Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National long-held understanding of which materials can be University, Canberra; 2. Research School of Earth Sciences, magnetic. It shows that we need to re-visit the magnetic Australian National University, Canberra prejudice of the periodic table. e-mail of corresponding author: ankie.larsson@anu.edu.au [1] A.V. Rode, E.G. Gamaly, A.G. Christy, J.D. Fitz Gerald, S.T. Astonishingly life-like microscopic precipitates, biomorphs, Hyde, R.G. Elliman, B. Luther-Davies, A.I. Veinger, J. can self-assemble in barium containing alkaline silicate Androulakis, J. Giapintzakis, Phys. Rev. B, 70, 054407 (2004). solutions and this has prompted debate as to weather they [2] A.V. Rode, R. G. Elliman, E.G. Gamaly, A.I. Veinger, A.G. Christy, [1–3] S.T. Hyde, B. Luther-Davies, Appl. Surf. Science 197–198, might have been mistaken for early fossils . In this 644–649 (2002). contribution we present electron microscopy and diffraction studies of the detailed tectonics of such biomorphs all with a curved global morphology POSTERS reminiscent of biogenic forms. They consist of amorphous silica and microcrystalline barium carbonate particles elongated along the witherite c-axis. The carbonate CMMSP PWE 45 particles always display an extraordinary orientational Enhanced Sensitivity of Electron order particularly evident in helical filaments where they Spin Resonance Using Absorption- form a twisted rodpacking. Free Measurement [1] J. M. García Ruiz, S. T. Hyde, A. M. Carnerup, A. G. Christy, M. J. Van Kranendonk, N. J. Welham Science 302, 1194–1197 D.J. Miller (2003) School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, [2] J. M. García Ruiz, A. M. Carnerup, A. G. Christy, N. J. Welham, Sydney NSW S. T. Hyde, Astrobiology, 2, 353–369 (2002) e-mail of corresponding author: D.Miller@unsw.edu.au [3] S. T. Hyde, A. M. Carnerup, A.-K Larsson, A. G. Christy, J. M. García Ruiz, Physica A 339, 24–33 ( 2004) The method of absorption-free measurement allows the detection of quantum or classical objects without a change in the energy or momentum of the object. CMMSP WEC14 Although counterintuitive, the phenomenon has been Wednesday 1140–1220 hrs demonstrated experimentally in numerous formats. It is Magnetic Carbon Nanofoam shown that the method can be applied to electron spin resonance spectroscopy to enhance the sensitivity to A.V. Rode1, E.G. Gamaly1, N.R. Madsen1, B. Luther- samples which have a long spin-lattice relaxation time and Davies1, S.T. Hyde1, A.G. Christy2, R.G. Elliman1 and hence exhibit saturation due to the absorption of J. Giapintzakis3 microwave energy. By re-designing the spectrometer to 1. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, use absorption-free measurement, saturation can be Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; avoided because the sample can be measured with 2. Department of Earth and Marine Science, Australian reduced absorption of microwave energy. National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 3. Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Lasers, Vasilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, CMMSP PWE 46 Greece e-mail of corresponding author: avr111@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Influence of Adsorbed/condensed Cyclohexane between Mica Surfaces New and rich physical phenomena observed in complex nanostructures are related to a broad variety of on Stick-slip Frictional Behavior possibilities for the microscopic atomic arrangements. Satomi Ohnishi, Dasikaku Kaneko, Andrew M. Stewart, Carbon owes its versatility to the different ways carbon Vassili V. Yaminsky atoms can bond to each other, making a nearly endless The stick-slip frictional behavior observed between mica number of forms, taking many different appearances, surfaces under cyclohexane vapor was investigated with properties, and morphologies. the Surface Force Apparatus. The dynamic shear stress We have recently synthesised a hierarchically decreased with increasing the relative vapor pressure. nanostructured magnetic carbon foam by a high- When the relative vapor pressure reached 25%, the stick- repetition-rate laser ablation of glassy carbon in Ar[1,2]. slip pattern was observed during sliding while the stick- The material contains graphite-like sheets with hyperbolic slip pattern was not observed between the surfaces curvature, as proposed for “schwarzite”. The all-carbon exposed to the saturated cyclohexane vapor. The nanofoam exhibits para- and even ferromagnetic behavior dependence on relative vapor pressure of shear stress up to 90 K, showing a narrow hysteresis curve with a and pull-off force suggests that the stick-slip is caused by 182 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics nonequilibrium condition of cyclohexane adsorption inside and condensation outside of the contact area. CMMSP PWE 49 Investigation of Periodically Modified CMMSP PWE 47 Thin Silver Films Displaying Phase Diagram for a Triangular Enhanced Transmission Spectra Lattice t-J-V Model for the Novel S. Orbons, A. Roberts and D. N. Jamieson Superconductor Na CoO Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics,x 2 University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia Weihong Zheng1, and Jaan Oitmaa1, Chris J. Hamer1, e-mail of corresponding author: and Rajiv R.P. Singh2 sorbons@physics.unimelb.edu.au 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW; 2. Department of Physics, University of California, In 1998, Ebbesen et al [1] first reported greatly enhanced Davis, CA, USA zero order transmission spectra from thin metal films patterned with a two dimensional array of sub-wavelength e-mail of corresponding author: j.oitmaa@unsw.edu.au apertures. Such devices have applications in the fields of We study a lattice model for the recently discovered photonics, biotechnology and photolithography. material NaxCoO2–yH2O which exhibits superconduc- [1] Here, we report on the fabrication of periodicallytivity as well as other propertics indicative of strong structured silver films using a 20nm focused ion beam electron correlations. The host material (x=0) contains driven by an Elphy Quantum lithography system. The triangular lattice planes of S=1/2 Co4+ ions. Electron 3+ expected transmission through these structures in thedoping with Na changes a fraction of them to Co (S=0), visible and near-infrared as well as the near-zone and leads to superconductivity for 0.25. Two suggestions exist for the origin of this filled layered organic superconductors, β, β’, κ and λ exceptional strain: the domain structure created during phases of (BEDT-TTF)2X and (BETS)2X. We find a first poling[1]; “polarisation rotation”[2] due to the existence of a order transition from a Mott insulator to a d 2x - 2y monoclinic phase reported[3] for PZN-8%PT. superconductor. For highly frustrated lattices we find that the symmetry of the superconducting phase changes to a Neutron diffraction data will be presented that shows the phase that breaks time reversal symmetry. We discuss monoclinic phase is in fact a distortion of the ambient moun spin relaxation experiments to detect this new phase resulting from intersecting domain structures. This phase in κ-(BEDT-TTF) Cu(CN) . interpretation also reconciles PZN-4.5%PT which shows 2 3 similar properties to PZN-8%PT yet does not exist in the monoclinic structure. [1] S-E.Park & T.R.Shrout, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 1804 (1997) [2] D.Vanderbuilt & M.H.Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 63, 094108 (2001) [3] B.Noheda, D.E.Cox, G.Shirane, S-E.Park, L.E.Cross, and Z.Zhong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3891 (2001) Congress Handbook and Abstracts 185 CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PWE 58 CMMSP PWE 60 Diamond for Quantum Segregation & Refinement of Communications, Spintronics and Hydrogen at a Moving Amorphous/ Quantum Computing Crystalline Interface within Silicon S. Prawer1, D.N. Jamieson1, S. Huntington1, J.C. McCallum and D.J. Pyke A. Greentree1, J. Rabeau1, P. Olivero1, P. Reichart1, Microanalytical Research Centre, School of Physics, S. Hearne1, and J. Salzman1,2 University of Melbourne 1. Centre of Excellence in Quantum Computer Technology, e-mail of corresponding author: djpyke@physics.unimelb.edu.au School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 2. Microelectronics Research Center, Department of Electrical Segregation and refinement of hydrogen at a crystallising Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel amorphous/crystalline interface in silicon is interesting for the possibility of producing silicon-on-insulator wafers for e-mail of corresponding author: s.prawer@physics.unimelb.edu.au high performance microelectronic devices. The possibility of refining hydrogen into a narrow band may facilitate Optically emitting defect centres in diamond display a delamination of the overlying crystalline layer similar to the range of unique quantum properties that offer exciting SmartCutTM process. Hydrogen infiltration into amorphous possibilities for the construction of quantum devices which silicon surface layers from the native oxide and refinement employ optical read-out. In this talk I will review these of the H during solid phase epitaxy has previously been remarkable properties and explain why diamond is an investigated by Olson and Roth[1]. However, the ideal material for use in the fabrication of (i) single photon refinement of high concentrations of hydrogen ion sources for quantum communications, (ii) optical fibre- implanted into surface and buried amorphous silicon has based single spin read out systems and (iii) platforms for not been studied. We present results of the crystalline the investigation of quantum entanglement in solid state kinetics via time-resolved reflectivity studies and of the systems. The toolkit of available fabrication strategies will hydrogen profiles and crystalline structure of the regrown be presented. Our most recent results on the fabrication of layers respectively via elastic recoil detection and fibre based single photon sources and all-diamond Rutherford backscattering analysis. waveguides and cavities will be reviewed. [1] G.L. Olson, J.A. Roth. Handbook of Crystal Growth 3: Thin Films and Epitaxy, Part A: Basic Techniques, chapter 7: Solid Phase Epitaxy, pages 255–312. Hughes Research CMMSP PWE 59 Laboratories, 1994. The Ageless Aerospace Vehicle: A Complex Multi-Agent Structural CMMSP PWE 61 Health Management System Electrochemical Measurements of A. Batten1, G. C. Edwards1, A. J. D. Farmer1, Siloxane Polymers for Anticorrosion V. Gerasimov2, M. Hedley2, N. Hoschke1, M. E. Johnson2, Coatings C. J. Lewis1, A. Murdoch2, D.C. Price1, M. Prokopenko2, D. A. Scott1, P. Valencia2 and P. Wang2 J.S. Quinton1, P.S. Hale2, N.T. Baney1, R. G. Acres1 and 2 1. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW; 2. CSIRO ICT P. Pigram Centre, Epping, NSW 1. School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, Flinders e-mail of corresponding author: Don.Price@csiro.au University, Adelaide; 2. Centre for Materials and Surface Science, Physics Department, LaTrobe University, Melbourne Structural health monitoring and management of complex, e-mail of corresponding author: Jamie.Quinton@flinders.edu.au safety-critical structures such as aerospace vehicles will ultimately require the development of intelligent systems to We report on the ability of various coatings, prepared process the data from large numbers of sensors, to from model organofunctional silanes of form evaluate and diagnose detected damage, to form a (C3H7)Si(CH3)n(OH)3-n, where n = 1,2 or 3, to provide a prognosis for the damaged structure, and to make barrier to corrosion. These coatings have been decisions regarding remediation or repair of the damage. characterised with electrochemical impedance A complex multi-agent systems approach to the spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy development of such intelligent systems is being (XPS) measurements. Surface coatings from pH 2 and 4 investigated, in order to satisfy the requirements of aqueous solutions of these materials have been formed on robustness and scalability. This paper reports the current the native oxide of aluminium, and studied with XPS at state of development of a laboratory-scale test-bed built to Flinders and EIS at LaTrobe. Our results show an facilitate the development and demonstration of the interesting correlation between the number of active sensors, sensing strategies and algorithms that will silanol species and the corrosion performance of the produce the required functionality. This work involves a respective coating. wide range of physics-related issues in materials science, sensing and complex systems science. 186 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PWE 62 CMMSP PWE 64 The Surface Attachment of Cut Small Radius Clean and Metal-doped Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes Boron-carbide Nanotubes: A Density M. Marshall, S. Popa-Nita, N.T. Baney, J.S. Quinton and Functional Study J.G. Shapter O. Ponomarenko, M.W. Radny and P. V. Smith School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, Flinders School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, The University University, Adelaide of Newcastle, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: Jamie.Quinton@flinders.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: Marian.Radny@newcastle.edu.au Single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) possess low solubilities Recent work has suggested that hole doping of LiBC in most media. At Flinders, we have cut and functionalised might produce superconductivity in this material[1]. In this SWNTs to enhance solubility attach other species. We paper we present the results of fully spin polarized ab have successfully illustrated the merit of this method, initio Density Functional Theory calculations using the through the chemical mounting of cut nanotubes on gold VASP code[2] of the properties of small radius, clean and and aluminium surfaces. These systems have been metal doped Boron-carbide (BC) nanotubes. Undoped characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), single-walled BC tubes were found to be more atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as acid-base energetically favorable than the corresponding BC strips. chemistry. The successful attachment of various species While the effect of doping small radius BC nanotubes with to nanotubes in future will enable smarter chemical Li and Cu was found to depend on the type of dopant and devices, where only the unique properties of carbon the nanotubular radius, significant changes in the nanotubes, such as superior electron transport properties, structural and electronic properties can be obtained. will be required for their optimisation. [1] H.Rosner, A.Kitaigorodsky and W.E.Pickett, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 127001 (2002). CMMSP PWE 63 [2] G.Kresse and J.Hafner, Phys. Rev. B 47, 558 (1993); ibid B 49,14251 (1994) G.Kresse and J.Furthmuller, J. Comput. Mat. Sci. Fabrication of Single Nickel-nitrogen 6, 15 (1996); Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169 (1996). Defects in Diamond J.R. Rabeau1, Y.L. Chin2, F. Jelezko3, T. Gaebel3, CMMSP PWE 65 J. Wrachtrup3, S. Prawer1 Shockley and Rydberg Surface 1. Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, States and Quantum Wells on the School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 2. Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Cu (111) Surface Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; 3. Physikalisches M. N. Read Institut, Universitat Stuttgart, Germany School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW, e-mail of corresponding author: jrabeau@physics.unimelb.edu.au Australia We present the first demonstration of controlled fabrication e-mail of corresponding author: m.read@unsw.edu.au of the NE8 centre in diamond which occurs at ~800 nm Adsorbed alkali metals such as Na on (111) noble (and and is 1.2 nm wide at room temperature. Using chemical near noble) metal surfaces form quantum well systems. It vapour deposition (CVD) we have fabricated isolated NE8 has been suggested that these systems could be used as centres in diamond thin films grown on fused silica metal-based nanostructured quantum electronic devices substrates. The films were characterised using confocal which would operate at room temperature. microscopy and spectra from single centres were collected using photoluminescence spectroscopy. Under As a preliminary to the study of the surface states of these continuous laser excitation, the photoluminescence was systems we have calculated the band structure of surface measured using a Hanbury-Brown and Twiss states and resonances for the clean Cu (111) surface from interferometer. Individual defect centres measured in this just below the Fermi level to 30 eV above it using our way were shown to be antibunched, meaning single layer-by-layer KKR method. photon pulses were produced. These advancements in An exponentially saturated image barrier with truncation in fabrication techniques have enormous implications in the the region of the jellium discontinuity is found to reproduce area of quantum communications. experimental results. We have found excited surface features which could elicit the variation of the self-energy of the electron with energy and momentum as well as higher energy variation of the image potential. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 187 CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics an enhanced nanocrystal vacancy concentration due to CMMSP PWE 66 the more effective trapping of irradiation-induced Hydrogen Distribution of interstitials at the nanocrystal/matrix interface and inhibited Ferromagnetic Microstructures in Frenkel pair recombination when Ge interstitials are recoiled into the matrix. To demonstrate the significance of Carbon created by Proton the latter, we show ion irradiation of ~2 nm diameter Microbeam Irradiation nanocrystals yields their dissolution when the range of P. Reichart1, D. Spemann2, A. Hauptner3, D.N. Jamieson1 recoiled Ge atoms exceeds the nanocrystal bounds. 1. MARC, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; 2. Nuclear Solid State Physics, CMMSP PWE 68 University of Leipzig, Germany; 3. Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany Density Functional ab initio e-mail of corresponding author: p.reichart@unimelb.edu.au Calculations of Bulk Wurtzite CdSe Ferromagnetic microstructures can be produced in highly Istvan Csik1, Salvy P. Russo1 and Paul Mulvaney2 orientated pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) by MeV proton 1. Department of Applied Physics, RMIT University, microbeam irradiation[1]. The origin of the strong Melbourne, Australia; 2. School of Chemistry, Melbourne ferromagnetism is not yet understood. New theoretical University, Parkville, Australia models[2] as well as negative results of MeV alpha We present a study of structural, electronic and vibrational irradiation indicate that the implanted hydrogen plays a properties of wurtzite CdSe under the Kohn-Sham major role. Necessary information for this are the stability formalism of Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the of the hydrogen atoms at different implanted doses as well recently developed hybrid functionals B3LYP and B3PW. as the virgin hydrogen content. Therefore, the microscopic We use an (total-energy optimized) all-electron gaussian distribution of the implanted hydrogen was investigated basis-set to calculate lattice parameters, bulk moduli and using sensitive three dimensional hydrogen microscopy by coincident proton-proton-scattering[3,4] elastic constants. The B3PW functional was found to . predict bulk properties to reasonable agreement with [1] P. Esquinazi, D. Spemann, R. Höhne, A. Setzer, K.-H. Han, and experiment. We present a comparison of the electronic T. Butz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 227201. density of states predicted by the aforementioned hybrid [2] K. Kusakabe, M. Maruyama, Phys. Rev. B 67 (2003) 092406. functionals and examine how varying the amount of non- [3] P. Reichart , G. Dollinger, A. Bergmaier, G. Datzmann, A. local Hatree-Fock exchange potential in the functional Hauptner, H.-J. Körner, R. Krücken, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 219 (2004) 980. effects the electronic structure (predicted band gap energy). We also make pseudo-potential ab initio derived [3] P. Reichart, G. Datzmann, A. Hauptner, R. Hertenberger, C. Wild, G. Dollinger, Science (2004) accepted for publication. calculations of the phonon dispersion curve and vibrational density of states (VDOS), which are in reasonable agreement with experiment. CMMSP PWE 67 Preferential Amorphisation of Ge CMMSP PWE 69 Nanocrystals in a Silica Matrix Modelling Structural Morphology and M.C. Ridgway1, G. de. M. Azevedo1, R.G. Elliman1, Free Energies of Gold Nanoclusters W. Wesch1, C.J. Glover1, R. Miller1, D.J. Llewellyn1, G.J. Foran2, J.L. Hansen3 and A. Nylandsted Larsen3 Yu Hang Chui1, Salvy P. Russo1*, Gregory Grochola1 and 1 2 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research Ian K. Snook and David E. Mainwaring School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian 1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences; 2. Applied National University, Canberra, Australia; 2. Australian Nuclear Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences—RMIT University, Science and Technology Organisation, Menai, Australia; Melbourne, VIC, Australia 3. Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Due to the promising electronic, biological, catalytic and Aarhus, Denmark even magnetic properties, both experimental and Relative to bulk crystalline material, Ge nanocrystals in a theoretical studies have been focusing on the stability of silica matrix exhibit subtle structural perturbations gold nanoclusters with different motifs and sizes, at including a non-Gaussian inter-atomic distance different chemical and physical environments. In this distribution. We now demonstrate such nanocrystals are paper, we present the result of molecular dynamics (MD) extremely sensitive to ion irradiation. Using transmission simulation of gold nanoclusters with different motifs and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and extended sizes[1]. The glue potential[2–7], which is a well-tested x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, the potential for gold in bulk and nano-scale, was used in our crystalline-to-amorphous phase transformation in ~8 nm study. The structures and vibrational properties at room diameter nanocrystals and bulk crystalline material has temperatures were analyzed. The potential energy and been compared. Amorphisation of Ge nanocrytals in a also the vibrational entropy were determined for different silica matrix was achieved at an ion dose ~100 times less motifs and sizes. Finally, the total free energy of gold than that required for bulk crystalline standards. This rapid nanocluster was determined as an indication of amorphisation of Ge nanocrystals is attributed to the occurrence possibility, in terms of statistical preferential nucleation of the amorphous phase at the thermodynamics. nanocrystal/matrix interface, the pre-irradiation, higher- energy structural state of the nanocrystals themselves and 188 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics [1] Y. H. Chui et al., to be published. molecule oriented perpendicular to the silicon dimer [2] F. Ercolessi, E. Tosatti and M. Parrinello, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, bonds. The energetics and bonding characteristics 719 (1986). associated with the chemisorption of this molecule on the [3] F. Ercolessi, M. Parrinello, and E. Tosatti, Phlios. Mag. A 58, Si(001) surface will be compared with those of other 213 (1988). similar molecules reported in the literature[3,4]. [4] F. Ercolessi, W. Andreoni and E. Tosatti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, [1] Gaussian03, Gaussian Inc., Carnegie Office Park, Building 6, 911 (1991). Pittsburg, PA 15106 [5] B. Wang, S. Yin, G.. Wang, A. Buldum and J. Zhao, Phys. Rev. [2] G. Kresse and J. Hafner, Phys. Rev. B 47, 558 (1993); B 49, Lett. 86, 2046 (2001). 14251 (1994) G. Kresse and J. Furthmuller, J.Comput.Mat.Sci. [6] D. Y. Sun, X. G. Gong and X. Q. Wang, Phys. Rev. B 63, 6, 15 (1996); Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169 (1996) 193412 (2001). [3] A. Bilic, J.R. Reimers and N.S. Hush, Jour. Chem. Phys. 119, [7] Y. Wang and C. Dellago, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 9214 (2003). 1115 (2003) [4] B. Wang, X. Zheng, J. Michl, E.T. Foley, M.C. Hersam, A. Bilic, M.J. Crossley, J.R. Reimers and N.S Hush, Nanotechnology 15 CMMSP PWE 70 324–322 (2004) Persistent Photosignals in Non-ideal Semiconductor Devices CMMSP PWE 72 J. Salzman1,2, O. Katz2, B. Meyler2, S. Prawer1, and Near-Field Optical Properties of D. N. Jamieson1 Thin Randomly Nanostructured 1. Center of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, Silver Films School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria Australia; 2. Microelectronics Research Center, Department of S. Schelm, A. I. Maaroof and G.B. Smith Electrical Engineering, Technion, The Israel Institute of Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology, Technology, Haifa Israel Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: salzman@ee.technion.ac.il e-mail: stefan.schelm@uts.edu.au Persistent photoinduced effects (PPE) are relaxation We will present AFM-SNOM measurements for randomly phenomena that exhibit non-exponential decay. We structured thin silver films, prepared by inverse present an explicit model for PPE for the case of nanosphere lithography to create circular holes in the semiconductors with defects. The relaxation rate is shown metal film. Care is taken to create continuous films, which to be time dependent, parallel relaxation channels are not show none of the “worm”-like structures of semi- invoked. We present experimental evidence of PPE in continuous metal films. Two sphere/hole concentrations GaN-based Schottky detectors, and in GaN-GaAlN are studied. The higher hole concentration samples show Transistors. The experimental data is well described by the a strong similarity between the near-field intensity and suggested mechanism. We extract physical properties, topology, while the low hole concentration samples show such as surface state trap density at the semiconductor- almost no correlation between intensity and topology, but metal interface and their trapping lifetime. This model has rather wave-like patterns which originate from surface general validity and provides the underlying mechanism protrusions or holes. Possible mechanisms and reasons for the ubiquitous persistent effect in non-ideal for the differences will be discussed. semiconductors. CMMSP PWE 73 CMMSP PWE 71 Correlating Morphology and the Theoretical Study of the Adsorption Spectroscopy of Colour Centres in of the 6-trifluoracetoxy- Diamond using a Combined Near- norbornadiene Molecule on the Field Scanning Optical Microscope Si (001) Surface and Raman Spectrometer S.A. Saraireh1, M.J. Crossley2, B.V. King1, J.R. Reimers2, R. Sewell, S. Prawer, S. Huntington and B. Gibson P.V. Smith1 and B.J. Wallace2 Department of Physics, University of Melbourne 1. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle; 2. School of Chemistry, The e-mail of corresponding author: rsewell@ph.unimelb.edu.au University of Sydney The correlation of the morphology of isolated diamond e-mail of corresponding author: nanocrystals and thin film Chemical Vapour Deposited sherin.saraireh@studentmail.newcastle.edu.au (CVD) diamond with fluorescence, photoluminescence There is currently considerable interest in the and Raman spectroscopy of colour centres is studied chemisorption of organic molecules on silicon surfaces. using a combined Near-Field Scanning Optical Here we report the results of theoretical studies using the Microscope (NSOM) and Raman spectrometer. The Gaussian03[1] and VASP[2] software packages of the location, concentration and spectra of defects such as the interaction of the 6-trifluoracetoxy-norbornadiene molecule Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) and Nickle centres in diamond, (C6H6CHOCOCF3) with the Si(001) surface. The lowest which are of interest as single photon sources and in energy structure corresponds to the carbon atoms of the quantum computing applications, are reported. norbornadiene base (C6H6CH) bonding directly to the silicon dimer dangling bonds with the C=C bonds of the Congress Handbook and Abstracts 189 CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PWE 74 CMMSP PWE 76 Nonlinear Left-handed Metamaterials Diffusion between Interstitial Sites I. V. Shadrivov1, N.A. Zharova1,2, A. A. Zharov1,3, and in the C15 AB2 Structure Yu. S. Kivshar1 C.A. Sholl 1. Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physical Physics and Electronics, University New England, Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Armidale, NSW Canberra ACT, Australia; 2. Institute of Applied Physics, e-mail of corresponding author: csholl@metz.une.edu.au Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; 3. Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Russian Academy of H is readily absorbed by a number of intermetallic AB2 Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia compounds with the cubic C15 structure. The H occupy e-mail of corresponding author: ivs124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au interstitial sites of types e and g and can diffuse rapidly Left-handed metamaterials (LHMs), also known as between them. An aim of measuring the diffusivity D of the materials with negative refraction, were first described (tracer) diffusion of H in these compounds is to deduce theoretically by Veselago in 1960-s as materials with both information about the jump rates between the interstitial negative dielectric permittivity and negative magnetic sites. An analytic expression for D is derived in terms of permeability. We develop the concepts of nonlinear LHMs the four relevant jump rates between the sites in the low and show that their properties can be dynamically concentration limit. The method uses a general approach for diffusion in complex systems[1]controlled using electromagnetic field intensity[1]. The and a computer nonlinearity of such materials is dramatically enhanced algebra package. due to the presence of metallic resonators in the structure. [1] O.M. Braun and C.A. Sholl, Phys. Rev., B58, 14870 (1998) Moreover, we demonstrate that LHMs with quadratic nonlinear response[2] can be used for creation of opaque CMMSP PWE 77 lens, which can form an image of the second harmonic field being opaque at the fundamental frequency. Perturbed Angular Correlation [1] A.A. Zharov, I.V. Shadrivov, and Yu.S. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. Lett. Spectroscopy of Implantation- 91, 037401 (2003). damaged Indium Nitride [2] M. Lapine, M. Gorkunov, and K. H. Ringhofer, Phys. Rev. E 67, 065601 (2003). Santosh K. Shrestha 1, Heiko Timmers1, Aidan P. Byrne2,3 and Rakesh Dogra2,4 1. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical CMMSP PWE 75 Sciences, University of New South Wales at the Australian Preliminary Investigations of Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Hydrogen Adsoprtion in Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National Mesoporous Silica University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 3. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, D A Sheppard, C F Maitland, *C E Buckley Canberra, ACT, Australia; 4. Department of Electronic Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Materials Engineering, Research School of Physical Sciences Technology, Perth, Western Australia and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Email of corresponding author: C.Buckley@curtin.edu.au ACT, Australia Hydrogen storage is currently an intense area of research. e-mail of corresponding author: sks@ph.adfa.edu.au Numerous materials are being investigated for this Indium nitride is predicted to have technological including: metal hydrides, various forms of carbon, applications such as in high frequency transistors[1]. zeolites and metal-organic frameworks. We have done However, information on implantation-induced damage preliminary work on hydrogen adsorption in the and annealing is limited[2]. In this work the radioisotope mesoporous silica MCM-41. This material consists of a probe 111In/Cd has been implanted[3] into indium nitride regular array of cylindrical pores in amorphous silica and films as 111InO- ions at 125 keV and 1014 ions/cm2. has been characterised by SAXS, N2 adsorption and TEM. Perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy on the as- It has been shown to reversibly absorb hydrogen at 77 K. implanted films shows the quadrupole interaction Modelling of SAXS data determines the pore morphology frequency of indium metal indicating that severe damage independent of N2 adsorption. A minimum pore size, and nitrogen effusion occurs for such a fluence. Following wall thickness and distance between pores are annealing an additional frequency of 156 MHz is determined via modelling. observed, which may be associated with diffusion of some of the 111In/Cd probes into the unimplanted region of InN or formation of polycrystalline or amorphous indium oxides. [1] A.G. Bhuiyan, A. Hashimoto, A. Yamamoto, J. Appl. Phys., 94, 2779 (2003) [2] H. Timmers, S.K. Shrestha, A.P. Byrne, J. Cryst. Growth, 269, 50 (2004). [3] S.K. Shrestha et al., accepted for publication by Hyperfine Interact. (2004). 190 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PWE 78 CMMSP PWE 80 Formation of Organic Monolayers Interaction Correction to the on Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Longitudinal Conductivity and Hall Surfaces via Silicon-Carbon Bond: Resistivity in High Quality Two- Effect of Terminal Groups on Dimensional GaAs Electron and Stability Hole Systems Andrew Sim, Ming-Fai Yip, Alex Wu, Kenneth Wong, Till C. E. Yasin1, T. L. Sobey1, A. P. Micolich1, A. R. Hamilton1, Böcking, Nagindar K Singh M. Y. Simmons1, L. N. Pfeiffer2, K. W. West2, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, E. H. Linfield3, M. Pepper3, D. A. Ritchie3 Sydney, Australia 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: N.Singh@unsw.edu.au NSW, Australia; 2. Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill NJ, USA; 3. Cavendish Laboratory, University of Functionalization of hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces Cambridge, United Kingdom with stable and dense aryl-terminated alkyl self-assembled e-mail of corresponding author: tsobey@hotmail.com monolayers (SAMs) provides opportunities for the development of low cost organic field effect transistors. In The origin of the anomalous metallic behaviour in high this paper we present results for one such σ–π SAMs, quality two-dimensional (2D) systems at low temperature 3-phenylpropyl (C6H5(CH2)3–) SAMs on porous silicon, remains controversial, as theory suggests that 2D metallic and compare its stability with octyl (CH (CH ) –) SAMs on Fermi liquids should not exist. We have performed a3 2 7 Si(100). The SAMs were prepared using the Grignard systematic study of the quantum mechanical corrections reagent method and characterized using X-ray to the longitudinal conductivity and Hall resistivity in high photoelectron and FT-infrared spectroscopies and contact quality GaAs electron and hole systems[1]. We angle measurements. Our results show the 3-phenylpropyl demonstrate that both corrections are consistent with a SAMs are not as susceptible to oxidation as the octyl recent finite-temperature Fermi-liquid based theory by SAMs, and we attribute the increased stability in the Zala et al.[2]. Our results suggest that the observed former to be due to its more dense structure arising from metallic behaviour is due to electron-electron interactions the π–π stacking of the phenyl rings. and screening of ionised impurity scattering, ruling out some of the more exotic explanations. [1] C.E. Yasin et al., Cond-mat/0403411 (2004). CMMSP PWE 79 [2] G. Zala et al., Phys. Rev. B 64, 214204 (2001). The Apparent Optical Indices of Spongy Nanoporous Gold CMMSP PWE 81 G. B. Smith, M. B. Cortie and A. I. Maaroof Elastic Modulus of Silicon Nitride Department of Applied Physics, Institute of Nanoscale Thin Films from Nanoindentation Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, NSW Australia M. T. K. Soh1,2, A. C. Fischer-Cripps1, N. Savvides1, e-mail of corresponding author: G.Smith@uts.edu.au C. A. Musca2, J. M. Dell2 and L. Faraone2 Thin spongy nanoporous gold films containing nano-size 1. Division of Industrial Physics, Commonwealth Scientific and pores (5–20 nm) on glass substrates were fabricated by Industrial Research Organisation, Lindfield; 2. School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The the sputtering of AuAl2 precursor films followed by a de- University of Western Australia, Crawley alloying etch in acid or base. Optical constants of the layers were determined from beam intensities e-mail of corresponding author: martin.soh@csiro.au (spectroscopic) and polarization states (ellipsometric Ψ A CSIRO UMIS II nanoindenter was used to measure the and ∆) recorded as a function of the wavelength and elastic modulus of plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapour- angle of incidence of the light beam. Changing the angle deposition silicon nitride thin films deposited on of incidence influenced the real part of the effective germanium and silicon substrates. The plane-strain refractive index (n*) but not the imaginary part (k*). The modulus calculated from the compliance data is observed complex refractive indices of spongy nanoporous gold to depend on the thin film residual strain. Atomic force films satisfy Kramers-Kronig self-consistency and have microscope imaging of the residual impressions indicated unusual dispersion relations. These gold films exhibit sink-in and the consequent overestimation of the projected unique optical constants, which are completely different contact area. Subsequent adjustment of the modulus data from those of typical 20nm gold films. They are not metal indicates no deposition temperature (150–300˚C) like, especially at IR wavelengths. dependence, despite the differences in bonding configuration and mass density of the thin films. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 191 CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PWE 82 CMMSP PWE 84 Electronic Raman Spectroscopy Magnon Specific Heat in (ERS) of Donors in Silicon for Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles of Quantum Computing: Getting at the Iron Group Exhange Coupling Constant (J) K.K.P. Srivastava P. G. Spizzirri, N. Stavrias, D. N. Jamieson and S. Prawer Department of Physics, T.M. Bhagalpur University, Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, Bhagalpur, India School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Nanoparticles have assumed great importance in science e-mail of corresponding author: spizpg@physics.unimelb.edu.au and technology. Nanoparticles of iron, cobalt and their When fabricating a solid-state quantum computer (QC) alloys are useful for data storage on tapes/disks. Cobalt- based on phosphorous donor atoms in silicon[1], alloys are being used for 15–20 nm thin films and smaller establishing that controlled electronic wavefunction grains can store more megabits of information. But spin overlap has been achieved is a prerequisite to donor and lattice waves can limit their grain-size. Magnetic entanglement. Recently, an optical method capable of properties on a very small scale are not the same as on a estimating the strength of wavefunction overlap between large scale because of domain problem. Whereas a big neighbouring phosphorous donors and the distribution of permanent magnet is made of millions of domains, a tiny donors in an ensemble has been proposed[2]. Based on magnet can only be made with one domain. Its energy is electronic Raman scattering (ERS)[3], the technique made of exchange and anisotropy terms and so the promises to provide a direct measure of the exchange magnon spectrum is different from the bulk material. coupling constant (J). In this work, we report on the Theoretically, magnon specific heat C = aT 3/2 – bT1/2m observation of the ERS signal from donors in an where a and b depend on the grain size at a given engineered substrate. Using various donor placement temperature. strategies including ion implantation, we report on our progress towards measuring J. CMMSP PWE 85 [1] B.E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998). [2] B. Koiller, X. Hu, H. D. Drew and S. Das Sarma, Phys. Rev. Gaussian Wavefunction Simulation of Letts. 90 (6) 067401, 2003. Solid State Systems for Quantum [3] K. Jain, S. Lai, and M. V. Klein, Phys. Rev. B 13 (12), 5448 Computation 1976. T.R. Starling, C.J. Wellar, H.M. Quiney, L.C.L. Hollenberg School of Physics, University of Melbourne CMMSP PWE 83 e-mail of corresponding author: Properties of an Optical Microcavity t.starling@physics.unimelb.edu.au Containing Silicon Nanocrystals Quantum mechanical modelling of isolated 31P donor M.G. Spooner, T.D.M. Weijers and R.G. Elliman impurities in a silicon lattice is an important component in the modelling of a Kane-type solid state quantum Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, RSPhysSE, computer. Previous studies have used Heitler-London or ANU, Canberra, Australia Hartree-Fock self-consistent field modelling, but the e-mail of corresponding author: mas109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au accuracy of these methods is largely unknown, and they The photoluminescence from nanocrystalline Si formed by are difficult to extend to more complex systems due to plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) lengthy numerical integration. We adapted techniques followed by high temperature annealing, generally have a from quantum chemistry to address this problem. In a broad spectral distribution due to the nanocrystal size basis of spherical Gaussian type functions, many of the distribution. For many applications, it is desirable to relevant integrals become analytic, allowing the use of reduce the spectral width and increase the emission very large basis sets. We used such a basis for the intensity at a particular wavelength. In this study, two simulation of systems relevant to the Kane architecture. distributed Bragg mirrors made from PECVD SiO2 and Si3N4 are used to define a microcavity in order to alter the nanocrystal emission. The optical properties of these CMMSP PWE 86 microcavities and their impact on the nanocrystal emission Raman Spectroscopy and Estimating are reported. the Temperature of Silicon <100˚ K P. G. Spizzirri, N. Stavrias and S. Prawer Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia E-mail of corresponding author: spizpg@physics.unimelb.edu.au Micro-Raman spectroscopy is one of the few techniques that can be used to perform a reliable, non-contact determination of temperature in solid-state systems. It is particularly well suited to applications where a probe laser 192 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics can cause localised heating. One of three methodologies are usually employed[1,2,3] whereby measurement of the: CMMSP PWE 88 (i) ratio of stokes to antistokes line intensities An Alternative Interpretation of (ii) peak linewidth (Γ) or Mössbauer Spectra for 57Fe-doped (iii) peak shift (Ω) Lanthanum Calcium Manganite of the first order Raman optical phonon is correlated with G.A. Stewart1, S.J. Harker2, I.M. McPherson1 and sample temperature. At low temperatures (i.e. < 100˚K) in A.V.J. Edge1 silicon, we report that changes in the Raman peak position 1. School of Physical Environmental and Mathematical provide the best approach for temperature estimation. Sciences, The University of New South Wales at the Australian We also report on the anomalous temperature Defence Force Academy, Canberra; 2. School of Physics and dependence of the silicon peak shift which can be Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton explained by the negative thermal expansion coefficient e-mail of corresponding author: g.stewart@adfa.edu.au and Grüneisen parameter[4]. La [1] J.B Cui, K. Amtmann, J. Ristein and L. Ley, J. Appl. Phys., 83, 2/3 Ca1/3MnO3 is the generic colossal 7929, (1998). magnetoresistance material with an insulator-metallic transition temperature of about 273 K. In this work, [2] M. S. Liu, L. A. Bursill, S. Prawer and R. Beserman, Phys. Rev. B 61 (5) 3391 (2000). Mössbauer spectroscopy is used to probe its Mn sub- [3] J. Menéndez and M Cardona, Phys. Rev. B 29 (4) 2051 (1984). lattice magnetisation via a 0.5 at. % substitution of Mn atoms with enriched 57Fe. Relaxation effects are [4] W. B. Guaster, Phys. Rev. B 4 (4) 1288 (1971). successfully interpreted in terms of slowly fluctuating magnetic clusters according to a model devised CMMSP PWE 87 elsewhere for the analysis of iron oxide spectra. Smaller, Microcharacterisation of the Effects faster relaxing clusters are represented as a paramagneticcomponent of the spectra. The derived temperature of Focused Ion Beam Irradiation on dependence of the Mn sub-lattice magnetisation is Wide Bandgap Materials compared with results obtained using other interpretations T.L. Sobey1 and M.A. Stevens-Kalceff1,2 and other measurement techniques. 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney; 2. Electron Microscope Unit, University of New CMMSP PWE 89 South Wales, Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: Mnemonics Nurture Expert Memory Marion.Stevens-Kalceff@unsw.edu.au Of Noteworthy Ideas & Concepts Focussed ion irradiation of wide bandgap materials is of G.A. Stewart great importance to fundamental physics (scattering, School of Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, impurity effects) and practical applications (nano- The University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence modification, analysis, TEM sample preparation)[1]. Force Academy, Canberra Atomic Force and Kelvin Probe Microscopy and electron e-mail of corresponding author: g.stewart@adfa.edu.au microprobe techniques were used in the systematic, high- In a short story in honour of Isaac Asimov[1], a resolution microcharacterisation of focussed keV ion beam congressman is concerned to overhear a student’s irradiated n-Silicon and p-SIMOX (SOI). Variation with ion comment that many voters earn money just showing up fluence of properties including surface topography, near polls. However, it proved to be a device to help induced localised electrostatic potential and spatial remember the planets in order of their distance from the elemental composition were investigated and qualitative Sun. In my student days it was many Victorians eat correlations found. The resultant potential distributions marmalade jam, some use Nice plum. I’m certain that were modelled successfully using finite-element there are a lot of devilishly clever mnemonics out there for techniques. Explanations for the distributions have been remembering other lists and sets of concepts in physics. proposed based on ion neutralisation, ion emission and I’d like to collect them and will offer prizes for the best one charge trapping. in Condensed Matter and Materials and the best one in all [1] International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2004, other areas of physics at the Congress. Please visit this http://public.itrs.net poster and contribute to the collection! [1] M.H. Greenberg (ed), Foundation’s friends (Grafton 1991) Congress Handbook and Abstracts 193 CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PWE 90 CMMSP PWE 92 Crystal Field Interaction in RFe2Si2 Influence of Growth Parameters on (R = Er, Tm) InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Nucleation S.J. Harker1, G.A.Stewart2, P.C.M. Gubbens3 and and Defect Formation C.F. de Vroege3 K. Stewart, J. Wong-Leung, H.H. Tan and C. Jagadish 1. School of Physics & Materials Engineering, Monash Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research University, Clayton; 2. School of Physical Environmental School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian and Mathematical Sciences, The University of New South National University, ACT, Australia Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra; e-mail of corresponding author: kks109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au 3. Interfaculty Reactor Institute, Technical University Delft, The Netherlands Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) offer many e-mail of corresponding author: advantages for opto-electronic devices due to their zero Stephen.Harker@spme.monash.edu.au dimensional nature and discrete energy states. In this New 169Tm Mössbauer effect (ME) data for TmFe Si and work we discuss the self-assembled growth of InAs/GaAs2 2 inelastic neutron scattering (INS) data for ErFe Si have quantum dots by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapour2 2 been recorded and analysed in terms of the crystal field Deposition (MOCVD). A systematic study of the various interaction at the rare earth site. The local point symmetry growth parameters was performed and atomic force is tetragonal, requiring five crystal field parameters. There microscopy, plan-view and cross-sectional TEM, and is now an almost complete set of 155Gd and 169Tm ME photoluminescence measurements used to characterise data and Er INS data for the intermetallic series RT2Si the samples. The QD samples were found to be 2 (R = rare earth, T = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)[1] and the improved susceptible to the formation of three main types of crystal field systematics will be presented and discussed. defects. This work will discuss the nature of these defects AINSE (grant 2003/109) is acknowledged for funding and the growth conditions under which they can be neutron activations of the short-lived 169Tm Mössbauer avoided, leading to device quality QDs. source. [1] S.J. Harker, B.D. van Dijk, A.M. Mulders, P.C.M. Gubbens, CMMSP PWE 93 G.A. Stewart, C.F. de Vroege and K.H.J. Buschow, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 14, 2705 (2002) Magnetic-field Influence on Rashba Spin-precession CMMSP PWE 91 J. Wang2,3, H.-B. Sun1,2 and D.Y. Xing3 The Néel Temperature for YbMnO 1. School of Science, Griffith, Nathan, QLD; 2. School of3 Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD; N.B. Browne, A.V.J. Edge, M.W. Powell and G.A. Stewart 3. Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China School of Physical Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, e-mail of corresponding author: H.Sun@Griffith.edu.au The University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence We propose relieving the strict prerequisite of the narrow Force Academy, Canberra width of the quantum well or the strong transverse e-mail of corresponding author: g.stewart@adfa.edu.au confining potential for the operation of the Datta-Das Spin- As for other members of this hexagonal rare earth Field-Effect transistor[1] by applying an external magnetic series, YbMnO3 undergoes both a ferroelectric transition field perpendicular to the 2D-electron-gas. We investigate (TC ≈ 1000 K) and an antiferromagnetic transition. The the ballistic transport of a quasi-one dimensional system magnetic phase involves a spin system with strong considering the Rashba Spin-Obit (RSO) interaction[2] geometrical frustration and the Néel temperature is difficult under the external magnetic field. Our results show the to determine experimentally. Most recently, it has been perfect spin modulation of the conductance due to the reported as either 82 K[1] or 88 K[2]. We present here a RSO coupling under new conditions and our proposal is temperature-dependent Mössbauer spectroscopy therefore a proper alternative to the prerequisite for the investigation of Yb57FexMn1-xO3 (x = 0.005, 0.01) that function of Spin-Field-Effect transistors. supports the higher value. Comparison of spectra [1] S. Datta and B. Das, Appl. Phys. Lett., 56, 665 (1990) recorded for the paramagnetic and magnetic phases [2] Y. A. Bychkov and E. I. Rashba, J. Phys. C 17, 6039 (1984) confirms that the triangulated Mn sub-lattice magnetisation lies in the basal plane. [1] T. Katsufuji et al, Phys. Rev. B, 64, 104419 (2001) [2] K. Yoshii and H. Abe, J. Solid State Chem., 165, 131 (2002) 194 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics the study of ion beam physics of low energy ion CMMSP PWE 94 interactions with solids. The system reliably delivers a Direct and Indirect Transitions at the wide range of ion spices, including B+, Te+, P+, C+, N++ Ordered and Disordered Fermi and H with an energy up to 15 keV. The ion implanter operates in the mode of beam-on-demand control surface of Cu3Au triggered by signals from the substrate and the beam A. Tadich1, L. Broekman1, J.Riley1, R.Leckey1, current is adjustable in a wide range from ~mA to a few S.Homolya2, A.Smith2, T. Seyller3, K.Emtsev3, L Ley3 ions per-second. The beam purity of each ion species is 1. School Of Physics, Latrobe University , Victoria, Australia; routinely monitored and analysed using micro- 2. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash ERDA/PIXE/RBS. University, Victoria, Australia; 3. Institut fur Tech Physik II, Universitat Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany CMMSP PWE 96 The compositionally random Cu-Au system displays a variety of unusual phases which, together with other High Resolution Depth Analysis of properties such as the incommensurate long-period Multilayer Structures by SNMS superlattice in CuAu, are believed to be related to Fermi R.N. Tarrant, K. Davies, M.M.M Bilek and D.R. McKenzie Surface topology[1,2]. The intermetallic compound Cu3Au has an order disorder transition at 377˚C which with the School of Physics, The University of Sydney change in structure shows changes in the Fermi e-mail of corresponding author: R.Tarrant@physics.usyd.edu.au Surface(FS). Secondary Neutral Mass Spectroscopy (SNMS) is a The FS of Cu3Au has previously been studied by Angle surface analysis technique in which neutrals sputtered resolved Photoemission (ARPES) in the Constant Initial from a sample are ionised by electron gas prior to analysis State mode[3]. With the change in the structure from the by a mass spectrometer. The elemental sensitivity factors disordered to the ordered state the Brillouin Zone are nearly independent of the bombarding energy, contracts and band backfolding occurs resulting in a simplifying the quantification of spectra[1]. The instrument Fermi surface with a more intricate topology. A new (a SPECS INA-X) has a detection limit in the ppm range generation toroidal angle resolving electron energy and nanometre depth resolution. Sample preparation is analyzer, developed at La Trobe University, has been used minimal. We have used the SNMS to seamlessly depth- to map the changes that occur to the Fermi Surface profile composite multilayer structures of Al (metal across the disorder-order transition using both the conductor) on Si thermal oxide (insulator) on Si wafer constant initial state mode and the Azimuthal Scan (semiconductor), Ti /TiN multilayers on Si and Cr/Au on technique. Comparison of the results from both techniques glass. permit the identification of the direct transitions from the [1] J. Jorzick et al, Appl. Phys. A, 78, 255 (2004) Brillouin Zones and transitions which occur due to the effects of broadening in the final states and due to CMMSP PWE 97 Umklapp transitions. [1] Deimel, P.P., Fermi Surface And Electronic Structure Of Synthesis and Characterisation Ordered Cu3Au. Physical Review B., 1981. 24(10): p. 6197. of Titanium Vanadium Nitride [2] Kevan, S.D., Fermi Surface Studies Using Angle Resolved Thin Films Photoemission. Journal Of Electron Spectroscopy And Related Phenomena, 1995. 75: p. 175–186. M.B. Taylor1, K.E. Davies2, B.K. Gan2, D.R. McKenzie2, [3] Con Foo, J.A., et al., The Fermi Surface Dimensions Of M.M.M. Bilek2, D.G. McCulloch1, B.A. Latella3, P.A. Disordered Cu3Au As Determined By Angle Resolved Wilksch1, M. McPherson1 and R.A. van den Brink1. Photoemission Spectroscopy. Solid State Communications, 1998. 107(8): p. 385–390. 1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; 2. School of Physics, University of Sydney, Australia; 3. Materials and Engineering CMMSP PWE 95 Science, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Menai, Australia Ion Implantation Facility for e-mail of corresponding author: matthew.taylor@rmit.edu.au Precision Doping of Semiconductor Devices Ternary alloys involving titanium, vanadium and nitrogenhave shown desirable properties including high hardness G. Tamanyan, D.N. Jamieson, C. Yang, P. Reichart and and attractive colours. In this work we investigated the S.M. Hearne effect of varying the ratio of Ti:V on the hardness and Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, optical properties of Ti(1-x)VxN alloys produced using a Microanalytical Research Centre, University of Melbourne, dual source pulsed cathodic arc. A maximum in Victoria, Australia indentation hardness was found at a ratio of Ti0.77V0.23N e-mail of corresponding author: and this alloy has a substantially higher hardness than gritam@baker0.ph.unimelb.edu.au TiN. The complex refractive index at 633 nm was We have developed an ion implantation system for measured by ellipsometry and found to vary markedly with application to: the nano-fabrication of p-type and n-type composition in the region of the hardness peak. silicon devices; the fabrication of silicon nano-resistors; single phosphorus doping of silicon-based quantum computer devices; the doping of diamond-based devices; Congress Handbook and Abstracts 195 CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PWE 98 CMMSP PWE 100 Optical Readout of Single-spins for The Ni 2p3/2 Auger-photoelectron Solid-state Quantum Computing Coincidence Spectrum Matthew J. Testolin, Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg, Cameron J. Grant van Riessen and Stephen M Thurgate Wellard, Andrew D. Greentree School of Engineering Science, Murdoch University, Perth WA Centre for Quantum Computer Technology The photoelectron and Auger electron spectra of the School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, transition metals can be complicated by many-body Victoria, Australia processes. Auger Photoelectron Coincidence E-mail of corresponding author: Spectroscopy (APECS) provides and opportunity to m.testolin@physics.unimelb.edu.au explore a number of these effects. We propose readout of spin qubits, using a far infrared We present Ni 2p3/2 photoelectron spectra measured in (FIR) laser to resonantly transfer a single electron to a coincidence with components of the Ni L3-M4,5M4,5 Auger donor beneath a single electron transistor (SET). This is an spectrum. The coincidence-photoelectron spectrum is optical based implementation of work in ref.[2] on spin- similar to the XPS photoelectron spectrum when measured dependent resonant transfer. This method offers the in coincidence with electrons with the energy of the advantage of working at significantly reduced electric L3-M 14,5M4,5 G component. The coincidence- field strengths as compared to the existing adiabatic photoelectron lineshape changes when measured in technique proposed by Kane[3], hence the preservation of coincidence with electrons 1.0 and 2.0 eV below the the D-readout state. We also propose a method to perform energy of the L3-M 14,5M4,5 G component where the spin initialisation using the same resonant technique. We relative contribution from L3-M4,5-M4,5M4,5M4,5 processes thus provide an alternative method for spin readout and is greater. initialisation in donor based solid-state quantum computing. The lineshapes are interpreted using the many-body theory previously applied to the analysis of the [1] L. C. L Hollenberg et al., Phys. Rev. B 69, 233301 (2004) coincidence-photoelectron lines of Cu and Ag[1]. In [2] B. E. Kane, Nature 393, 133 (1998) particular, we consider effects of the initial- and final- state lifetimes, and many-body effects involving shake- CMMSP PWE 99 up/down excitations. 1. M. Ohno, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 124 (2002) 39 Atomistic Simulation of Cation Ordering and Radiation Damage in Sr1-3x/2LaxTiO3 Defect Perovskites CMMSP PWE 101 B. S. Thomas1,2, N. A. Marks2, B. D. Begg1, Zeeman Spectra of Boron in L.R. Corrales3 and R. Devanathan3 Germanium at High Fields 1. Materials and Engineering Science, Australian Nuclear R.E.M. Vickers1, R.A. Lewis1, P. Fisher1, Y.-J. Wang2 and Science and Technology Organisation, Menai NSW; D. Smirnov2 2. Department of Applied Physics, University of Sydney, 1. Department of Engineering Physics and Institute for Sydney NSW; 3. Fundamental Science Directorate, Pacific Superconductivity and Electronic Materials, University of Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA, USA Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; 2. National High e-mail of corresponding author: b.thomas@ansto.gov.au Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State University, Sr1-3x/2LaxTiO3 perovskites are known to contain charge- Tallahassee, Florida, USA compensating cation vacancies, which display one- e-mail of corresponding author: rv@uow.edu.au dimensional ordering at high La concentrations. Recently, Zeeman spectra of boron in germanium have been the radiation resistance of these perovskites has been examined for B||<110> in the Faraday configuration with measured, revealing an anomalously high radiation fields up to 18T. Previous studies[1] have been confined to resistance at around x = 0.2. We use atomistic computer 0–7T, for the Voigt arrangement with linearly polarised simulation techniques to study short-range cation and radiation. All spectral lines yield detailed Zeeman patterns; vacancy ordering as a function of La concentration and that of the G line will be presented for the range 0–18T thermal history. Long-range electrostatic effects dominate along with a comparison with theory from 1–10T[2]. the interactions, and ordering in one- and two-dimensions [1] P. Fisher, et. al., Phys. Rev. B 47,12999 (1993); R. J. Baker, et. is observed. We also give preliminary results on the al. Solid State Commun. 93, 353 (1995). effects of La concentration and ordering on radiation [2] W. O. G. Schmitt, et. al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 3, 6789 resistance, including both primary damage creation and (1991). defect annealing. 196 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PWE 102 CMMSP PWE 104 Study of Bulk Traps and Interface Magnetic Behaviour of ErFe12-xNbx States in P_implanted Si MOS (x = 0.6–0.8) Capacitors Using Constant J.L. Wang1, S.J. Campbell1, J.M. Cadogan2, O. Tegus3, Capacitance Deep Level Transient and A.V.J. Edge1 Spectroscopy 1. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical B. J. Villis1, M. D. H. Lay1, J. C. McCallum1 and E. Gauja2 Sciences, University of New South Wales, The Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra ACT; 2. School of 1. Centre for Quantum Computing Technology and Micro- Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW; analytical Research Centre, School of Physics, University of 3. Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 2. Centre for Quantum The Netherlands Computer Technology, School of Physics, University of New e-mail of corresponding author: jlw@ph.adfa.edu.au South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: The magnetic behaviour of ferrimagnetic ErFe12-xNbx j.mccallum@physics.unimelb.edu.au compounds has been investigated over the temperature range 4.2–300 K using ac and dc magnetic techniques Ion implantation doping of Si through an SiO2 overlayer is and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The spin reorientation of interest for fabrication of a solid-state quantum temperatures T in ErFe Nb compounds remain computer based on the Kane proposal of P qubits in a Si sr 12-x xessentially unchanged with increasing x (T ~ 42 K) matrix. The areal density of P atoms estimated to be sr 11 –2 compared with a significant decrease in DyFe Nbrequired is 10 cm . To obtain quantitative information 12-x x(T ~ 236–204 K; T ~154–94 K). This can be about the bulk charge traps and interface traps introduced sr1 sr2understood by taking the different crystal field terms during implantation and to monitor their annealing responsible for the spin reorientations into account. The characteristics during subsequent thermal treatment of site magnetic moments derived for ErFe Nb at implanted samples we are using constant capacitance 11.4 0.64.2 K are 2.19 , 1.98 and 1.69 for the 8i, 8j and deep level transient spectroscopy (CCDLTS). Of particular _B _B _B8f sites respectively. importance to the solid-state quantum computer fabrication program is the fact that CCDLTS allows the near-oxide interface region to be probed and that it has CMMSP PWE 105 more than adequate sensitivity to detect defects in the ion fluence regime 1011 cm–2 of interest. Here, we present Characterisation of Vacuum results from a CCDLTS study of P-implanted MOS (Physical Vapour) Deposited capacitors where a range of bulk traps are identified and Lumogen Optical Films their annealing behaviour analysed. A. Deslandes1, A.B. Wedding2 and J.S. Quinton1 1. School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, Flinders CMMSP PWE 103 University, Adelaide; 2. School of Electrical & Information Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide A Comparison of Electronic e-mail of corresponding author: bruce.wedding@unisa.edu.au Structure Determination by Electron The material and surface characterisation of Lumogen Momentum Spectroscopy and by Yellow S optical thin films vacuum deposited on silicon Angular Resolved Photoemission dioxide surfaces is made using a range of analytical M. Vos, C. Bowles, A. S. Kheifets, M. R. Went and techniques. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and E. Weigold thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) have been applied to Atomic and Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research School determine the degree of crystallinity in the films. of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), x-ray diffraction University, Canberra ACT, Australia (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are e-mail of corresponding author: maarten.vos@anu.edu.au utilised to study the change in film structure with respect to deposition conditions. Angular-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is currently the most widely-used technique to determine the band UV-vis and DSC/TGA results yield basic data on the structure of single crystals. Recently new measurements melting point, absorption and emission spectra for the have become available using a scattering technique: material while x-ray scattering is used to calibrate film Electron Momentum Spectroscopy (EMS). In particular the thickness. XRD provides a more reliable probe of electronic structure of single crystals copper and silicon[1] crystallinity and results show changes in crystal structure was measured by EMS. Here we compare both and growth after post-deposition treatment at elevated techniques, and indicate under what conditions one temperatures. Size quantification and the degree of technique is superior over the other. Specifically the band crystallinity in the films is confirmed by direct SEM selectivity is different between the techniques, as is imaging showing the crystal formation on the film surface. energy and momentum resolution and surface sensitivity. Conceivably a greater understanding of electronic structure may be achieved by a combination of these two techniques. [1] A. S. Kheifets, V. A. Sashin, M. Vos, E. Weigold, Phys. Rev. B, 68, 233205 (2003). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 197 CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP PWE 106 CMMSP PWE 108 A Study of Stress Development Advanced Chebyshev Expansion during Thermal Cycling of PECVD- Methods for Finite-temperature Deposited Materials Used for the Dynamical Correlation Functions Synthesis of Silicon Nanocrystals Alexander Weisse and Associated Optical Structures School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, T.D.M. Weijers, M.G. Spooner, R.G. Elliman Sydney NSW Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research e-mail of corresponding author: aweisse@phys.unsw.edu.au School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian The numerical calculation of dynamical correlation National University, Canberra ACT functions, like optical conductivities, structure factors, e-mail of corresponding author: tessica.weijers@anu.edu.au spectral functions etc. is one of the typical tasks in PECVD-deposited materials used for the synthesis of Si condensed matter physics. With the effort scaling only nanocrystals and devices designed to tailor their emission linearly in the problem dimension, Chebyshev expansion undergo severe thermal cycling with temperatures and kernel polynomial methods [1] belong to the most exceeding 1100°C. The different thermal expansion efficient and stable approaches to such problems. In this coefficients of the materials, as well as the release contribution we give an overview of these methods and [2] of copious amounts of H during annealing (up to 30 propose extensions to finite temperature . To illustrate atomic-%), results in significant stress and often cracking their performance we present a comprehensive study of of the final structures. A simple sample curvature the optical conductivity of non-interacting electrons in a measurement technique has been developed to study the random potential (Anderson model), calculated for large development of stress during thermal cycling. When finite clusters. In addition, we apply the new method to correlated with complementary measurements, a better explore transport properties and correlation effects of understanding of the failure mechanisms, and how to best interacting quantum systems, e.g., spin chains. avoid them, is obtained. [1] R. N. Silver, H. Roeder, Phys. Rev. E 56, 4822 (1997). [2] A. Weisse, Eur. Phys. J. B 40, 125 (2004). CMMSP PWE 107 CMMSP PWE 109 Heavy Ion Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis of Silicon-rich Silica Films Electron Excited Auger Electron Used for the Synthesis of Silicon Spectroscopy of Cu Nanocrystals M. R. Went, M. Gale, C. Bowles and M. Vos T.D.M. Weijers, R.G. Elliman, H. Timmers Atomic and Molecular Physics Laboratories, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National 1. Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research University, Canberra ACT, Australia School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT; 2. School of Physical, e-mail of corresponding author: michael.went@anu.edu.au Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, The University of The inner core KLL Auger lines for Cu has been measured New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy, using high energy electron excitation of thin free standing Canberra ACT membranes. The thin free standing metallic samples were e-mail of corresponding author: tessica.weijers@anu.edu.au prepared by evaporation on to amorphous carbon films. In recent years, nanocrystalline silicon has sparked The spectra have been treated to background correction considerable interest, since its light emitting properties using the Shirley method and have been analyzed provides the potential for integrating electronic and assuming the satellite structure observed in copper[1] is photonic functionality in a single circuit using a common caused by d-band spectator vacancy shake-up from material system. This paper presents the heavy ion elastic the 1S 10, D2 and 3P2 peaks. The results have been recoil detection (HI-ERD) analysis of PECVD-deposited compared to available experimental measurements and silicon-rich silica films used for the synthesis of silicon theoretical predictions. nanocrystals and shows that, due to its sensitivity to light [1] L. Köver, I. Cserny, J. Tóth, D. Varga, T. Mukoyama, J. Elecron elements and H in particular, HI-ERD analysis is a useful Spectros. Relat. Phenom., 114–116, 55 (2001) tool in unraveling experimental issues related to their deposition and processing. 198 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics the real and imaginary parts of the ac susceptibility and CMMSP PWE 110 the positions of these peaks show frequency dependence, The Effect of Annealing Environment indicative of spinglass behaviour. At x = 0.67, it appears on the Luminescence of Silicon that at temperatures between Tf (~154 K) and 320 K the curve cannot be fitted by a Curie-Weiss law, suggesting Nanocrystals in Silica that the material is ordered to some extent. Based on the A.R. Wilkinson and R.G. Elliman behaviour of related materials, we suggest a state with an Electronic Materials Engineering Department, RSPhysSE, antiferromagnetic matrix containing ferromagnetic clusters. ANU, Canberra, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: arw109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au CMMSP PWE 113 There is considerable interest in the properties of Si Martensitic Transformation under nanocrystals embedded in SiO2, with a particular emphasis on the strong room-temperature luminescence Magnetic Field in a NiMnGa Single exhibited by such material. However, what has not been Crystal appreciated is that apparently subtle changes in the X.D. Wu and T. R. Finlayson choice of annealing ambient (e.g. Ar instead of N2) has a School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash significant effect on nanocrystal luminescence. In this University, Melbourne study, we show that the choice of ambient affects both the e-mail of corresponding author: nanocrystal size distribution and the concentration of non- xiaodong.wu@spme.monash.edu.au radiative defects present at the nanocrystal surface. Nitrogen is shown to play an important role in this respect. NiMnGa is an interesting ferromagnetic shape memory alloy. In the present paper, the martensitic transformation of a NiMnGa single crystal under different magnetic fields CMMSP PWE 111 is studied by using SQUID. An abnormal jump is found in Optimizing Luminescence Efficiency the magnetization curves when the sample is cooled from Si Nanocrystals through the under magnetic fields of several thousand Gauss. The range of the magnetic field under which this Control and Passivation of Defects abnormal jump is observed varies with the orientation of A.R. Wilkinson and R.G. Elliman the single crystal. The mechanism associated with this Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research phenomenon is discussed. School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT CMMSP PWE 114 e-mail of corresponding author: arw109@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Quantum and Transport Lifetimes Silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 exhibit strong room-temperature luminescence as a direct consequence of a Spin-split Two-dimensional of their small size. The quality of surface passivation Electron Gas dramatically affects both the luminescence intensity and W. Xu lifetime, and can be affected by such things as the Department of Theoretical Physics, RSPhysSE, ANU, Australia thermal annealing cycle, the annealing environment, and impurities. In this work, the effect of hydrogen A theoretical study is presented for transport properties of passivation on the luminescence is investigated. a two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of spin- Continuous and time-resolved photoluminescence orbit interaction induced by the Rashba effect. The measurements are used as a relative measure of defect quantum and transport lifetimes in different spin-orbits are densities, which are monitored as a function of passivation evaluated by including electron scattering with remote and temperature and duration. Models are presented for the background impurities in an InAlAs/InGaAs heterojunction. reaction kinetics of passivation in atomic and molecular The results have been compared with those obtained hydrogen, based on models for passivation of defects at experimentally. planar Si/SiO2 interfaces. CMMSP PWE 115 CMMSP PWE 112 Dynamic Properties of the Sulfur Magnetic Properties of Gd1-xSrx Contaminated Fe(110) Surface CoO3-δ (x = 0.67, 0.90 and 0.95) N. Todorova, M.J.S. Spencer and I. Yarovsky K.F. Wilson1, D.J. Goossens2 and M. James3 Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, 1. Department of Physics, Australian National University, VIC, Australia Canberra; 2. Research School of Chemistry, Australian e-mail of corresponding author: irene.yarovsky@rmit.edu.au National University, Canberra; 3. The Bragg Institute, Australian Sulfur contamination of Fe produces undesirable Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney attributes, affecting the metal’s adhesion and wear e-mail of corresponding author: kathryn.wilson@anu.edu.au behaviour. We previously examined S/Fe(110)[1,2] at We have examined the magnetic properties of Gd1-xSrx different coverages and adsorption sites, using density CoO3-δ from 17 to 320 K for a range of samples, x = 0.67, functional theory at 0K. This study examines the dynamics 0.90 and 0.95. The materials are found to show peaks in of a 1/4 monolayer coverage of S/Fe(110) at 298, 500, 800 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 199 CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics and 1808K. A combination of vibrational frequency and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations showed that S CMMSP PWE 118 moves from the high energy atop site (2nd order saddle- Magnetism of Isolated Atoms at point) to the minimum (4-fold hollow) via the transition Surfaces and in Vacancy-Related state (bridge). At 1808K, surface melting can be seen but S does not desorb, nor diffuse into the bulk. Complexes [1] M.J.S. Spencer, I.K. Snook, I. Yarovsky, to be submitted, W.-D. Zeitz1, H. Timmers2, Santosh K. Shrestha2 J.Phys.Chem.B (2004) 1. Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, Bereich Strukturforschung, [2] M.J.S. Spencer, A. Hung, I. Snook, I. Yarovsky, Surface Berlin, Germany; 2. School of Physical, Mathematical and Science, 540, 420 (2003) Environmental Sciences, UNSW@ADFA, Canberra, ACT, Australia CMMSP PWE 116 Email of corresponding author: H.Timmers@adfa.edu.au Electronic and Magnetic Properties Experiments with radioactive tracer atoms have opened up a new approach to examining the surfaces of magnetic of Thin Fe Films on Pd(001) materials[1,2]. The Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) D.H. Yu1, Tetsuya Senoo2, Kei Hayashi3 and spectroscopy, which is applied, allows the precise position Akito Kakizaki2 and the magnetic field at the specific site to be 1. Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology determined. By careful annealing the atoms can be moved Organisation, Menai, NSW, Australia; 2. ISSP, The University to different sites on surfaces or imbedded in vacancy- of Tokyo, Japan; 3. Photodynamics Research Center, related complexes in the bulk. RIKEN, Japan For sp-elements, like selenium or cadmium, the field on e-mail of corresponding author: dyu@ansto.gov.au nickel surfaces correlate with the number of neighbouring We have studied the electronic and magnetic properties of atoms. These results initiated a reiteration of the thin Fe film on Pd(001) with the techniques of Angle- investigations on vacancy-related impurity complexes in Resolved Photoemission and Magnetic Linear Dichroism in the bulk. Angular Distributions of the photoelectrons. The angle- [1] K. Potzger, A. Weber, H.H. Bertschat, W.-D. Zeitz, M. Dietrich, resolved photoemission spectra of thin Fe films (1–3 ML) Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 247201 on Pd (001) substrate were measured with incident [2] H. Granzer, H.H. Bertschat, H. Haas, W.-D. Zeitz, J. Lohmüller, photon energy of 22 eV to 70 eV. The asymmetry function G. Schatz and the ISOLDE-Coll., Phys. Rev. Lett 77 (1996) 4261 with respect to the magnetisation directions of the sample was also measured with linear polarised light. The 3d-4d hybridisation was studied through the induced CMMSP PWE 119 polarisation observed in the angular distribution of photoelectrons from Pd. Characterization of Carbon Boron Nitride Graphitic Nanostructures Synthesized by RF-magnetron Co- CMMSP PWE 117 sputtering Thin Boron Nitride Nanotubes D.M. Zhu, G. Jakovidis and L. Bourgeois Formed during Annealing in School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash Ammonia Gas University, Victoria, Australia J. Yu, Y. Chen, R. Elliman and S. Stowe e-mail of corresponding author: Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research deming.zhu@spme.monash.edu.au School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Electron Carbon boron nitride (CBN) thin films were deposited on Microscopy Unit, Research School of Biological Sciences, molybdenum substrates by RF-magnetron co-sputtering Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, AUSTRALIA using pure graphite and boron nitride targets. As- jun.yu@anu.edu.au deposited and post-annealed films were characterized by We present a mechano-thermal process to synthesis thin high resolution transmission electron microscopy. A boron nitride nanotubes of diameter around 7 nanometers. precursor film which possesses regions of a disordered They were produced by mechanical milling of amorphous and turbostratic graphitic structure was formed over a boron powder at ambient temperature, followed by thermal relatively low and wide substrate temperature range annealing in ammonia gas. High energy ball milling (130–500˚C). After subsequent annealing up to 900˚C, the creates a precursor containing a high density of precursor structure transformed to various locally well- nanocrystalline BN seeds and fine particles of metal graphitised polyhedral nanoparticles, including multi- catalyst. Nanotubes grow out from the milled boron walled tubes, boxes, onions, etc. However, regions of powder during subsequent annealing. The novelty of this untransformed nanoporous particles were also visible, approach lies in the formation of the thin BN nanotubes by suggesting higher annealing temperatures are required for annealing in ammonia gas instead of nitrogen gas. The activating graphitic CBN nanostructured growth. boron nitride nanotubes produced have a well-defined crystalline structure and there is no iron within them. If nitrogen gas is used, thicker nanotubes of diameter in the range of 20–100 nm were obtained and iron was more likely to be found inside the nanotubes. 200 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP THC11 CMMSP THC13 Thursday 1040–1100 hrs Thursday 1120–1140 hrs Helium Vapour-Pressure Application of Optical Near-fields for Thermometry by Ultrasound Dry Etching Attenuation V. Polonski, B. Martin, R. Netterfield, P.J. Martin CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield NSW Australia J.C. Macfarlane Physics Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK The dry etching of materials, conventionally thought of as plasma-assisted processing, is shown to also occur as a e-mail of corresponding author: j.c.macfarlane@strath.ac.uk nanophotonics-based phenomenon. In our experiments, The temperature of a liquid helium bath or cryostat can be we have utilised periodic structures with quarter-micron controlled in the range 1K–4.2K by maintaining a reduced features in the capacity of test structures placed in a gas- He vapour pressure (~1 mbar–1000 mbar) above the etchant environment. The unambiguous demonstration of liquid[1] . The technique is employed, for example, to dry etching for the chosen planar configuration can be provide an intermediate temperature stage during the attributed to the interplay of concurrent optical near-field cooling of an adiabatic demagnetisation refrigerator. effects acting on the material surface. Such size- Conventional thermal-conductivity vacuum gauges do not dependent phenomena are presently little understood but operate reliably with helium in this pressure range, and the offer effectively non-linear interactions without the usual alternative capacitance-manometer gauges are quite power requirements and have enormous potential, expensive (>$2000). A novel, inexpensive technique especially if applied to sub-diffraction surface engineering based on the transmission of ultrasound through the He problems and in nanoscale emerging science gas has been developed. Using readily-available applications. components (costing <$10) and a relatively simple electronic read-out, the desired pressure range can be reliably established (+/–0.01mbar CMMSP THC14 [1] see e.g., G.K. White, Experimental Techniques in Low- Thursday 1140–1220 hrs Temperature Physics, Oxford University Press, 1989. Acoustic Reflectivity of Liquid Saturated Porous Materials CMMSP THC12 Douglas Schmitt Thursday 1100–1120 hrs University of Alberta Crystallinity in Lumogen Optical doug@phys.ualberta.ca Thin Films A great deal of information can be obtained by observing A. Deslandes1, A.B. Wedding2 and J.S. Quinton1 the angle of incidence behavior of acoustic and seismic 1. School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, Flinders waves reflected from the interface between differing University, Adelaide; 2. School of Electrical & Information materials. The reflectivity from liquid saturated porous Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide materials is studied experimentally using a unique e-mail of corresponding author: bruce.wedding@unisa.edu.au acoustic goniometer. Past the first critical angle, corrections for the bounded beam used must be Lumogen Yellow S is a commercial pigment with considered and the modeling and calibration on well- properties that facilitates use for wavelength-converting known elastic materials was described. The experiments optical coatings. A common application is in UV on liquid saturated sintered glass beads that carry a downconversion, absorbing radiation in the ultraviolet and second ‘slow’ compressional wave are in good agreement re-emitting at visible wavelengths. Due to its very high with the predictions of existing theories. conversion efficiency, lumogen films are used to increase the quantum efficiency of silicon-based photon detectors such as CCD’s. CMMSP THC21 Lumogen coatings are considered stable, however reports Thursday 1400–1440 hrs show that as-deposited amorphous films exhibit non- Superconducting Quantum uniformity and crystalline growth within the film if left Engineering at the CSIRO standing at room temperature for a length of time. We are interested in harnessing this behaviour to produce C.P. Foley nanocrystalline coatings with controlled optical properties. Applied Quantum Systems Group, CSIRO Industrial Physics, The film structure has been studied using a range of Lindfield NSW techniques such as XRD, SEM and UV-vis absorption e-mail of corresponding author: Cathy.Foley@csiro.au spectroscopy and show evidence for crystalline structures Superconductivity is an extremely fruitful and exciting field within the film. We aim to demonstrate the formation of of research, which has been awarded five Nobel prizes in crystalline structures and a significant influence of the since 1911. One unique property of superconducting storage temperature upon the nucleation and growth rate systems, their macroscopic quantum behaviour, makes of crystals within the film. them ideal candidates to engineer quantum states for various applications. CSIRO Industrial Physics has a strong background in both low (LTS) and high (HTS) Congress Handbook and Abstracts 201 CMMSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics temperature superconductivity developed over the past 30 antiferromagnetic NiO, by reversing the Ni layer during years. Having researched Josephson junctions and each measurement. superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) for a range of applications, new devices have been fabricated including nanoSQUIDs, absolute value CMMSP THC25 detectors and HTS axial gradiometers for a diverse range Thursday 1520–1540 hrs of applications. Recent work has also considered two- Surface Studies of Horse-spleen state quantum systems for operation at milli-kelvin temperatures. This talk will describe some of the history of Ferritin superconductivity, the related work at CSIRO and recent C.I. Pakes, G.C. Tettamanzi, A. Dowler, A. Cimmino, P. our research in quantum engineering. Olivero, S. Prawer and D.N. Jamieson Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia CMMSP THC23 e-mail of corresponding author: gct@physics.unimelb.edu.au Thursday 1440–1500 hrs Ferritin is an iron storage protein containing an Competing Types of Long-range antiferromagnetic core of up to 4500 Fe3+ ions. From low 3D Magnetic Order in the Layered temperature bulk magnetisation measurements, it is known Molecular Network Compounds that these systems demonstrate macroscopic quantum M(NCO) (pyz), M = Mn, Fe or Co tunneling of the Néel vector[1], arising from the non-2 compensated spin. Our interest is in developing C.D. Ling1,2 and J.L. Manson3 techniques to allow the spin of individual proteins to be 1. School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, probed. We present a study of the Raman signature of NSW; 2. Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Menai, NSW; 3. Department surface-deposited ferritin, which demonstrates that of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Eastern Washington University, exposure to UV laser pulses gives rise to the development Cheney, USA of sp2 bonded carbon in the protein, arranged in a e-mail of corresponding author: c.ling@chem.usyd.edu.au polycrystalline graphite structure, with crystallite We have synthesised M(NCO) (pyz) compounds where M dimension equal to the protein size. Prospects for protein-2 is Mn, Fe or Co. We present the results of a neutron based spintronics, using probe-based techniques to powder diffraction investigation into the crystal and incorporate the proteins into nanoscale electronic circuits magnetic structures of these compounds as a function of will be discussed. temperature. We find that the structures of all three [1] D.D. Awschalom et al, Phys. Rev. Lett, 68, 3092 (1992) compounds are isomorphic and related to that of Mn(N3)2(pyz)[1], and yet exhibit two distinct magnetic structures at low temperature. The relationship between CMMSP THC31 these two magnetic structures, and the finely balanced Thursday 1620–1700 hrs magnetic exchange interactions that lead to the adoption Tidbits about Qubits: Spin of one over the other, are discussed. Computation in Nanostructures [1] J.L. Manson, A.M. Arif and J.S. Miller, Chem. Commun., 123, 1497 (1999). Sankar Das Sarma Condensed Matter Theory Center, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA CMMSP THC24 e-mail of corresponding author: dassarma@physics.umd.edu Thursday 1500–1520 hrs I will provide an introduction to the emerging field of Studying Antiferromagnets Using an spintronics and spin qubits in this talk. Active control of Exchange Bias Bilayer Thin Film carrier spin in nanostructures of semiconductors and other N. Ross, M.J. Lwin, R.C. Woodward, D.C. Crew and electronic materials is projected to lead to new device R.L. Stamps functionalities in the future. In particular, it may be possible to envision memory and logic operations being carried out School of Physics M013, The University of Western on the same ‘spintronic’ chip. I will discuss various Australia, Perth aspects of fundamental physics related to this new e-mail of corresponding author: dcrew@physics.uwa.edu.au research area of spin electronics with the particular We have measured the resonance frequency of a Ni/NiO emphasis on localized electron spins in semiconductor exchange bias bilayer using a Pulsed Inductive Microwave nanostructures, such as GaAs quantum dots and P donors Magnetometer (PIMM) technique. Measuring the in Si. A revolutionary possibility in the (perhaps, far) future dependence of resonance frequency on both the is using the natural two-level quantum dynamics of magnitude and direction of external applied field allows us electron spin to create robust quantum bits (‘qubits’) which to unambiguously determine the various contributions to could be used to carry out solid state quantum information the anisotropy of the system, including the exchange bias. processing or quantum computation. I will discuss in We relate changes in this exchange bias with time to details the questions of entanglement, decoherence, changes in the domain state of the antiferromagnetic NiO. quantum error correction, and quantum gates in This gives us a window into the state of the semiconductor nanostructure-based solid state spin antiferromagnet which is difficult to obtain with quantum computer architectures, critically discussing from conventional hysteretic techniques that grossly perturb the a theoretical perspective the current status of the field and 202 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics the prospects for carrying out large-scale quantum First, a system comprising a single quantum dot computation using solid state spin qubits. harmonically bound between two electrodes which This research has been supported by LPS, ARDA, ARO, facilitates a tunneling current between them [1] and DARPA, ONR, and NSF. secondly the electron shuttle system firstly introduced by Gorelik[2]. We describe the system via quantum master Please see http://www.physics.umd.edu/cmtc for the equation for the density operator of the electronic and relevant publications. vibrational degrees of freedom and thus incorporates the dynamics of both diagonal (population) and off diagonal CMMSP THC33 (coherence) terms. We derive coupled equations of motion for the electron occupation number of the dot and the Thursday 1700–1720 hrs vibrational degrees of freedom, including damping of the Fabrication of Nano-Devices in vibration and thermo-mechanical noise. This dynamical Silicon Using Scanning Tunneling description is related to observable features of the system Microscopy including the stationary current as a function of bias voltage. A number of possible applications are explored F.J. Rueß, M.J. Butcher, L. Oberbeck, M.Y. Simmons, for feasibility including molecular QEMS devices as K.E.J. Goh, A.R. Hamilton, T. Hallam, T. C. G. Reusch, quantum limited nanoscale detectors and as elements in N.J. Curson and R.G. Clark quantum computer architectures. Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, [1] H. Park, et al., Nature, 407, 57 (2000) University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia [2] L.Y. Gorelik, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4526–4529, (1998) e-mail of corresponding author: matt.butcher@unsw.edu.au Recently our group has demonstrated, using a scanning CMMSP THC35 tunneling microscope, the ability to place individual phosphorus atoms in silicon at precise locations[1]. These Thursday 1740–1800 hrs dopants can then be encapsulated in epitaxial silicon with Electron Momentum Spectroscopy of minimal diffusion and segregation[2]. We have extended Some Simple Condensed Materials the scheme to fabricate and electrically characterize 2D 1 and 1D nano-devices[3] by the use of an elegant M.J. Ford , E.A. Mikajlo 2, and H.E. Dorsett3 registration technique, involving an in-situ scanning 1. Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University of electron microscope etched registration markers on the Technology, Sydney, Australia; 2. School of Chemistry, samples and optical lithography. Here we will discuss this University of Nottingham, UK and SoCPES, Flinders University, fabrication strategy and present electrical transport SA Australia; 3. Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Pyrmont, NSW, Australia measurements from a number of devices. e-mail of corresponding author: mike.ford@uts.edu.au [1] S.R. Schofield, N.J. Curson, M.Y. Simmons, F.J. Rueß, T. Hallam, L. Oberbeck and R. G.Clark, Phys Rev Lett 91, In this paper we present our experimental measurements 136104 (2003). of the valence band structures for the lightest three group [2] L. Oberbeck, N.J. Curson, T. Hallam, M.Y. Simmons and R.G. I and II oxides[1]. Electron momentum spectroscopy[2] has Clark, Thin Solid Films, 464–465 23 (2004). been used to map the energy and momentum resolved [3] F.J. Rueß, L. Oberbeck, M.Y. Simmons, KEJ Goh, A.R. electronic structure. The purpose of these measurements Hamilton, T. Hallam, S.R. Schofield, N.J. Curson and R. G.Clark, To be published in Nanoletters, Oct 2004. is to provide data against which first principles calculations can be tested. In particular, this comprehensive data set allows us to test how well CMMSP THC34 calculations predict trends across these 6 simple ionic Thursday 1720–1740 hrs solids. The measurements are compared with atomic basis calculations using both Hartree-Fock (HF) and Quantum Electro-Mechanical density functional theory (DFT) implemented in the System (QEMS) CRYSTAL98 package[3]. D. Wahyu Utami1, H.S. Goan2 and G.J. Milburn1 [1] V. A. Sashin, H. E. Dorsett, M. Bolorizadeh, and M. J. Ford, J. Chem. Phys. 113, 8175 (2000); Elisabeth A Mikajlo, Helen E 1. Center for Quantum Computer Technology and Department Dorsett and Michael J Ford J. Chem. Phys., 120 10799 (2004) of Physics School of Physical Sciences, The University of [2] M. A. Coplan, Moore, J. H., and Doering, J. P., Reviews of Queensland, Australia; 2. Center for Quantum Computer Modern Physics 66 (3), 985 (1994); J. R. Dennison and A. L. Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Ritter, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 77, 99 (1996); I. E. e-mail of corresponding author: wahyu@physics.uq.edu.au McCarthy and E. Weigold, Rep. Prog. Phys. 54 (6), 789 (1991). Recent development in Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems [3] V. R. Saunders, R. Dovesi, C. Roetti, M. Causà, N. M. Harrison, R. Orlando, and C. M. Zicovich-Wilson, CRYSTAL98 User’s (NEMS) has yield oscillators with resonant frequencies Manual. (University of Torino, Torino, 1998). above Giga Hertz with quality factors above 100,000. At this scale a NEMS oscillator becomes a quantum device capable of operating at the atomic level with extraordinary sensitivity to small forces or molecular masses. With this motivation, we study the phonon-electron interaction in several quantum electromechanical systems (QEMS). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 203 CMMSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP FRC11 CMMSP FRC14 Friday 0820–0900 hrs Friday 0920–0940 hrs Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy of Photoelectron Diffraction from Real Time Defect Motion on Cu(111) Surfaces Surfaces L. Broekman1, A. Tadich1, J.Riley1, R.Leckey1, J.W.M. Frenken S.Homolya2, A.Smith2, T. Seyller3, K.Emtsev3, L Ley3 Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden Institute of Physics, 1. School Of Physics, Latrobe University , Victoria, Australia; Leiden University, The Netherlands 2. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash University, Victoria Australia; 3. Institut fur Tech Physik II, e-mail of corresponding author: frenken@physics.leidenuniv.nl Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Germany The Interface Physics group uses various types of email of corresponding author: j.riley@latrobe.edu.au Scanning Probe Microscopy to investigate the structure and dynamic behaviour of surfaces and interfaces. Topics A new generation toroidal angle resolving electron energy that they are working on at present include surface analyzer, developed at La Trobe University, has been used diffusion, surface phase transitions, gas-surface to obtain photoelectron diffraction data over a complete interactions, nanotribology, and nanobiology. For example, hemisphere from Cu and Cu3Au(111) ordered and from accurate measurements of the statistics of the disordered surface 3p levels. observed jump lengths and of the waiting times between The data shows previously reported intensity due to in- successive jumps, it has been deduced that the mobility plane scattering from low index planes and forward of indium atoms on a copper surface is caused by the scattering along principle directions[1]. The increased rapid, two-dimensional diffusion of a very low density of angular resolution of this instrument has provided data monatomic vacancies (missing copper atoms), through which includes dark bands usually ascribed to Kikuchi the first copper layer. Due to their ultrahigh diffusion rate, cancellations[2]. these vacancies remain “invisible” for the STM at room This paper compares this high resolution data with temperature. It is important to realize that the slide-puzzle whole hemisphere simulations of the diffraction patterns diffusion mechanism is also active when there is no using the multiple scattering calculations[3] and Kikutchi- embedded indium in the copper surface. The indium band theory. merely serves as a low density of “tracer” particles, which [1] Osterwalder J, Greber T, Stuck A and Schlapbach L. Phys. Rev. enable us to follow the rearrangements continually taking B 44, 13 764 (1991) place in the surface. What we learn from these [2] A. Winkelmann, B. Schröter, and W. Richter. Phys. Rev. B 69, observations is that not only adatoms, but also the atoms 245417 (2004) in a close-packed terrace of a metal surface are mobile at [3] F. J. Garcı´a de Abajo, M. A. Van Hove, and C. S. Fadley. Phys. relatively low temperatures, e.g. room temperature. Rev. B, 63, 75404 (2001) CMMSP FRC13 CMMSP FRC15 Friday 0900–0920 hrs Friday 0940–1000 hrs Analysis of Peptides Desorbed from Bio-molecule Adsorption Studied Silicon by a Free Electron Laser Using Micro-beam Photoemission B.V. King1 and J.F. Moore2 Spectroscopy 1. School of Mathematical & Physical Sciences, University of A.P.J Stampfl1, C.-H. Chen2 , S.-C. Wang2, M.-L. Huang2, Newcastle, NSW; 2. Materials Science, Argonne National R. Klauser2 Laboratory, Argonne IL, USA 1. Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology e-mail of corresponding author: bruce.king@newcastle.edu.au Organisation, NSW; 2. National Synchrotron Radiation We have used intense tunable light from a vacuum Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. ultraviolet (VUV) free electron laser (FEL) as well as a F2 e-mail of corresponding author: aps@ansto.gov.au laser to photoionise biomolecules desorbed from flat and The idea that some functioning bio-surfaces may be built- porous silicon surfaces. The photoion mass spectrum was up using dry (in-vacuum) techniques is interesting measured in a time-of-flight spectrometer. The because of the compatibility with existing dry-fabrication biomolecules tested were the amino acids valine (Val) and technologies and that completely novel bio-surfaces not tyrosine (Tyr) as well as di- and tripeptides Val-Val, Val-Tyr seen in nature may be created. Adsorption chemistry and and Val-Tyr-Val. The surface structure and laser surface bonding of simple bio-molecules at metal and wavelength were optimised to minimise fragmentation of semiconductor surfaces is probed using synchrotron- molecular photoions and hence the sensitivity of this based photo-emission techniques. Cysteine, for example, already extremely sensitive[1] surface analysis technique. appears to adsorb intact onto Pt{111} in its zwitterionic [1] I.V. Veryovkin, W.F. Calaway , J.F. Moore, M.J. Pellin, J.W. form. Other examples of in-situ amino-acid and peptide Lewellen, Y-L Li, S.V. Milton, B.V. King, M. Petravic, Applied deposition onto metal surfaces are given with a discussion Surface Science 231–232 (2004) 962 on surface damage due to radiation exposure. 204 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CMMSP FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CMMSP FRC21 CMMSP FRC23 Friday 1040–1100 hrs Friday 1120–1140 hrs Micromachining of Single Crystal Modification of Surface and Barrier Diamond Using a Novel Lift-off Properties of Polyethylene Technique Terepthalate and Polycarbonate P. Olivero, S. Rubanov, P. Reichart, S. Huntington, Plastics by Ion Implantation B. Gibson, A. D. Greentree, J. Rabeau, J. Salzman, K.R. Doolan1, P.J. Evans2 and K.T. Short2 S. Prawer and D. N. Jamieson 1. School of Engineering & Industrial Design,University of School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria Western Sydney; 2. Australian Nuclear Science & Technology e-mail of corresponding author: Organisation, Lucas Heights p.olivero@physics.unimelb.edu.au email of corresponding author: k.doolan@uws.edu.au Diamond has extreme properties, such as high Surface properties of two commercial plastics, SKYPET-BB mechanical hardness, chemical inertness, high thermal polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film and Lexan conductivity, high refractive index, optical transparency, (Polycarbonate) sheet, have been modified by implanting and a series of well-characterized photoluminescent aluminium, silicon, nitrogen and hydrogen ions into samples centers. We demonstrate the pioneering fabrication of of the plastics. Aluminium and silicon ions were implanted cantilever, waveguide and optical cavity three-dimensional into the PET and Lexan samples at three different dose microstructures in bulk single-crystal diamond, using a levels using a Metal Vapour Vacuum Arc Ion Source novel lift-off technique. The method involves MeV ion implantation system. Hydrogen and nitrogen ions were implantation to produce a buried sacrificial layer, followed implanted at two different dose levels in a Plasma Immersion by pattern milling with a focused keV ion beam and Ion Implantation Facility. Diffusion rates of Helium through chemical etching of the patterned regions. Three- the PET samples were determined at 19˚C for pressures of dimensional structures are thus obtained with well-defined He from 0.5 to 2.5atm. The diffusion rates of helium through micrometric features, which have remarkable potential the aluminium and silicon implanted samples were much applications in nano opto-electronics and quantum lower than the diffusion rate through the unimplanted PET; computing. nitrogen implantation had little effect. Lexan samples were characterised by wear testing using a CSEM Tribometer. Hydrogen implanted samples exhibited a CMMSP FRC22 dramatic reduction in wear rate. Friday 1100–1120 hrs Observation of Track Formation and CMMSP FRC24 Track Annealing in Swift Heavy Ion Friday 1140–1220 hrs irradiated InP Nanoelectronics for Quantum A. S. Khalil, A. M. Stewart, M. C. Ridgway, D. J. Llewellyn, Information Processing A. P. Byrne and L. T. Chadderton C. M. Marcus1, J. R. Petta1, A. C. Johnson1, D. M. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The 1 1 1 Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia Zumbühl , J. M. Taylor , M. J. Biercuk , N. Mason 1, M. D. Lukin1, A. Yacoby2, M. P. Hanson3, A. C. Gossard3 Email of corresponding author: ali.khalil@anu.edu.au 1. Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA The process of track formation in semiconductor materials 02138; 2. Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann is not yet well understood. Track registration in 200 MeV Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100; 3. Materials Au ion bombarded InP, was investigated using Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 transmission electron microscopy to follow track e-mail of corresponding author: marcus@harvard.edu registration, in-situ TEM, AFM and thermal and electron New paradigms for information processing that take beam-induced recovery of tracks. advantage of quantum coherence appear capable of Track cores revealed by HRTEM are found to be around providing highly efficient computation and secure 5 nm in diameter and do not appear to be amorphous. communication. However, the requirements for building such Observations reveal a morphology comprising regular systems pose considerable challenges for all of the intermittency of bead-like defects along the tracks, approaches currently being considered. In this talk, we suggesting a new fundamental mechanism underlying the address the prospects for using electron spin as a holder of formation of these features. Regular intermittency was also quantum information, focusing on two realizations: few observed in other similarly irradiated materials e.g. electron quantum dots fabricated in GaAs[1,2], and gate- monazite and apatite. defined quantum dots in carbon nanotubes[3,4]. Recent experimental results, as well as what they suggest about the feasibility of this approach, will be discussed. [1] J.R.Petta, A. C. Johnson, A. Yacoby, C. M.Marcus, M. P. Hanson, A. C. Gossard, cond-mat/0412048 (2004). [2] D. M. Zumbuhl, C. M. Marcus, M. P. Hanson, A. C. Gossard, cond-mat/0408276 (2004). [3] J. Nygard, W.F. Koehl, N. Mason, L. Dicarlo, C. M. Marcus, cond- mat/0410467 (2004). [4] M. J. Biercuk, N. Mason, C. M. Marcus, Nano Letters 4, 1 (2004). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 205 CMMSP FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Complex Systems, Computational and Mathematical Physics (CSCMP) CSCMP THD31 portfolios constructed from these stocks and from the All Thursday 1620–1700 hrs Ordinaries Index. We find in general that the tails of the distributions are asymmetric and that the negative tail Econophysics: From Statistical favours a power-law behaviour while the positive tail is Physics to Economics more Gaussian. Tiziana Di Matteo Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of CSCMP THD34 Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National Thursday 1720–1740 hrs University, Canberra ACT Email of the corresponding author: tiziana.dimatteo@anu.edu.au From Hyperbolic Patterns to The relationship between physics and economics has a Euclidean Structures long and interesting history. Outstanding economists of the S.T. Hyde, S.J. Ramsden, and V. Robins past were explicitly inspired by the principles of physics Australian National University, Canberra ACT and statistical mechanics, being attracted by the success E-mail of corresponding author: Vanessa.Robins@anu.edu.au of these theories. However, the interaction between physicists and economists has never been strong. Networks are widely used models of three-dimensional The situation changed only in the late nineties, when a material structure, e.g., the covalent bonding between new interdisciplinary research field emerged: atoms in a crystalline mineral. What network structures are Econophysics. The new field of Econophysics applies the possible, and how geometry and topology effect physical powerful methods of statistical physics and non linear properties are questions that are fundamental to the dynamics to macroeconomic modeling and financial design of new materials. Our technique for generating market analysis using the physical point of view in dealing 3-periodic nets reduces the 3D Euclidean problem to a 2D with financial problems[1–3]. Financial markets represent a hyperbolic one. Regular hyperbolic networks can be typical example of complex system where the price wrapped onto minimal surfaces to obtain 3-periodic nets, changes, apparently random, are the result of interactions provided their symmetries are compatible. This technique among a high number of agents (the market operators)[4]. extends to generate sphere packings, rod and helical Therefore, financial markets can be studied using the packings, and interpenetrating networks. By systematically same paradigms and techniques developed in statistical exploring the symmetries commensurate with various physics for the study of complex systems. There are minimal surfaces, we generate many known and novel various research activities and different approaches in the crystalline structures. field of Econophysics and this contribution will review some of the work done in this rapidly developing area. CSCMP THD35 [1] R. N. Mantegna and H. E. Stanley, An introduction to Econophysics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000). Thursday 1740–1800 hrs [2] J. P. Bouchaud, and M. Potters, Theory of Financial Risks Renormalization, Regularization (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000). and the Statistical Mechanics of [3] M. M. Dacorogna, R. Gençay, U. A. Müller, R. B. Olsen and O. V. Pictet, An Introduction to High Frequency Finance Topographic Wave-Turbulence (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2001). J.S. Frederiksen and T.J. O’Kane [4] T. Lux and M. Marchesi, Scaling and criticality in a stochastic CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Aspendale multi-agent model of a financial market, Nature 397 (1999) 498–500. E-mail of corresponding author: Terence.O’Kane@csiro.au In turbulent flows a continuous range of length scales are CSCMP THD33 simultaneously excited requiring that perturbative expansions be made in terms of the complexity of the Thursday 1700–1720 hrs interactions. In geophysical flows the coexistence of Asymmetry of Returns in the fluctuations and macroscopic space-time structures arise Australian Stock Exchange due to the nonlinear coupling across many scales of motion and through inhomogeneities such as those Susan M. Gunner1, Louise Brooks2 and Robin G. Storer3 introduced by topography, wave effects and land-sea 1. School of Business Economics, Flinders University, South contrasts in heating. The rapid spatial and temporal Australia; 2. Faculty of Science and Engineering, Flinders variation in the solutions makes turbulent flows resistant to University and NCVER, Adelaide, SA; 3. School of Chemistry, direct numerical simulation at high Reynolds number and Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, South high resolution. In contrast statistical closure theory[1] Australia provides descriptions of the average behavior of an e-mail of corresponding author: susan.gunner@flinders.edu.au ensemble of turbulent realizations, but requires closing an We use econophysics techniques to investigate the infinite hierarchy of moment equations. In this presentation characteristics of the distribution of returns from individual we discuss the first tractable statistical mechanical model stocks on the Australian Stock Exchange, from optimal of inhomogeneous turbulent flow over topography with 206 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CSCMP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Rossby waves. The model is based on renormalized perturbation theory and employs regularization to CSCMP PTH 43 accurately represent the higher order vertex terms. Bushfires as Complex Systems: [1] T. O’Kane, & J. Frederiksen, J. Fluid Mech., 504, 133 (2004) A Proposed PhD Study A. Sullivan1 POSTERS 1. CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Canberra, ACT e-mail of corresponding author: Andrew.Sullivan@csiro.au CSCMP PTH 41 At its simplest, a bushfire is a series of chemical reactions Spacing Statistics of Model Spectra moving through a fuel bed. However, the behaviour of a Related to Farey Sequences free-moving bushfire burning through the landscape is complex and complicated, operating over many temporal R.L. Dewar1, B.F. McMillan1 and B.G. Kenny1,2 and spatial scales, from seconds and millimetres for the 1. Department of Theoretical Physics, The Australian combustion physics and chemistry up to hours and National University, Canberra ACT; 2. The University of kilometres for the convection-atmospheric interactions. A Western Australia PhD study is proposed that will investigate the behaviour e-mail of corresponding author: robert.dewar@anu.edu.au of a bushfire as a complex system, utilising the many tools Motivated by an attempt to apply quantum chaos theory to and techniques that have been developed for analysing the normal mode spectra of a class of waves arising in complex systems. These tools include cellular automata plasmas and geophysical fluids, in which the frequency at and statistical mechanics, dynamical systems theory, large k depends only on the direction and not the stability and bifurcation theory, and data assimilation. magnitude of the wave vector k, we analyze the probability distribution of nearest neighbours in the CSCMP PTH 44 spectrum of the model quantum Hamiltonian H = pφ/pθ and show that it can be understood from the spacing Some Exact Solutions of Non-Linear statistics of Farey sequences. Electrodynamics Equations L.A.Uvarova CSCMP PTH 42 Department of Applied Mathematics, Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”, Moscow A Comparative Study of Truncation e-mail of corresponding author: Uvarova_LA@rambler.ru Methods in Quasi-2d MHD and Geostrophic Flows In this work we consider spreading of electromagneticwaves in non-linear systems. Some exact solutions in J.S. Frederiksen1 and G.G.Sangeetha2 systems of different geometries (in the systems of coaxial 1. CSIRO Centre for Complex Systems Science, Aspendale, cylinders, “cube in cube” and other) and with different Melbourne; 2. Department of Theoretical Physics, Research dependences of complex dielectric permittivity on electric School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian and the magnetic vectors are obtained. The solutions are National University, Canberra expressed by way of the functions determined in terms of e-mail of corresponding author: ggs105@rsphysse.anu.edu.au the field dependencies of the complex dielectric Recently, Zeitlin (2004) has constructed[1] self-consistent permittivity. The solutions found arise in the non-linear finite mode approximations for 2d magnetohydrodynamics media only. Methods of mathematical and theoretical using a Laplacian on the SU(N) group and the idea of sine physics are used. Some physical peculiarities of the truncations. This was done for flows with doubly periodic solutions are considered. boundary conditions. Also, recently in quasi-geostrophic flows with doubly periodic boundary conditions CSCMP PTH 46 Frederiksen (1999), has developed[2] a computationally tractable quasi-diagonal DIA (QDIA) closure for flows with Inferring the Complex Ginzburg- general mean and fluctuating components and Landau Equation from Modulus Data topography on an f-plane and has generalized the QDIA Rotha Yu closure theory to the interaction of Rossby wave turbulence with mean fields and topography on a beta- In many physical systems the equation of motion of the plane. A comparative study of the two truncation methods system is written down in the form of a partial differential will be presented. equation (PDE). The complex Ginzburg-Landau equation is a very general PDE, special cases of which are used to [1] V. Zeitlin, On self-consistent finite-mode approximations in (quasi) two-dimensional hydrodynamics and describe many physical phenomena ranging from Bose- magnetohydrodynamics (not yet published). Einstein condensates and superfluids, through to nonlinear [2] J.S. Frederiksen, J. Atmos. Sci, 56, 1481–1494 (1999). optics. Given modulus information on the complex field, we aim to infer the equation of motion of the system. This work has the potential to uncover profound connections between observations and the underlying evolution equations of nature. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 207 CSCMP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics CSCMP FRD11 CSCMP FRD13 Friday 0820–0840 hrs Friday 0900–0920 hrs Verified Computing in GRworkbench Soliton Resonance and Web Structure in Discrete Integrable Andrew J. Moylan, Susan M. Scott, and Antony C. Searle Systems Centre for Gravitational Physics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, K. Maruno1 and G. Biondini2 Canberra ACT 0200, Australia 1. Faculty of Mathematics, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, e-mail of corresponding author: antony.searle@anu.edu.au Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan; 2. Department of Mathematics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA GRworkbench enables visual, numerical exploration of the often unintuitive properties of analytically defined e-mail of corresponding author: maruno@math.kyushu-u.ac.jp space-times. Computing across the coordinate charts We present a class of solutions of the two-dimensional covering such space-times presents a challenging Toda lattice equation, its fully discrete analogue and its numerical problem. We are implementing a number of ultra-discrete limit. These solutions demonstrate the techniques from the field of verified computing, such existence of soliton resonance and web structure in as interval arithmetic and automatic differentiation. discrete integrable systems such as differential-difference These advancements permit us to investigate behaviours, equations, difference equations and cellular automata such as approaching coordinate and curvature (ultra-discrete equations). singularities, which are pathological to traditional numerical methods, while guaranteeing that the output encompasses the actual result. We present a range of CSCMP FRD14 examples, including the visualisation of all regions of a Friday 0920–0940 hrs maximally extended Kerr space-time. Pathwise Solution of a Class of Quantum Filtering Equations CSCMP FRD12 I. Kurniawan and M.R. James Friday 0840–0900 hrs Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, The Achieving Scalable Computational Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia Modelling through Frameworks of e-mail of corresponding author: matthew.james@anu.edu.au Interchangable Numerical Methods: This paper considers an alternative formulation of a class StGermain-Snark of quantum filtering equations that arise in quantum physics for modelling open systems and continuously S.M. Quenette1, P.D. Sunter1, D.A. May2, L. Moresi2, monitored systems. Specifically, we consider a class of B.F. Appelbe1, L. J. Hodkinson1, A. Lo1, R. Hassan1 stochastic master equations driven by white noise. The 1. Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing, Melbourne; solution is obtained by applying Clark’s pathwise 2. Mathematics Department, Monash University, Melbourne reformulation from nonlinear filtering theory. The pathwise e-mail of corresponding author: steve@vpac.org versions are defined for all driving paths and depend When developing computational models of phenomena, continuously on them. We also derive robust physicists are concerned with both the general approximation and illustrate the ideas by applying them to mathematical formulation of the problem, and the detailed an imperfectly observed two-level atom continuously physical parameters, and ideally can iteratively refine both monitored by homodyne photodetection. over time. However given the difficulty of writing parallel programs for high-performance computer architectures, CSCMP FRD15 time constraints often force the use of a pre-existing code Friday 0940–1000 hrs and its associated formulation. This initial time saving is often offset by difficulties once the limitations of a given Quantum Teleportation by numerical method are reached. In this talk we present Measurements on a Large Class of StGermain & Snark, parallel solver frameworks with a Wavefunctions modular design which allow quickly changing both the 1 2 1 mathematical formulation (e.g. incorporating Lagrangian J.P. Barjaktarevic , J.R. Links , R.H. McKenzie and 1 integration points into the Finite Element Method), and the G.J. Milburn details of the problem being simulated (constitutive 1. Department of Physics, University of Queensland, relationships, material types etc). Brisbane; 2. Department of Mathematics, University of Queensland, Brisbane e-mail of corresponding author: jpb@physics.uq.edu.au We show that a large class of wavefunctions can be exploited for unit fidelity quantum teleportation with only Bell basis measurements. Using group theory, we show that possible errors close to form a group, and that the ground state of several wavefunctions can be used for unit fidelity teleportation. In particular, there exist systems 208 Congress Handbook and Abstracts CSCMP FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics which have a finite energy gap to excitations outside this class, reducing the teleportation problem to one of CSCMP FRD24 cooling. Finally, we present a way in which we can bound Friday 1140–1200 hrs the fidelity of teleportation as a function of a topological Demonstration of the Steady-State order parameter, and some numerical examples. Fluctuation Theorem Using a Colloidal Particle in a Translating CSCMP FRD21 Optical Trap Friday 1040–1120 hrs G.M. Wang, J.C. Reid, D.M. Carberry, E.M. Sevick, and Experimental Demonstrations of a Denis J. Evans New Second Law-like Theorem Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National E.M. Sevick1, J.C. Reid1, D.M. Carberry1, G.M. Wang1, University, Canberra ACT D.J. Evans1, D.J. Searles2 e-mail of corresponding author: gmw@rsc.anu.edu.au 1. Research School of Chemistry, Australian National The Steady-State Fluctuation Theorem or SSFT is the University, Canberra ACT; 2. School of Science, Griffith application of the Fluctuation Theorem (FT) to a system University, Brisbane QLD under a non-equilibrium steady state. According to the The puzzle of how time-reversible microscopic equations literature, the SSFT holds only in the asymptotic limit of of mechanics lead to the time-irreversible macroscopic long time. In this presentation, we demonstrate equations of thermodynamics has existed since the days experimentally the SSFT using a colloidal particle localised of Boltzmann. Boltzmann simply side-stepped this in a translating optical trap. We show that the asymptotic paradox, stating “as soon as one looks at bodies of small time limit of the SSFT is a result of an approximation in the dimension, the validity of this theorem [the Second Law of argument of the theorem. When the argument is Thermodynamics] must cease.” Today we state that the expressed exactly, as is possible for our simple colloidal Fluctuation Theorem (FT) is a generalised, Second-Law experiment, the FT holds over all times, including short like theorem that bridges the time-reversible and timescales. irreversible descriptions. Here we describe recent experiments where “violations” in the Second Law occur CSCMP FRD25 over experimentally realisable time and length scales, consistent with the predictions of the FT. Friday 1200–1220 hrs Statistical Mechanics Applied to an CSCMP FRD23 Undercooled Metastable Liquid Friday 1120–1140 hrs Stephen R. Williams and Denis J. Evans The Optical Tweezers “Capture” Research School of Chemistry, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra ACT, Australia Experiment to Demonstrate the e-mail of corresponding author: swilliams@rsc.anu.edu.au Transient Fluctuation Theorem and the Kawasaki Identity It is possible to cool a liquid below its freezingtemperature, without it crystallising and for it to then enter D.M. Carberry1, J.C. Reid1, S.R. Williams1, G.M. Wang1, a long-lived, undercooled, metastable state. Such liquids E.M. Sevick1, D.J. Searles2, D.J. Evans1 have been the subject of much study, however the current 1. Research School of Chemistry, Australian National understanding is largely based on a phenomenological University, Canberra ACT; 2. School of Science, Griffith thermodynamic approach. Here we combine modern non- University, Brisbane QLD equilibrium statistical mechanics with molecular dynamics email of corresponding author: carberry@rsc.anu.edu.au simulations of a realistic model at temperatures corresponding to moderate undercooling. We show that In this presentation I experimentally demonstrate the an undercooled liquid is fundamentally different to an Kawasaki Identity and the Fluctuation Theorem of Evans equilibrium one and elucidate the failure of linear response and Searles, and show how they are related. The theory for undercooled liquids. experiment holds a 6.3mm particle in an optical trap of strength k0 and allows the system to come to equilibrium. After a certain period of time the optical trap strength is suddenly increased to strength k1. We present results proving the experiments obey both the Fluctuation Theorem and the Kawasaki Identity. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 209 CSCMP FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Environmental Physics EP PTH 49 (EP) Theoretical Analysis of Multiple Thermal Fragmentation of Aerosol POSTERS Nanoparticles from a Line Source: Evolution of Particle Modes EP PTH 47 G. Gramotnev and D. K. Gramotnev1 Sensing and Modelling Electric Applied Optics Program, Queensland University of Fields Associated with High Technology, Brisbane Frequency Excitation of Plant Roots e-mail of corresponding author: d.gramotnev@qut.edu.au K.M. Feher and T. Ellis The process of multiple fragmentation of nano-particles by CSIRO Land and Water means of breaking away smaller particles is considered by means of the exact solution of a set of coupled rate e-mail of corresponding author: Kristen.Feher@csiro.au equations. The corresponding particle size distributions The growth and water use of forest, crops, plantations and are investigated. The mechanism of fragmentation based pastures are greatly influenced by the spatial distribution on weakening bonds between nanoparticles due to of plant roots within the soil. High frequency (low MHz evaporative loss of bonding molecules is described. A range) excitation methods show potential in the eventual probabilistic statistical approach is used to justify time spatial mapping of plant roots in-situ[1]. The current focus delays in the fragmentation processes. Evolution and is on determining the electrical properties of roots through mutual transformation of particle modes is considered. impedance spectroscopy. In particular, it is important to Comparison with the experimental monitoring of completely characterise electrical root-soil coupling in combustion nano-particle aerosols is carried out. order to determine the best method of modelling the induced electric field. The electric field modelling is also supported through experiments performed with prototype EP PTH 50 electric field probes. Numerical and Experimental [1] Ellis T et al. Electrical root mapping, CSIRO/RIRDC Technical Investigation of Thermal report (in press) (2003) Fragmentation of Aerosol Nanoparticles from Vehicle Exhaust EP PTH 48 G. Gramotnev, D. K. Gramotnev Applications of Solid-State 15N NMR Applied Optics Program, School of Physical and Spectroscopy to the Study of Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Nitrogen Cycling in Hoop Pine Brisbane, Australia Plantations e-mail of corresponding author: d.gramotnev@qut.edu.au L.L. George1, G.S.K. Kannangara1, Z.H. Xu 2, Recently suggested possibility of intensive thermal M.A. Wilson1, N. Reddy1, G.R Dennis1, A.L. McCutcheon1 fragmentation of nanoparticles from vehicle exhaust may 1. School of Science, Food and Horticulture, University of be of a significant importance for the understanding of Western Sydney, Parramatta NSW; 2. Faculty of behaviour of combustion aerosols in the atmosphere. Environmental Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Qld Here, a new evidence is presented for such process to e-mail of corresponding author: lgeorge@uws.edu.au exist. The analysis is based on direct measurements of Solid-state 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy concentrations of particles with particular diameters at (NMR) has been used here to characterise hoop pine different distances from a source (e.g., a busy road), and samples from forest ecosystems in southeast Queensland, their comparison with the result of numerical predictions using cross-polarisation magic angle spinning (CPMAS). obtained from the analysis of turbulent diffusion in the The effects of cross polarisation were first studied using atmosphere. Striking differences are shown to be commercially available 15N enriched and unenriched consistent with the existence of particle fragmentation and model compounds, allowing 15N NMR conditions to be its physical mechanism. optimised. The optimised parameters were then applied to the hoop pine samples. It has been found that different parameters are needed to find different species of nitrogen. Therefore when looking at a hoop pine sample, we cannot expect to see all forms of nitrogen with a single set of parameters. This study has also made use of x-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS), to investigate all forms of nitrogen (both 14N and 15N) containing species. The hoop pine sample results from 15N NMR and XPS both show most of the organic nitrogen to be in the form of amide structures, and are therefore in agreement. 210 Congress Handbook and Abstracts EP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics formation, growth and subsequent collapse of gas EP PTH 51 bubbles arising from the dissolution of air or vaporisation VSF Measurements of Gippsland of the liquid during the rarefaction phase of the wave. Lakes’ Waters in Two Planes of Bubble collapse produces highly localised temperatures and pressures of some 5000 K and 1000 atmospheres Polarisation respectively. Solid particles in a slurry act as foci for the T.A. O’Bree, G. Bryant1 and A.G. Dekker2 nucleation of bubbles, the collapse of which generates a 1. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT high velocity jet directed towards the solid surface. The University, Melbourne, Victoria; 2. CSIRO Land & Water, extreme conditions generated by the non-linear shock Canberra wave resulting from bubble collapse are then localised on e-mail of corresponding author: terry.o’bree@rmit.edu.au the surface of the solid. Water quality in lakes and rivers is a growing issue in Most POPs (persistent organic pollutants) are hydrophobic Australia. Regular monitoring of water conditions (for and are readily adsorbed on the surface of solid particles, example monitoring recurring blooms of the blue-green so that the cavitation energy generated by high power algae cyanobacterium Nodularia) are an essential ultrasound in a slurry of such material is selectively component in maintaining and improving water quality. directed towards the contaminants. Because the extreme Such broad scale monitoring can potentially be achieved conditions are localised on the surface of the particles, the using remote sensing, but these techniques are still in bulk solution temperature remains quite low and the development. One of the important inputs into the models decomposition products are immediately quenched, are the volume scattering functions (VSFs) of the water avoiding recombination reactions. constituents. In this paper we report on the first We have exploited this process to achieve very high measurements of VSFs for Australian waters, using the destruction rates for several of the most notorious Gippsland lakes system as a case study. contaminants at energy costs far below those of competing technologies. The technique, which is at pilot plant stage, shows great promise with the advantages of in-situ treatment and reduced operating and capital costs EP FRF11 compared with conventional technologies. Friday 0820–0840 hrs Radar Interrogation of High-flying EP FRF13 Insects: What Bug Is That? Friday 0900–0920 hrs V.A. Drake See RE13 School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, The University of New South Wales at the Australian Chrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar Defence Force Academy, Canberra Cells on Glass—Cheap Electricity e-mail of corresponding author: a.drake@adfa.edu.au from the Sun? Special-purpose Insect Monitoring Radars (IMRs) have Aberle been developed to detect insects undertaking migratory flights at altitudes of more than 1km. The IMR’s design incorporates rapid beam variations that “interrogate” EP FRF14 targets, allowing retrieval of both trajectory and target- Friday 0920–0940 hrs character parameters from the recorded signal. The See RE14 resulting estimates of the sizes, shapes, and wing-beating patterns provide information about the targets’ identities Modifying the Solar Spectrum: that is potentially valuable to users of IMR information Bridging the Gap between First and products (e.g. locust controllers). The radar’s configuration Third Generation Photovoltaics provides consistent measures of these characters, which Richards potentially allow target types to be resolved along a number of possibly independent identification dimensions. EP FRF15 EP FRF12 Friday 0940–1000 hrs Friday 0840–0900 hrs See RE15 Ultrasonic Destruction of Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Contaminants in Soil Production A.F.Collings1,2, A.P. Sosa Pintos1,2, A.D.Farmer1, Plumb P.B.Gwan1 and C.J.Leo2 1. CSIRO Industrial Physics; 2. School of Engineering, University of Western Sydney email of corresponding author: anthony.collings@csiro.au The propagation of high power sound waves through a liquid can initiate the phenomenon of cavitation, the Congress Handbook and Abstracts 211 EP FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics GeoPhysics (GP) association with subduction in the last 100 Ma, whichsuggests long-lived preservation of components of the geodynamic cycle. Changes in the patterns of GP WEF11 heterogeneity occur near 1200 km and 2000 km depth in Wednesday 1040–1100 hrs the lower mantle and indicate the complexity of processes A Most Remarkable Surface occurring in the current Earth. M. Sandiford GP WEF13 School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Wednesday 1120–1140 hrs e-mail of corresponding author: mikes@unimelb.edu.au The Earth’s surface is a most remarkable interface forged Imaging Subducting Slabs along the by interactions between two dynamical systems (the solid Western Pacific Margin Earth beneath and the fluid Earth above) with very distinct Meghan Miller timescales. Understanding how the interactions between Australian National University these systems are imprinted on our landscapes is one of the main challenges of contemporary earth science. Email of corresponding author: meghan.miller@anu.edu.au Dramatic improvements in our characterisation of Structure of the subducted oceanic lithosphere along the landscape, both spatially and temporally, are helping us Western Pacific margin has been imaged with meet this challenge. This talk will set out some new unprecedented detail in three dimensions using seismic insights into the evolution of landscape from a modern tomography and earthquake data. The combination of dynamic perspective using illustrative examples from the data illustrates the change of slab morphology from Australian continent. dipping at approximately 45° beneath Japan, to lying horizontally under southern Izu-Bonin, to penetrating vertically beneath the Marianas. Using new technology to GP WEF12 visualize regional P-wave, bulk sound, and shear wave- Wednesday 1100–1120 hrs speed tomographic inversions even more detail can be Imaging the Earth—the Nature of depicted, including the presence of tears in the Seismic Heterogeneity subducting slab beneath the Izu-Bonin and SouthernMariana arcs. B.L.N. Kennett Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT Australia GP WEF14 e-mail of corresponding author: Brian.Kennett@anu.edu.au Wednesday 1140–1200 hrs Both geophysical and geochemical results point to Seismological Applications of pervasive 3-D heterogeneity in the Earth’s mantle. Laboratory Measurements of Geophysical evidence presents a snapshot of current Dispersion and Attenuation in structure, whereas geochemical data contain important Upper-mantle Materials information on age. A major source of information on heterogeneity within the Earth comes from seismic Ian Jackson, Ulrich Faul and John Fitz Gerald tomography, particularly when both P and S wave data Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National can be exploited. A powerful tool for examining the University, Canberra ACT Australia character of heterogeneity comes from the comparison of Email of corresponding author: Ian.Jackson@anu.edu.au images of bulk-sound and shear wavespeed extracted in Seismic-frequency techniques for the laboratory a single inversion, since this isolates the dependencies on measurement of dispersion and attenuation will be the elastic moduli. Such studies are particularly effective reviewed. The shear modulus and dissipation, measured when a common path coverage is achieved for P and S at torsional oscillation periods of 1–1000 s and as, e.g., when common source and receiver pairs are temperatures of 1000–1300˚C for four genuinely melt-free extracted for arrival times of the phases. The relative olivine polycrystals of mean grain size 3 to 165 micron, behaviour of bulk-sound and shear wavespeed can have been fitted to a creep-function model. For the provide a useful guide to the definition of heterogeneity conditions of teleseismic wave propagation in the Earth’s regimes. For subduction zones a large part of the upper mantle, this model yields calculated shear wave tomographic signal comes from S wavespeed variations, speeds and attenuation for melt-free olivine that reproduce but in the upper mantle and transition zone there can be many of the first order features of the seismic structure significant bulk-sound speed contributions for younger modelled for the upper mantle beneath both oceanic and slabs (< 85 Ma), and in stagnant slabs associated with continental regions. slab roll-back. The narrow segments of fast wavespeeds in the depth range 900–1500 km in the lower mantle are dominated by S variations, with very little bulk-sound contribution, so P images are controlled by shear. Deep in the mantle there are many fast features without obvious 212 Congress Handbook and Abstracts GP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics GP WEF15 GP PWE 121 Wednesday 1200–1220 hrs Integration Methods for Lagrangian Finite Element Modeling of Crustal Particle Finite Element Methods Dynamics with the Imaging Louis Moresi Information of the Earth In solid earth geodynamics, we often need compute very H. L. Xing1,2 and P. Mora1,2 large deformation of geological structures and track the 1. Earth Systems Science Computational Centre (ESSCC), tensorial material history throughout. A number of The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD; unstructured and semi-structured finite element methods 2. Australian Computational Earth Systems Simulator have been developed to cope with this requirement. In (ACcESS), Major National Research Facility Lagrangian integration point FEM, material points are used e-mail of corresponding author: xing@esscc.uq.edu.au to compute element integrals. The difficulty is in identifying The understanding, simulation and prediction of the suitable integration schemes for arbitrary distributions of complex system behaviour of interacting fault systems are material points in an element. We compare a number of very important in both theory and practical applications. integration methods based upon constructing approximate This paper presents the recent development of our Voronoi diagrams for robustness and accuracy. The research activity in finite element modelling of crustal methods are fast enough to be used in 2D and 3D in each dynamics[1], especially the related efforts on how to of thousands of elements at every timestep. integrate with and use the imaging information of the Earth. GP PWE 122 [1] H. L. Xing, P. Mora, & A. Makinouchi. Pure Appl. Geophys., 161, no. 9/10, 2091(2004) Geophysical Studies in Oil Sands Douglas. R. Schmitt Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada POSTERS doug@phys.ualberta.ca GP PWE 120 The production of conventional light oils will be TM increasingly difficult to maintain in future years and otherMinimalising Stress with ABAQUS previously less economic reserves must be employed. In and Nimrod/o Canada, much of the reserves are in the form of highly Scott Dyksterhuis and Dietmar Müller viscous heavy oils that require costly recovery. In this University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science, University of scenario geophysical methods can provide a means to Sydney, NSW Australia monitor the progress of the reservoir production. Understanding observations, however, requires knowledge scottd@geosci.usyd.edu.au, dietmar@geosci.usyd.edu.au of the reservoir materials, typically weakly consolidated We use the commercial software ABAQUSTM in sands, under varying conditions. Current studies include conjunction with the program Nimrod/o to optimally inverse carefully controlled field experiments, laboratory rock model the Australian stress field using data from the physics experiments on the rocks and the associated Australian Stress Map. Using reconstructed plate fluids, and linkages to reservoir simulations. boundary configurations and age-area distributions of ocean crust around Australia through time we obtain estimates for ridge push, slab pull and collisional forces GP PWE 123 acting on the Indo-Australian Plate since the Eocene. Global Scale Mantle Processes of Using these constraints we model the orientation of the maximum horizontal compressive stress (SHmax) field for Mars-sized Planets the present, early Miocene and early Eocene with an D.R. Stegman elastic 2D plane stress finite element model with realistic Monash Cluster Computing, School of Mathematical Sciences, parameters representing different rock types and geologic Monash University, Melbourne provinces for the Australian continent. We show that e-mail of corresponding author: spatially significant rotations of SHmax directions can be dave.stegman@sci.monash.edu.au modelled as a consequence of perturbations of SHmax in Preserved in the Martian crust are several yet-to-be- a heterogeneous plate in areas of juxtaposed rigid and explained features dating back to the processes operating compliant rheologies. in a planet during the first billion years: the crustal dichotomy (a global variation of crustal thickness going from thick crust in the south and thin crust in the north), the ancient Martian dynamo (as revealed by remnant magnetism of crustal rocks occuring in both hemispheres), the Tharsis volcanic province (the largest volcanic feature in the solar system superimposed across the crustal dichotomy). Using a 3-D spherical model of mantle convection, we investigate the processes occuring early in a differentiated planet’s history. The effect of a Congress Handbook and Abstracts 213 GP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics heterogeneous distribution of radiogenically enriched crust overlying a convecting mantle with temperature- GP THD11 dependent viscosity is quantified with spherical harmonic Thursday 1040–1100 hrs analysis of temperature and velocities fields over time. The planet’s time-dependent moment of intertia is also The Dynamics of Sheared Mantle calculated to gain insight on possible length of day Plume Tails variations and changes in orientation with respect to the R.C. Kerr and C. Meriaux spin axis (true polar wander) which has implications for the early climate and interpretation of observed paleo- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT Australia magnetic poles. e-mail of corresponding author: Ross.Kerr@anu.edu.au GP PWE 124 We summarize the key results of an extensive series oflaboratory experiments[1] that systematically investigate Sedimentary Basins on Accretionary the behaviour of sheared mantle plume tails, as a function Crust: Properties and Modelling of the 5 governing dimensionless numbers. We find 3 distinct convective flow regimes, and determine the C. Heine and R. D. Müller transition boundaries between them. We also examine the University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science (USIMS) & deflection of a sheared mantle plume tail, and the lateral School of Geosciences, The Unversity of Sydney, Australia and upstream spreading of mantle plumes under a moving e-mail of corresponding author: christian@geosci.usyd.edu.au plate. Our predictions are consistent with geophysical Intraplate sedimentary basins show different structural observations of mantle plumes, and geochemical styles and subsidence patterns not conforming to the observations from ocean island chains. current understanding of rift basin evolution, likely caused [1] R.C. Kerr & C. Meriaux, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. (in press) by an interplay between the different rheology, mantle dynamics and far field plate boundary forces. The GP THD12 underlying basement is often referred to as “accretionary crust” and poorly defined in terms of its geophysical Thursday 1100–1120 hrs parameters and tectonic / structural history. The study The Effect of Mantle Convection on investigates the properties of accretionary crust on a Surface Topography over the Last global scale, trying to explain the different subsidence 120 Million Years: An Evaluation of behaviour. Parameters obtained from this work will be used for modelling extensional processes utilising the FEM Model Predictions Based on the code Ellipsis 2D/3D in an interactive computational Geological Record environment to further evaluate the role of crustal R. Dietmar Müller1 and B. Steinberger2 heterogeneities, and mantle dynamics and as extension 1. School of Geosciences and University of Sydney Institute driving force. of Marine Science, The University of Sydney, NSW; 2. Center for Geodynamics, Norwegian Geological Survey, Trondheim, Norway e-mail of corresponding author: dietmar@geosci.usyd.edu.au We combine a global plate kinematic and mantle convection model with information from the geological record to assess the effect of mantle convection on surface topography over the last 120 million years. The mantle flow field through time is modelled using a spherical harmonic expansion of surface plate velocities and internal mantle density heterogeneities, resulting in a prediction of dynamic topography through time. We use the subsidence history from selected sedimentary basins and evidence for continental uplift through time to show that a combined observational and modelling approach can be used successfully to “ground-truth” models and to differentiate between different mechanisms of basin subsidence. 214 Congress Handbook and Abstracts GP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics limits further growth. The theory is used to predict the GP THD13 critical point as a function of total mantle heat flow. For the Thursday 1120–1140 hrs Earths rate of mantle heat loss, the predicted continental The Influence of Rheological surface area is, within parameter uncertainty, in accord with the observed value. Structure in the Deformation of the Lithosphere GP THD15 David May Thursday 1200–1220 hrs School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University Email of the corresponding author: Tectonic Drivers david.may@maths.monash.edu.au Geoff Davies We examine the relationship between rheological layering Australian National University, Canberra ACT Australia and the response of the deformation of the lithosphere to Email of corresponding author: geoff.davies@anu.edu.au tectonic deformation in extension (2D/3D) and shear (3D). We are interested in identifying the relationship between With some confidence we can identify two thermal localized deformation in the uppermost brittle regions of boundary layers as drivers of tectonics on terrestrial-type the lithosphere and diffuse deformation the ductile lower planets. The mechanical behaviour of the top thermal lithosphere. We are particularly interested in identifying the boundary layer of the mantle determines the tectonic timing and configuration of localized deformation as a mode, which on Earth is plate tectonics. The tectonic function of the extent of total system deformation and modes on Venus and early in Earth history are less clear. lithosphere rheology. The second driver will be a lower thermal boundary layer of the planetary mantle. The form of the resulting flow is more predictable: it is likely to occur as plumes that begin GP THD14 with a large spherical head and continue as a thin Thursday 1140–1200 hrs cylindrical tail. Paradoxical Behavior in a Partially Insulated Thermally Convecting GP THD21 System with Application to the Thursday 1400–1420 hrs Thermal History of the Earth The Physics of Imaging Faults in Adrian Lenardic Precious Mineral Reefs Rice University, USA I.M.Mason adrian@esci.rice.edu School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW It is generally assumed that continents, acting as thermal Email of corresponding author: geoimm@geosci.usyd.edu.au insulation above the convecting mantle, inhibit the Earth’s We have established, experimentally, that the rocks hosting internal heat loss. We present a combination of theory, a number of the world’s precious mineral reefs are numerical simulations, and laboratory experiments to test translucent in the VHF-UHF band, that borehole radars the validity of this intuative and commonly used can be used to create tactically relevant synthetic assumption. A scaling theory is developed to predict heat aperture images of defects in these reefs. BHR image flow from a convecting mantle partially covered by stable reconstruction procedures are based on those used in 3D continental lithosphere. The theory predicts that parameter seismology and S.A.R. In this paper we will present images regimes exist for which increased continental insulation of objects buried in the rocks of the South African Craton has no effect on mantle heat flow and can even enhance and the Canadian shield, and review the use of interactive it. Partial insulation leads to increased internal mantle modelling in coping with sparse spatial sampling temperature and decreased mantle viscosity. This, in turn, allows for the more rapid overturn of oceanic lithosphere and increased oceanic heat flux. Depending on the ratio GP THD22 of continental to oceanic surface area, global mantle heat Thursday 1420–1440 hrs flow can remain constant or even increase as a result. Theoretical scaling analyses are consistent with results Seismic Imaging of Complex from numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. Geological Structures The combination of theory, simulations, and experiments S.A. Greenhalgh suggests that the effect of continental insulation on mantle Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA cooling is not as great as has often been assumed. The Email: stewart.greenhalgh@adelaide.edu.au theory also suggests a potential constraint on continental surface area. Increased surface area enhances the Seismic (elastic) waves from small explosions and impact subduction rate of oceanic lithosphere. If continents are sources can be used to map subsurface geological produced in subduction settings this could enhance structure down to depths of several kilometres. The targets continental growth up to a critical point where continental in petroleum exploration and development are often quite insulation causes convective stress levels to drop to complex, and have necessitated the use of elaborate 3-D values approaching the lithospheric yield stress. This reflection shooting and recording geometries, as well as makes weak plate margins difficult to maintain, which borehole-based tomographic techniques. In this paper we lowers the subduction rate of oceanic lithosphere and will examine what is possible using full waveform inversion Congress Handbook and Abstracts 215 GP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics of seismic data. The current trend is to exploit vector wavefield processing, so as to incorporate polarisation GP THD24 and other information into the imaging of anisotropic Thursday 1500–1520 hrs rock units. Thermal Convection with a Water Ice I Rheology: Implications for Icy GP THD23 Satellite Evolution Thursday 1440–1500 hrs J. Freeman1, L. Moresi2, D.A. May2 Seismic Wave Attenuation and 1. Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National Dispersion in Heterogeneous University, ACT; 2. Monash Cluster Computing, Monash Porous Rocks University, Clayton, VIC e-mail of corresponding author: justin.freeman@anu.edu.au Boris Gurevich Deformation of materials under planetary conditions is a Department of Exploration Geophysics, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, CSIRO Division of complicated process with transitions in the deformation Petroleum Resources, Perth, Western Australia style occurring as functions of many parameters. The deformation is most realistically described as a sum of e-mail of corresponding author: Boris.gurevich@geophy.curtin.edu.au contributions from the many available deformation processes. We model stagnant-lid thermal convection for Many hydrocarbon reservoirs are strongly heterogeneous water ice I using three types of multi-component both vertically and horizontally. Seismic waves rheological laws combining grain boundary sliding, propagating in a macroscopic heterogeneous porous rock dislocation and diffusion creep mechanisms. These results are attenuated due to the scattering (conversion) of the suggest deformation in the actively convecting sublayer is passing wave’s energy into the highly attenuative Biot’s likely to be dominated by the mechanism with the largest slow wave. This is analysed by studying two particular stress exponent. geometrical configurations: (1) a thinly-layered porous medium and (2) porous saturated medium with ellipsoidal inclusions. The frequency dependence of the so-called GP THD25 mode-conversion attenuation has the form of a relaxation Thursday 1520–1540 hrs peak, with the maximum of the dimensionless attenuation (inverse quality factor) at a frequency at which the Regional Strain Pattern in the wavelength of the Biot’s slow wave is approximately equal Australian Plate Revealed by GPS to the characteristic length of the medium (layer thickness S. Zhao, M. Jia, R. Govind, J. Dawson and G. Luton or size of the inclusion). The width and the precise shape Geoscience Earth Monitoring Group, Geoscience of this relaxation peak depend on the particular Australia, ACT geometrical configuration. Physically, the mode-conversion e-mail of corresponding author: jason.zhao@ga.gov.au attenuation is associated with wave-induced flow of the pore fluid across the interfaces between regions with We report the strain pattern in the Australian Plate different properties. The results of this study demonstrate estimated from the GPS observations recorded by the how the local flow (or squirt) attenuation can be effectively Australian permanent GPS Network. The maximum modeled within the context of Biot’s theory of (compression) principal strain rate averaged in the plate is poroelasticity. Examples of such common reservoir 0.472 ± 0.057 _ 10–8 /yr with an orientation of 47.9 ± 18.0° features as fractures (microcracks) and patchy saturation (NE), indicating that compression is dominant at the plate- demonstrate the potential significance of this effect. scale of >3000km. The estimated strain field has a complex pattern with extension in Central and Southeast Australia and compression in East and West Australia. The results together with seismic anisotropy suggest that there could be some local/regional deformation mechanisms, which are responsible for the strain anomalies. 216 Congress Handbook and Abstracts GP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Nuclear and Particle excellent rotational symmetry and scaling properties.Quenched and dynamical calculations are performed on a Physics (NUPP) 203x64 lattice with a nominal lattice spacing a = 0.125 fm.The matched quenched and dynamical lattices allow us to investigate the relatively subtle sea quark effects , and NUPP MOD11 even in the quenched case the physical volume of these Monday 1040–1120 hrs lattices gives access to lower momentum than our previous study. Hints of New Physics from Measurements of CP Violation NUPP MOD15 Phillip Urquijo Monday 1200–1220 hrs University of Melbourne e-mail of corresponding author: phill@ph.unimelb.edu.au Pentaquark Interpolating Fields in Lattice QCD The Belle experiment is designed to study CP violation in the B meson system. Due to the record-breaking B.G. Lasscock1 , D.B. Leinweber1, A.G. Williams, performance of the KEK-B accelerator, a large data J.M. Zanotti2, W. Melnitchouk3, A.W. Thomas3 sample of BBar events has been accrued. The latest 1. Special Research Center for the Subatomic Structure of results on CP-violation are reviewed, including Matter, (CSSM), University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; measurements related to each of the three angles of the 2. John von Neumann-Institut fur Computing NIC, Deutches Unitarity Triangle, and measurements of direct CP Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Zeuthen, Germany; asymmetries. 3. Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA USA e-mail of corresponding author: blasscoc@physics.adelaide.edu.au NUPP MOD13 Claims about the discovery of the theta-plus pentaquark Monday 1120–1140 hrs with strangeness = +1 has inspired tremendous interest in Measurement of BR(B ⇒ρlυ) and V the field of high energy physics. As the only ``firstub via Neutrino Reconstruction at Belle principles’’ approach for studying nonperturbative QCD, lattice QCD provides a unique insight into the properties of N. Parslow1, S. Cole1 and K.E. Varvell1 a five quark state. Using the computational power of the 1. School of Physics, The University of Sydney APAC national facility’s alpha cluster our study is at the e-mail of corresponding author: nparslow@physics.usyd.edu.au leading edge of hadronic physics in lattice QCD. We discuss various pentaquark interpolating fields suitable for Semileptonic B decays to light hadrons such as the rho lattice QCD simulations. Using a number of interpolating meson occur via b ➝ u quark transitions, allowing fields we attempt to isolate a signal for a five-quark measurement of the CKM mixing parameter Vub. The Belle resonance. Calculations are performed using FLIC experiment offers two key advantages in making this + – fermions in the quenched approximation. We observe thatmeasurement. Firstly, the clean environment of an e e the pentaquark interpolating fields we studied did not give collider means the unseen neutrino can be `reconstructed’ us access to a five quark bound state but rather a by using the missing momentum of the event. Secondly, a Nucleon plus Kaon state. large data sample gives us the statistics to minimize the large theoretical uncertainties. We present here preliminary results based on 140 fb–1 of data. NUPP MOD21 Monday 1400–1440 hrs NUPP MOD14 Shell Model Interaction around 208Pb Monday 1140–1200 hrs Derived from Experimental Data Unquenched Quark Propagator in K. H. Maier1 Landau Gauge 1. Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, Australian 1 1 National University, Canberra, ACT AustraliaMaria B. Parappilly , Derek B. Leinweber , Anthony G. Williams1, Jianbo Zhang1, Patrick O. Bowman2, e-mail of corresponding author: hugo.maier@anu.edu.au U.M. Heller3 The shell model with a realistic interaction derived from 1. Special Research Centre for the Subatomic Structure of the scattering of free nucleons describes nuclear Matter, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; 2. Nuclear Theory properties around 208Pb well. Recent studies of γ-decays Center, Indiana University, Bloomington IN USA; 3. American in nuclei close to 208Pb have added previously missing, Physical Society, One Reserach Road, Ridge, NY USA crucial information, so that the interaction can now also e-mail of corresponding author: be derived from measured data, allowing detailed mparappi@physics.adelaide.edu.au checking of the theory. Measurements and the derivation We present unquenched calculations of the quark of detailed wave functions for many states and empirical propagator in Landau gauge with 2+1 flavors of dynamical diagonal and nondiagonal matrix elements of the quarks. We use configurations generated with an interaction are presented. improved staggered (“Asqtad”) action by the MILC collaboration. This quark action has been seen to have Congress Handbook and Abstracts 217 NUPP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics NUPP MOD23 NUPP MOD25 Monday 1440–1500 hrs Monday 1520–1540 hrs Search for “Doorway States” Characterizing Uranium Ores with Relevant to the Production and 236U and 239Pu Survival of 180Ta in Stars K.M. Wilcken, L.K. Fifield and T.T. Barrows G.J. Lane1, G.D. Dracoulis1, A.P. Byrne1,2, Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of P.M. Davidson1, T. Kibédi1, K.H. Maier1, M.A. Lane1 Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National and A.N. Wilson1,2 University, Canberra 1. Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, Australian E-mail of corresponding author: klaus.wilcken@anu.edu.au National University; 2. Department of Physics, The Faculties, Both 236U and 239Pu are produced naturally in uranium Australian National University ores via neutron capture on 235U and 238U, respectively. e-mail of corresponding author: Gregory.Lane@anu.edu.au Neutrons in the Earth’s crust are produced almost entirely The process by which 180Ta is produced in stars is not from (α,n)-reactions and spontaneous fission of 238U. clear. The problem is especially interesting because 180Ta Neutron fluxes however, depend not only on the number of occurs in nature as an isomeric state with T >1.2x1015yr, neutrons produced but also on the elemental composition1/2 even though its ground state has a much shorter lifetime of the rock. Therefore, concentrations of 236U and 239Pu (T =8.1hr) and photo-induced depopulation of the quasi- might be used to characterize different uranium ores.1/2 stable isomer is possible under conditions that could be Only limited data is presently available and thus we are in expected in a star[1]. Some of the observed[1] resonances the process of performing accelerator mass spectroscopic that enable depopulation of the isomer have been measurements and calculations for a wide variety of associated[2] with known states in a Kπ=5– rotational different ores. band[3] and specific predictions of the γ-ray decay branches towards the ground state and the isomeric state have been made[2]. We have used the 180Hf(d,2n) NUPP MOD31 reaction to populate the Kπ=5– band with higher intensity Monday 1620–1700 hrs than previous measurements. The results of our search for the predicted γ-ray decays will be presented. ATLAS Status and Physics Program [1] D. Belic et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5242 (1999) Tom Atkinson [2] P. Walker et al, Phys. Rev. C 64, 061302(R) (2001) University of Melbourne [3] G.D. Dracoulis et al, Phys. Rev. C 62, 037301 (2000) e-mail of corresponding author: t.atkinson@physics.unimelb.edu.au NUPP MOD24 The ATLAS detector will observe proton collisions in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, which is scheduled Monday 1500–1520 hrs for commissioning in 2007. When operational the LHC will The AMS Technique for 53Mn collide protons at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV with Laura Gladkis nominally 2 X 10 8 collisions per second at each of four beam-crossing points. ATLAS has been optimised for the Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, detection of the hypothesised Higgs Boson, the only Australian National University missing component of the otherwise experimentally well- Email of corresponding author: laura.gladkis@anu.edu.au verified electro-weak theory. In addition ATLAS is also Due to its long half-life (3.7My), manganese 53 could be sensitive to many other physics processes including QCD, useful for exposure-dating and erosion studies. However, b-physics, heavy ion interactions and those that could this isotope has not been well explored because of the provide first evidence for super-symmetry. The current difficulty of separating it from its ubiquitous stable status of the LHC and the various aspects of the ATLAS contaminant chromium 53. The goal of the present work is detector will be discussed as well as the ability of ATLAS to develop the AMS technique for manganese 53 to observe new physics. The Australian contributions to measurements, using a Gas-Filled Magnet and associated the ATLAS project will also be described. These include: detector attached to the AMS system at the ANU. The ■ Development and implementation of components of production of calibrated 53Mn/Mn standards and the the Semi-Conductor Tracker (SCT), which provides chemical separation technique to lower its chromium spatial information for charged particles traversing the content is also discussed. An AMS measurement of these ATLAS inner detector. samples is presented. ■ Fast algorithms for simulating electromagnetic events in the calorimeter. ■ Development and application of fast reconstruction algorithms within the ATLAS software framework. ■ Analysis of Monte-Carlo data produced using simulated models of the ATLAS detector. The information provided will determine the most efficient strategies in searching for new physics once collisions at the LHC commence. 218 Congress Handbook and Abstracts NUPP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics ■ Advances in grid computing to handle the storage, transfer and offline processing of data amassed by NUPP MOD35 LHC experiments, which totals over 2.4 P-bytes per Monday 1740–1800 hrs annum. Scanner for the Detection of Contraband in Air Cargo Containers NUPP MOD33 Brian Sowerby and James Tickner Monday 1700–1720 hrs CSIRO Minerals, Menai NSW Lattice Study of Possible Proton There is a growing worldwide need to rapidly scan bulk air Anti-proton Bound State and cargo for contraband such as illicit drugs and explosives. H-dibaryon CSIRO has been working with Australian Customs Service to develop an innovative and cost-effective solution Mushtaq Loan capable of directly scanning air freight containers in 1–2 University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia minutes without unpacking. A new scanner has been E-mail of corresponding author: mushe@phys.unsw.edu.au developed that combines fast neutron and gamma-ray Based on the general symmetry consideration and radiography to provide high-resolution images that include available experimental information we study the mass information on material composition. A full-scale prototype spectrum of possible proton anti-proton bound state scanner has been successfully tested in the laboratory observed by BES collaboration. Using interpolating and a commercial-scale scanner will be installed at diquark operators we measure the correlation functions Brisbane airport in 2005. with improved gauge and fermion actions and extract the mass spectrum of the spin-zero isoscalar candidate for proton anti-proton hexaquark state in the quenched POSTERS approximation of lattice QCD. As a by-product we calculate the mass of the lowest spin-zero, strangeness NUPP PMO 84 (–2), flavour singlet state in the dibaryon sector. We find that the mass of the H-dibaryon is compatible with twice Multiparticle and Octupole the mass of the lambda baryon on all lattice sizes Couping Effects in Translead Po and investigated in this study. No evidence for a bound H- Rn Nuclei dibaryon is apparent from current calculation in the A.P. Byrne1,2, G. D. Dracoulis1, G.J. Lane1, quenched QCD. We conclude that such six quark P.M. Davidson1 and A.R. Poletti3 state may be considered as unbound assembly of two lambda baryons. 1. Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, ANU, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, ANU, NUPP MOD34 Canberra, ACT, Australia; 3. Department of Physics, University of Auckland, NewZealand Monday 1720–1740 hrs e-mail of corresponding author: Aidan.Byrne@anu.edu.au Fusion Mechanism of Light Weakly Yrast high spin states in nuclei near the doubly magic Bound Nuclei 208Pb core often have a relatively structure in terms of the M. Dasgupta and D.J. Hinde coupling of the valence orbitals. This is in part due the Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, Australian availability of high-j orbitals for both the protons and National University, ACT neutrons, but it is also due to coupling of particle e-mail of corresponding author: excitations to the collective octupole vibrational excitation, Mahananda.Dasgupta@anu.edu.au thus selectively lowering the energy of specific configurations. The results of a study of the high spin Fusion at energies around the fusion barrier is strongly structure of the isotope 210Rn will be presented. The influenced by the structure of the participating nuclei. A understanding of the structure of the highest states in this controversial question in recent years is the effect on system are complicated by the presence of neutron hole fusion of cluster structure and weak binding in light nuclei. excitations. Very recent results aimed at populating high Fusion of weakly bound stable nuclei like 6Li, which has spin, octupole mixed states in 212Po obtained using the an α–d cluster, is reduced[1] due to breakup. The unstable SPIRAL facility will also be covered. nucleus 6He has neutrons weakly bound to an α–core. Do these neutrons in 6He play a similar role in fusion[2,3] as the weakly bound d in 6Li? I will discuss this question and the interpretation[4] that is currently emerging. [1] M. Dasgupta et al., Phys. Rev. C 70, 024606 (2004) [2] A. Navin et al., Accepted in Phys. Rev. C (2004) [3] R. Raabe et al., Accepted in Nature (2004) [4] D.J. Hinde and M. Dasgupta, Accepted in Nature (2004) Congress Handbook and Abstracts 219 NUPP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics We report the use of a gas-filled magnet which separates NUPP PMO 85 26Al from the intense flux of 26Mg ions after acceleration, Decay out of Superdeformed Bands and thereby enhances the sensitivity of 26Al AMS by an in Pb Isotopes order of magnitude by allowing use of the factor of 20 more intense AlO– beam. P.M. Davidson1 and A.N. Wilson1 1. Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National NUPP PMO 88 University, Canberra ACT Quokka: The Small-Angle Neutron e-mail of corresponding author: Paul.Davidson@anu.edu.au Scattering Instrument at the A recently developed two-level mixing model[1] of the Australian Replacement Research transition from superdeformed to normal-deformed nuclear Reactor shape is applied to evaluate the tunnelling width of the decay-out process in 192Pb, 194Pb[2] and 196Pb. We T. Noakes, P. Abbeywick, P. Baxter, A. Brule, F. Darmann, estimate the level densities and gamma-decay widths for N. Hauser, E. Imamovic, J. Schulz and E.P. Gilbert the normally-deformed states at the excitation energy of Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Menai, NSW, Australia the decay, and use observed properties of the e-mail of corresponding author: epg@ansto.gov.au superdeformed states as input for the model. The A small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instrument is relationship between the extracted widths and the being designed as part of the initial instrument suite for potential barrier between the shapes is discussed. the 20-MW Australian Replacement Research Reactor. The [1] D.M. Cardamone, C.A. Stafford and B.R. Barrett, Phys. Rev. C new instrument, receiving neutrons from a large liquid-D 91, 102502 (2003) 2 cold source, will be in the spirit of the world’s best facilities [2] A.N. Wilson and P.M. Davidson, Phys. Rev. C 69, 041303(R) and will greatly build upon the Australian Nuclear Science (2004) and Technology Organisation’s existing expertise and facilities. Scheduled for completion in July 2006, it will NUPP PMO 86 provide Australian and international researchers with Why Three Generations? opportunities to access state-of-the-art SANSinstrumentation. The details of the new SANS will be Robert Delbourgo presented. School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania, [1] E. Gilbert, C.J. Garvey, J.C. Schulz and R.B. Knott, Neutron Hobart News, 14, 27 (2003) Email of corresponding author: Bob.Delbourgo@utas.edu.au Finite repetitions of particle multiplets are difficult to NUPP PMO 89 explain from first principles. I show that a possible solution Evolving Fundamental Constants to this so-called “generation problem” can be found by attaching anticommuting (Lorentz scalar) “property and Metrology coordinates” ε to the usual commuting space-time A.Yu.Ignatiev and B.J Carson “location coordinates” x. A very general relativistic School of Physics, Research Centre for High Energy Physics, formulation of space-time-property then accommodates University of Melbourne the gauge fields in the x-ε sector and the Higgs fields in e-mail of corresponding author: the ε-ε sector. Fermionic matter supermultiplets Ψ(ε) then a.ignatiev@physics.uni.melb.edu.au encompass the known three generations as well as exotic quarks. The latter offer an alternative interpretation for Astrophysical observations suggest that the fine structure recently discovered narrow hadronic states currently constant (alpha) may (or may not) be evolving over the believed to be tetra- and penta-quarks. cosmological timescale. This raises a much debated question: is alpha variation due to the variation the speed of light (c), elementary electric charge (e) or the Planck NUPP PMO 87 constant (h)? Accelerator Mass Spectrometry We propose a metrological approach based on the (AMS) of 26Al—Enhanced Sensitivity analysis of the relationships between the fundamental with a Gas-filled Magnet units (e.g. of the length and time) and the fundamentalconstants. Our methodology allows one to find how each L.K.Fifield, L.G.Gladkis, C.R.Morton, S.G.Tims of the fundamental constants e, c, h evolves in time and Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, The Australian offers a new outlook for this area. National University, Canberra ACT AMS of 26Al has employed the atomic negative ion exclusively to date, because it eliminates the isobaric interference from 26Mg. Magnesium does not form a stable negative ion. The low output of Al– ions from negative ion sources has, however, inhibited wide application of 26Al in studies of landscape evolution. 220 Congress Handbook and Abstracts NUPP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics analysis of a Portland cement sample. The gamma ray NUPP PMO 90 yield from calcium, silicon and iron in a Portland cement Low Velocity Two-stub sample was measured as a function of thermal neutron Superconducting Resonator for intensity at the sample location. The thermal neutron intensity was varied at the sample location through the Heavy Ion Accelerators front moderator thickness change. The results of the N.R. Lobanov and D.C. Weisser experimental study have an excellent agreement with the Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physical results of Monte Carlo simulations. Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, [1] Naqvi A. A. and M.A.Garwan. Validity test of design Canberra, ACT calculations of a PGNAA setup. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research B (In press) e-mail of corresponding author: Nikolai.Lobanov@anu.edu.au Many heavy ion accelerators worldwide exploit superconducting RF cavities as accelerating structures. NUPP PMO 93 A novel two-stub accelerating structure, optimized for ion Construction and Analysis of a velocity of 5% the speed of light, is described for use on Many-body Neutrino Model the Heavy Ion Accelerator at the ANU. The main electromagnetic and mechanical parameters are I. Okuniewicz1 , B.H.J. McKellar1 and A. Friedland2 discussed. The technological aspects of manufacturing 1. Department of Physics, University of Melbourne, Australia; are described; in particular the low-loss RF joints and a 2. Theoretical Division, T-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, novel tuner design. The resonators will extend the NM, USA capability of the ANU LINAC from mass 60 to mass 100. e-mail of corresponding author: ivona@physics.unimelb.edu.au In literature on the early universe and supernova the NUPP PMO 91 neutrino system is separated into beam and background. The ensemble can then be analysed via a one-body Implications of New Data on B Meson density matrix. The induced mass terms in this neutrino Decays to Non-charmed States system have off-diagonal components which make it Bruce H J McKellar1, Xiao-gang He2, and possible for entanglement between the beam and Timothy Caruthers1 background to occur. The separation into beam and background then becomes ambiguous and hence it is not 1. Department of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC; 2. NCTS/TPE, Department of Physics, National Taiwan clear if the system admits a one-body description. University, Taipei The validity of the one-body density matrix used in the e-mail of corresponding author: context of the early universe and supernova has been mckellar@physics.unimelb.edu.au addressed by[1–3] with different results, due to different models considered. We have generalised the system of[2]Recent data on B meson decays to non-charmed states is taking B physics into a precision stage. We analyse this to non-equal flavour distribution. We find that the one-body data in a model independent way, and find that the description is valid and if the flavour asymmetry and decays to Kπ states form a consistent picture, as to the total number of particles is large then the system decays to ππ states. But the parameters which are behaves analogously to a spin precessing in a classical deduced have unexpected values. Moreover, when one magnetic field. tries to combine both using flavour SU(3) symmetry, [1] N.F. Bell, A.A. Rawlinson, R.F. Sawyer, Phys. Lett. B 573, 86 (2003) inconsistencies appear in the global data fit, although the best measured CP violating asymmetries are consistent. [2] A. Friedland and C. Lunardini, JHEP 0310, 043 (2003) [3] A. Friedland and C. Lunardini, Phys. Rev. D 68, 013007 (2003) NUPP PMO 92 NUPP PMO 94 Performance Tests of an Accelerator-based Prompt Gamma Prospects for a Linear Collider Ray Setup Lawrence S. Peak 1* School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW A. A. Naqvi , M. M. Nagadi1, Khateeb-ur-Rehman1 and M. Maslehuddin2 There is general agreement that the next major world 1. Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum accelerator should be an electron linear collider. There is and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 2. Center for much world-wide activity in the planning for such a Engineering Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum and machine. This talk will summarise developments in this Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia field and will review the physics questions that can be email of corresponding author: aanaqvi@kfupm.edu.sa addressed with such an accelerator. A thermal-neutron capture based Prompt Gamma ray Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) setup has been developed to analyze bulk material samples. The cylindrical PGNAA sample is located in a rectangular moderator. The setup has been tested with elemental Congress Handbook and Abstracts 221 NUPP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics NUPP PMO 95 NUPP PMO 98 A Composite Model for Leptons Molecular Beams from a and Quarks Differentially Pumped Gas Cathode B.A. Robson for an NEC Sputter Negative Ion Research School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, The Source Australian National University, Canberra, ACT D C Weisser, N R Lobanov, H J Wallace e-mail of corresponding author: bar105@rsphysse.anu.edu.au Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physical A unified classification scheme, known as the Generation Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Model, has been proposed[1] for leptons and quarks. This Canberra, ACT scheme has been shown to lead to a relation between e-mail of corresponding author: david.weisser@anu.edu.au strong isospin and weak isospin. This relation indicates A new geometry gas cathode is reported for sputter ion that these two isospin symmetries are simply different sources in which NH4 gas is sprayed onto metal a sample SU(2) subgroups of a new flavor SU(3) symmetry, to produce a negative metal hydride molecular beam. associated with both leptons and quarks. The simplest Performance will be improved by differential pumping with conjecture is that this symmetry is connected with a a turbo pump on the source head and impedances substructure of leptons and quarks. One such composite between the sample, the vacuum pump and the beam model, based upon this symmetry, will be discussed. line. Tests though without the differential pumping, [1] B.A. Robson, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E11, 555 (2002), ibid E13, demonstrate 1.8 µA for MgH– and CaH–. Spraying either (2004) (in press) CO2 or O2 onto a Li metal sample enhances Li – beams. The gas cathode also improved Li– beam intensity by a NUPP PMO 96 factor of 10 over the previous ion source. [1] R. Middleton, Nucl. Instr. and Methods 233 (1984) 193. Determination of |Vcb| and Heavy Quark Parameters from Inclusive B–>Xc l nu Decays NUPP PMO 99 Phillip Urquijo Development of a Detection Method In the framework of the Standard Model, the quark sector for 182Hf, a Potential Supernova is characterized by a rich pattern of flavour-changing Isotope Signature on Earth transitions, described by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi- Stephan Winkler, L.Keith Fifield Maskawa (CKM) matrix. We report a measurement of the Dept. of Nucl. Phys., Australian National University, quark mixing parameter, |Vcb|, via the inclusive Canberra, Australia measurement of semileptonic B meson decays. We have stephan.winkler@anu.edu.au measured the moments of the inclusive electron energy spectrum in semileptonic decays, B–> Xc lnu, using data The astrophysical r-process—responsible for the recorded with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric production of some of the heaviest nuclides in nature—is e+e- collider. From these moments we determine |Vcb| assumed to take place in supernovae. In that case it could and other heavy quark parameters, including the b-quark be possible to detect radionuclides in geological archives, mass, using Heavy Quark Expansions (HQE) in the kinetic deposited by a nearby supernova. A very sensitive mass scheme. method of detection is required. We have taken steps towards developing an AMS-method for the measurement of 182Hf with the 14UD-accelerator at the ANU. Projectile NUPP PMO 97 x-rays are detected to discriminate 182Hf ions from the 182 Measuring the CKM Matrix Element isobaric interference ( W). Implications for a future detection of a 182Hf signature in deep-sea sediments will Vub with an Upgraded Belle be discussed. Detector K.E. Varvell NUPP PMO 100 School of Physics, The University of Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: K.Varvell@physics.usyd.edu.au Preliminary Analysis of LLFP Transmutation in the FDS Dual- The Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix describes the weak mixing between quark flavours in the Standard cooled Waste Transmutation Blanket Model of Particle Physics. We review the prospects and ZHU Xiao-xiang, WU Yi-can, WANG Wei-hua, methodology for precisely measuring the poorly GAO Chun-jing, and FDS team determined element Vub of this matrix, using the proposed Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, SuperBelle detector [1]. Precise measurements of Vub Hefei, China help to overconstrain the corresponding unitarity triangle e-mail of corresponding author: xxzhu@ipp.ac.cn arising from the CKM matrix, enabling the effects of physics beyond the Standard Model to be searched for. Transmutation of long-lived Fission Products (LLFPs) is very difficult because the capture cross sections to [1] SuperKEKB Letter of Intent (LoI) , KEK Report 04-04, see http://belle.kek.jp/superb/ transmute them into short-lived or stable nuclides are very 222 Congress Handbook and Abstracts NUPP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics small. The dedicated dual-cooled long-lived radioactive waste transmutation blanket (DWTB) for the Fusion-Driven NUPP TUD11 sub-critical System (FDS) has been considered to Tuesday 1040–1100 hrs transmute LLFP. This paper discussed the effect of loading material candidate with different moderators and loading A Broad Look at Mesons with forms for LLFP transmutation on the burning capacity. The Lattice QCD optimized LLFP compositions and form designs have J.N Hedditch1, B.G Lassock1, D.B Leinweber1, been done to improve the performance of LLFP A.G Williams1, J.M Zanotti2 transmutation. Neutronics calculation about LLFP transmutation has been carried out to compare the 1. Special Research Center for the Subatomic Structure of Matter, (CSSM), University of Adelaide; 2. John von performances of different LLFP transmutation designs. Neumann-Institut fur Computing NIC, Deutches Elektronen- Synchrotron DESY, Zeuthen, Germany NUPP PMO 101 email of corresponding author: jhedditc@physics.adelaide.edu.au Quantification of Trace Metals in Adsorbents We present an overview of the calculation of mesonproperties using lattice QCD and proceed to summarise N.N. Yadav1, S. Maheswaran1, V. Shutthanandan2, the results we have obtained, in particular meson mass S. Thevuthasan2, H.H. Ngo3, and S. Vigneswaran3 spectra and form factors. We include in our study some 1. Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of attention to the role of gluonic excitations in observables, Science, Food and Horticulture, University of Western Sydney, including the so-called ‘exotic’ mesons. NSW, Australia; 2. Environmental Molecular Sciences It is intended that the audience come away from the talk Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA; 3. Faculty of Engineering, University of with a broad understanding Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia of the methods and challenges of Lattice QCD e-mail of corresponding author: nirbhay@iinet.net.au calculations for the investigation of Adsorbents are porous materials used to remove meson observables. contaminants from water supplies. Presently, the quantitative trace metal analysis of adsorbents has been NUPP TUD12 carried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and neutron activation analyses (NAA) despite these Tuesday 1100–1120 hrs techniques having many inherent problems. We have used Excitation Energy and Spin of the the technique of particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) to Yrast Superdeformed Band in 196Pb overcome some of the current problems associated with the current techniques and compared the results against A.N. Wilson1,2 NAA and AAS. The results indicate that PIXE is capable of 1. Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of quantifying trace metals in adsorbents although some Physical Sciences & Engineering, Australian National issues need to be resolved relating to the inhomogeneous University, Canberra; 2. Department of Physics and internal structure of the adsorbent. Theoretical Physics, The Faculties, Australian National University, Canberra e-mail of corresponding author: Anna.Wilson@anu.edu.au NUPP PMO 102 Although rotational bands in superdeformed nuclei have ANSTO’s Accelerators been known for almost twenty years, experimental U. Zoppi1, D. Cohen1 and D. Garton1 information about these states remains very limited. This is primarily because of the difficulties encountered in 1. ANSTO Environment, Menai NSW Australia identifying the γ-ray decay pathways by which the nucleus e-mail of corresponding author: ugo@ansto.gov.au changes from the superdeformed shape to more normal Throughout its history, ANSTO demonstrated sustained (less deformed) nuclear shapes. Without such information, excellence in accelerator-based science and technology. fundamental properties of the superdeformed nucleus The 40 years old KN3000 Van de Graaff accelerator such as excitation energy and spin are unknown. provided more than 110 000 running hours. The 10 MV Recent work establishing the excitation energy and spin of ANTARES Tandem Accelerator is delivering leading edge the yrast superdeformed band in 196Pb will be presented, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and Ion Beam and the results compared to data in neighbouring nuclei Aanalysis (IBA) services. An additional HVEE 2 MV and theoretical predictions. Tandetron accelerator has been recently commissioned and is expected to be applied across a very wide range of applications utilising IBA and AMS techniques. After a short review of the technical aspect of the 3 ANSTO accelerators, we will present a summary of the most exciting accelerator applications across a wide variety of scientific fields including air pollution, radiocarbon dating of precious artefacts and global climate change studies. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 223 NUPP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics NUPP TUD13 NUPP TUD21 Tuesday 1120–1140 hrs Tuesday 1400–1440 hrs Shell Structures in Exotic Deformed Nuclear Isomers Nuclei from Magnetic Moment G.D. Dracoulis Measurements on Radioactive Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, Australian Beams National University, Canberra, ACT Australia Andrew E. Stuchbery e-mail of corresponding author: george.dracoulis@anu.edu.au Department of Nuclear Physics, The Australian National Metastable (isomeric) states[1] have played an important University, Canberra, ACT role in the development of nuclear collective models and e-mail of corresponding author: andrew.stuchbery@anu.edu.au as a tool for identifying new nuclei and exotic states. Magnetic moment measurements have always presented Emerging techniques for the population of deformed a challenge. The new frontier in nuclear physics, opened heavy nuclei near and to the right of the stability line, by a new generation of radioactive beam accelerators, where such isomers are likely to occur[2] include deep- raises new challenges, which must be met because inelastic collisions and incomplete-fusion. magnetic moment measurements provide a sensitive A selection of new results for the deformed Yb-Lu-Hf-Ta probe of nuclear structure. Great progress has been made region will be presented in the context of the mapping of recently, both with beams produced by projectile intrinsic orbitals, the configurational structure of multi- fragmentation, and with beams produced by isotope quasiparticle states, and the factors which govern the separation on-line. This progress will be demonstrated by purity or otherwise of the K-quantum number. our latest results for exotic, neutron-rich nuclei. It will be shown that the interpretation of the data obtained at [1] P. Walker and G. Dracoulis, Nature, 399, 35 (1999) international facilities rests on measurements with stable [2] P.M. Walker and G.D. Dracoulis, Hyperfine Interactions 135, beams performed here in Australia. 83 (2001) NUPP TUD14 NUPP TUD23 Tuesday 1140–1220 hrs Tuesday 1440–1500 hrs Visually Revealing the Secrets of Lifetime of a New High-spin Isomer QCD in 150Dy Derek B. Leinweber1 for the CSSM Lattice Collaboration H. Watanabe1,* Y. Wakabayashi2, Y. Gono2, T. Fukuchi2, H. Ueno1, W. Sato1 1 31. Special Research Centre for the Subatomic Structure of , A. Yoshimi , D. Kameda , Matter, and Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, H. Miyoshi3, T. Kishida1, Y. Kobayashi1, T. Morikawa2, SA, Australia S. Motomura2, O. Kashiyama2, K. Saito2, A. Odahara4 and K. Asahi1,3e-mail of corresponding author: dleinweb@physics.adelaide.edu.au 1. The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Supercomputer simulations on a space-time lattice provide (RIKEN), Japan; *RSPhysSE, Australian National University; 2. Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Japan; the only first-principles approach to revealing the 3. Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, properties of QCD and the manner in which it constructs Japan; 4. Nishinippon Institute of Technology, Kanda, the world around us. This seminar will focus on numerous Fukuoka, Japan visualizations and animations of QCD from leading-edge[1] e-mail of corresponding author: hiroshi.watanabe@anu.edu.au Lattice QCD simulations. The animations reveal new insights into quark-gluon interactions and the manner in A new high-spin isomer in 150Dy has been observed at an which quarks and gluons manifest themselves as protons, excitation energy of 10.3 MeV by combining the inverse- neutrons and other particles. Highlights include instantons kinematic reaction induced by a pulsed beam of 132Xe in the QCD vacuum[2], quark-eigenmode densities[3], and the γ-ray recoil-shadow technique. The half-life of this gluon flux-tubes in mesons and baryons[4], and recent isomeric state has been determined to be T1/2 = 1.6 ± 0.6 results exposing the meson-cloud surrounding the ns using the conventional centroid-shift method with the proton[5]. The talk will close with the presentation of new 141Pr(16O, p6n)150Dy reaction at 165 MeV. In this lattice simulation results illustrating the impact of centre congress, the mechanism producing the high-spin isomers vortices on QCD vacuum structure[6]. in N = 83, 84 isotones is qualitatively discussed in terms [1] S. O. Bilson-Thompson, D. B. Leinweber and A. G. Williams, of the difference of neutron particle-hole configuration Annals Phys. 304, 1 (2003) [arXiv:hep-lat/0203008]. between the high-spin isomer and the lower-lying state. [2] S. O. Bilson-Thompson, D. B. Leinweber, A. G. Williams and G. V. Dunne, Annals Phys. 311, 267–287 (2004) [arXiv:hep- lat/0306010]. [3] D. J. Kusterer, J. Hedditch, W. Kamleh, D. B. Leinweber and A. G. Williams, Nucl. Phys. B 628, 253 (2002) [arXiv:hep- lat/0111029]. [4] F. Bissey, et al., to appear in Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. [5] R. D. Young, D. B. Leinweber and A. W. Thomas, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 129, 290 (2004) [arXiv:hep-lat/0309187]. [6] K. Langfeld, Phys. Rev. D 69, 014503 (2004) [arXiv:hep- lat/0307030]. 224 Congress Handbook and Abstracts NUPP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics NUPP TUD24 NUPP TUD31 Tuesday 1500–1520 hrs Tuesday 1620–1640 hrs Structure of 188Tl How Can We Discover New P. Nieminen1, G.D. Dracoulis1, G.J. Lane1, A.M. Baxter2, Chemical Elements? A.P. Byrne1,2, P.M. Davidson1, T. Kibédi1, K.H. Maier1, B. Bouriquet1 and Y. Abe2 H. Watanabe1 and A.N. Wilson1,2 1. Department of Nuclear Physics RSPhysSE, Australian 1. Department of Nuclear Physics, Australian National National University, Canberra, ACT; 2. GANIL Caen France University, Canberra; 2. Department of Physics, The Faculties, e-mail of corresponding author: bertrand.bouriquet@anu.edu.au Australian National University, Canberra e-mail of corresponding author: paivi.nieminen@anu.edu.au In 1867 Mendeleev established the periodic table of elements. Recent discoveries of new elements push Most recent studies of shape coexistence in the very light further its upper limit. To synthesise a new element a Z ~ 82 nuclei have concentrated on the even-even Hg, Pb fusion reaction between nuclei is needed. The theoretical and Po isotopes[1,2]. In contrast, little is known about the description of this process is subtle for reactions between close-lying odd-odd nuclei. While partly expected to heavy nuclei as the Coulomb repulsion has a tremendous resemble their neighbours, the presence of unpaired influence on the reaction process and stability of protons and neutrons can provide insight into the active compound nuclei[1,2]. single-particle orbitals and they may also affect the relative energies of the shape co-existing minima. The Moreover producing these elements is a technological 188Tl nuclei were studied in two experiments utilising the challenge. First the experiment done in GANIL(France) to Gammasphere (LBNL, USA) and CAESAR (ANU, produce the element of charge 114 will be detailed. Then Canberra) spectrometers. The observed structures and the stochastic model of fusion that permit to guide the associated intrinsic configurations which significantly experiments will be presented [1,2,3]. extend the earlier knowledge[3], will be discussed. [1] Abe Y., Bouriquet B., Shen C. and Kosenko G. Nucl. Phys. A722 241c-247c (2003) [1] G.D. Dracoulis et al., Phys. Rev. C. 69, 054318 (2004) [2] Abe Y. and Bouriquet B. Acta Physica Polonica B Vol 34, 1927 [2] R. Julin, K. Helariutta and M. Muikku, J. Phys. G. 27, R109 (2003) (2001) [3] Bouriquet B., Abe Y. and Kosenko G . To appear in to EPJA [3] B. Singh, Nucl. Data Sheets 95, 387 (2002) (2004) NUPP TUD25 NUPP TUD32 Tuesday 1520–1540 hrs Tuesday 1640–1700 hrs Measurement of BR(B ⇒πLυ) and VUB Electro Magnetic Properties of Using Neutrino Reconstruction at Octet Baryons Belle Sharada Boinepalli1, Derek B. Leinweber1, Anthony G. S. Cole1, N. Parslow1 and K.E. Varvell1 Williams1, Jianbo Zhang1 and James M. Zanotti2 1. School of Physics, The University of Sydney 1. Special Research Center for the Subatomic Structure of e-mail of corresponding author: shcole@physics.usyd.edu.au Matter (CSSM) and The Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, SA; 2. John von Neumann-Institut fur computing Vub is the smallest and least experimentally constrained NIC, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Zeuthen, element of the CKM (quark mixing) matrix. Semileptonic Germany decays, such as B ⇒ πlυ, are particularly useful in Email of corresponding author: extracting a value for this matrix element as they are well sboinepa@physics.adelaide.edu.au understood theoretically, have a clear experimental signature (a single high-energy charged lepton), and have We present a calculation of the electromagnetic properties greatly reduced strong interaction effects since two of the of the octet baryons. The properties are calculated using a daughters are leptons. We employ a neutrino numerical simulation of quenched QCD on a 20x20x20x40 reconstruction method, which allows a comparatively high periodic lattice with a lattice spacing of 0.128fm. We use signal efficiency, to extract this rare branching fraction and the Fat-Link Irrelevant Clover (FLIC) fermion action which V using 140 fb–1 of data from the Belle detector. allows efficient access to the light quark mass regime. Theub extraction of baryon mass and electromagnetic form factors proceeds through the calculation of the ensemble average of two and three point Green functions. Magnetic moments and charge radii are extracted from the electric and magnetic form factors. We compare our results with experimental measurements and other lattice calculations. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 225 NUPP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Combescure[1] and providing a unitary equivalent to the NUPP TUD33 self-adjoint work by Howland[2]. Relaxing this condition, Tuesday 1700–1720 hrs we characterise the emergence of a continuous spectrum Family Symmetries and the Peculiar (as in[3]) and comment on the importance of such a Neutrino Mixing Matrix continuous spectrum in the field of quantum chaos. Anumber of generally held misconceptions in the physics Catherine Low literature will be highlighted, including mistakes made University of Melbourne in[3]. Much of this work is presented in detail in[4]. c.low@physics.unimelb.edu.au [1] M. Combescure, J. Stat. Phys, 59, 679 (1989) Neutrino oscillation experiments indicate that two out of [2] J.S. Howland, J. Func. Anal, 74, 52 (1987) the three mixing angles in the neutrino mixing matrix take [3] B. Milek & P. Seba, Phys. Rev. A, 42, 3213 (1990) extreme values in parameter space: One angle is [4] J.M. McCaw & B.H.J. McKellar, math-ph/0404006 (2004) maximal, one is zero. Extending the Standard Model by adding a family symmetry has been suggested as a way NUPP WED12 of explaining the peculiar form of the neutrino mixing matrix. However, I show that all simple family symmetry Wednesday 1100–1120 hrs models create mixing matrices that are ruled out by In-matter Three-body Problem experiment, so more complicated models involving extra A.N. Kvinikhidze1 and B. Blankleider2 Higgs fields are needed for a family symmetry to produce the mixing, indicating that the origin of the neutrino mixing 1. The Mathematical Institute of Georgian Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi, Georgia; 2. School of Chemistry, Physics, matrix is still a mystery. and Earth Sciences, Bedford Park, SA Australia e-mail of corresponding author: NUPP TUD34 boris.blankleider@flinders.edu.au Tuesday 1720–1800 hrs The in-matter three-body problem plays an important role Reaching the Super-heavies in describing a large variety of interesting phenomena.However, even non-relativistic in-matter descriptions are D.J. Hinde and M. Dasgupta four-dimensional. To avoid the numerical difficulties of a Department of Nuclear Physics, RSPhysSE, Australian four-dimensional approach, equal-time Green functions National University, ACT have been used to obtain a three-dimensional e-mail of corresponding author: David.Hinde@anu.edu.au description[1–8]. To derive equations, these works approximate the effective pair-interaction kernels by terms Superheavy element research is currently an active field, linear in the physical two-body potentials, while the exact with recent claims of creation of nuclei with atomic expression for the effective pair-interaction kernel involves numbers up to 118, by fusing two heavy nuclei. Fusion an infinite series of higher order terms as well. We solve leads to superheavy element formation only when the this problem by formulating three-dimensional equations combined many-body quantum system, travelling through that take into account the full infinite series for the effective a multi-dimensional potential landscape, survives the pair-interaction kernel. competing processes, which cause the system to break apart (fission, quasi-fission). Understanding the formation [1] P. Schuck F. Villars and P. Ring, Nucl. Phys. A208, 302 (1973). of heavy elements is challenging due to the complexity of [2] M. Beyer, W. Schadow, C. Kuhrts and G. Ropke, Phys. Rev. C 60, 034004 (1999). the process and the extremely low fusion yields. Precision experiments at the ANU[1,2] have investigated the reaction [3] M. Beyer, Few-Body Syst. Suppl. 10, 179 (1999). conditions affecting the fusion probability of forming lighter [4] M. Beyer, S. Mattiello, T. Frederico and H. J. Weber, Phys. Lett. B521, 33 (2001). nuclei, which has led to unexpected results. Implications for forming very heavy elements will be discussed. [5] S. Mattiello, M. Beyer, T. Frederico and H. J. Weber, Few-Body Syst., 31 159 (2002); Few-Body Syst. Suppl. 14, 379 (2003). [1] A.C. Berriman et al., Nature 413, 144 (2001) [6] M. Beyer, G. Ropke and A. Sedrakian, Phys. Lett. B376, 7 [2] D.J. Hinde et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 282701 (2004) (1996). [7] M. Beyer, Nucl. Phys. A684, 566c (2001). NUPP WED11 [8] M. Beyer and G. Ropke, Phys. Rev. C 56, 2636 (1997). Wednesday 1040–1100 hrs An the Spectrum for the Time Evolution of a Periodically Rank-N Kicked Hamiltonian J.M. McCaw1 and B.H.J. McKellar1 1. School of Physics, Research Centre for High Energy Physics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: j.mccaw@physics.unimelb.edu.au We find the conditions under which the spectrum of the unitary time evolution operator for a periodically rank-N kicked system remains pure point, generalising the work of 226 Congress Handbook and Abstracts NUPP TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics NUPP WED13 NUPP WED14 Wednesday 1120–1140 hrs Wednesday 1140–1220 hrs New Methods of Testing Lorentz Effects of Variation of Fundamental Violation in Electrodynamics Constants from Big Bang to Atomic Michael E. Tobar1, Peter Wolf2,3, Alison Fowler1, Clocks John G. Hartnett1 V.V. Flambaum 1. School of Physics, University of Western Australia; 2. BNM- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, France; 3. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres, France Email of corresponding author: flambaum@phys.unsw.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: mike@physics.uwa.edu.au Theories unifying gravity with other interactions suggest temporal and spatial variation of the fundamental We investigate experiments that are sensitive to the scalar “constants” in expanding Universe. I discuss effects of and parity-odd coefficients for Lorentz violation in the variation of the fine structure constant alpha=e^2/h c, photon sector of the Standard Model Extension (SME) of strong interaction and quark mass. The measurements of particle physics. We show that of the classic tests of these variations cover lifespan of the Universe from few special relativity, Ives-Stilwell (IS) experiments[1] are minutes after Big Bang to the present time and give sensitive to the scalar coefficient, but at only parts in 105 controversial results. There are some hints for the variation for the state-of-the-art experiment[2]. We then propose in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, quasar absorption spectra asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometers with different and Oklo natural nuclear reactor data. A very promising electromagnetic properties in the two arms, including method to search for the variation of the fundamental recycling techniques based on travelling wave resonators constants consists in comparison of different atomic to improve the sensitivity[3]. With present technology we clocks. A billion times enhancement of the variation effects estimate that the scalar and parity odd coefficients may be 11 15 happens in transition between accidentally degeneratemeasured at sensitivity better than parts in 10 and 10 atomic energy levels. respectively, which represents six orders of magnitude improvement in the former and four orders for the latter. [1] H. E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28, 215 (1938). [2] G. Saathoff, S. Karpuk, U. Eisenbarth, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 91, 190403 (2003). [3] M.E. Tobar et al, submitted to Phys. Rev. D (2004). Congress Handbook and Abstracts 227 NUPP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Education (PEG) PEG TUF15 Tuesday 1200–1220 hrs PEG TUF11 Online Assessment in First Year Tuesday 1040–1120 hrs Physics Key to Participation R. J. Kruhlak1, T. G. Mullins and C. Coghill2 Geoff I Swan 1. Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, Physics Program, Edith Cowan University, Perth New Zealand; 2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand e-mail: g.swan@ecu.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: r.kruhlak@auckland.ac.nz Overall student satisfaction and participation were high for regular online quizzes in a first year physics unit at Edith We report on Online ASsessment and Integrated Study Cowan University in 2004. Students overwhelmingly (OASIS) software used in first year physics courses at the believed that the quizzes helped them learn physics and University of Auckland. OASIS allows us to conduct study more consistently over the semester. The key flexible online assignments in our large stage one physics elements have been compulsory and formative courses. Some advantages of OASIS assignments over assessment where students have been allowed to use traditional assignments, namely instant feedback, multiple detailed feedback to improve their quiz scores. opportunities for students to practice key concepts, automatic marking of assessments, and detailed statistics about results and student usage, will be presented. PEG TUF13 Positive student feedback and a noticeable improvement Tuesday 1120–1140 hrs in student problem solving skills in the first full year of OASIS assignments at the stage one level are very The Missing Factor for Students in encouraging. 1st Year Physics? P.F. Logan1 PEG TUF21 1. Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology, Tuesday 1400–1440 hrs Sydney, NSW e-mail of corresponding author: Peter.Logan@uts.edu.au Comprehensive Photonics Education When the author came to UTS, the failure rate in 1st year Model—The Albuquerque Ladder— Physics was about 40%. As a result he initiated a “A Progress Report” diagnostic testing program. This paper describes the A. H. Guenther1 and Leno Pedrotti2 evolution of that program and discusses what has been 1. Center for High Technology Materials, University of New achieved. The testing incorporated items on Mathematics, Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; 2. Center for Language, Science Concepts, Critical Thinking and a Occupational Research and Development, Waco, Texas number of different Learning Styles. In the analyses there e-mail of corresponding author: agun@chtm.unm.edu seemed to be a missing factor, and the search for it is described. A possible factor was found in a study with In direct response to the needs of the local optics and transnational students undertaking pre-University Physics photonics sector, both industrial and government. in a Foundation (Enabling) course. Albuquerque has established a comprehensive optics education program from middle school (grades 6, 7, 8) to post graduate. Briefly, individuals may enter and return to PEG TUF14 the workforce routinely as they ascend the degree chain. Tuesday 1140–1200 hrs More quantitative details and progress will be presented as well as curricula. Recently an additional component, a Using Student Authored Questions minor in Optical Science and Engineering for Physical to Encourage Deeper Learning in Science of Engineering Degree Program has been added Physics at New Mexico Tech primarily focused on physical optics to A. R. Merchant and K. M. McGregor support Department of Defense and astronomy interests. Applied Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University e-mail of corresponding author: alex.merchant@rmit.edu.au PEG TUF23 One of the main problems involved in the teaching & Tuesday 1440–1500 hrs learning of physics is the formulation of concepts and their Mathematics Transfer of First Year logical application. In this paper we wish to outline Science Students preliminary studies into the effectiveness of a teaching method designed to encourage students to pose their own A.L. Roberts1, M.D. Sharma1, S. Britton2, P.B. New3 questions as an assignment task. The questions 1. School of Physics; 2. School of Mathematics and Statistics; themselves provide considerable feedback on the 3. School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University progress and/or engagement of students with the material, of Sydney, Sydney and the methodology could prove a useful tool in e-mail of corresponding author: andrewr@physics.usyd.edu.au capability based degree programs. Transfer of learning and knowledge is vital in education. The application of knowledge to different contexts is a 228 Congress Handbook and Abstracts PEG TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics universal phenomenon, yet it has been difficult to measure in qualitative studies[1]. First year science students at the PEG TUF31 University of Sydney sat a two-part test from which a Tuesday 1620–1700 hrs transfer rating was derived. The method of data collection Changing Times—Changing Teaching for this project is described, the variables are defined and preliminary results of statistical correlations are given. M. G. Zadnik Future work includes incorporating data from interviews Division of Engineering, Science and Computing, Curtin that were conducted. The strongest association of University of Technology variables found thus far is between the transfer rating and e-mail of corresponding author: the test questions that involved graph reading and m.zadnik@exchange.curtin.edu.au interpretation skills. Complex changes have occurred in university teaching. [1] S.M. Barnett and S.J. Ceci, Psychological Bulletin 128 (4), Students come from diverse backgrounds with differing 612 (2002). abilities, expectations and motivations. Governments, employer groups and universities demand that students PEG TUF24 demonstrate the attainment of generic outcomes and Tuesday 1500–1520 hrs lifelong learning skills. These changes require teaching staff to rethink both their beliefs about teaching and their Developing Investigative Skills teaching practices. Furthermore, physics education Through a ‘Challenge’ Experiment research has shown that traditional modes of teaching D.R. Mills, S.M. Feteris and T.L. Greaves physics are not as effective in helping students learn key concepts as had been assumed. I will present a number School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash of practical strategies for both individual teaching staff University, Melbourne and for physics departments which will assist in modifying e-mail of corresponding author: physics teaching in these changing times. david.mills@spme.monash.edu.au We report on how 150 students in their second semester of mainstream university physics describe their experience PEG TUF33 in designing and carrying out a two-hour ‘challenge’ Tuesday 1700–1720 hrs experiment supervised by their normal laboratory Video Physics Education: Falling demonstrator. Responses to open-ended questions and features of students’ flowcharts were categorised, based Cats and Terminal Velocity on the range of student answers. The value of the D.A. Muller, M.D. Sharma experiment in promoting enquiry and investigative skills— School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney providing some of the same benefits as traditional e-mail of corresponding author: muller@physics.usyd.edu.au (expensive) supervised individual projects—is evident. Aspects valued most by students were teamwork, deeper As an introduction to the topic of terminal velocity, some conceptual understanding, independence, ownership of first year physics students at the University of Sydney are the experiment, and sheer fun. shown the popular science video “Falling Cats.” Three focus groups, each with participants from different physics backgrounds, were held to understand how students PEG TUF25 engaged with the physics presented in the video. Tuesday 1520–1540 hrs Participants actively voiced their conceptions of terminal velocity and were open to discussing factors related to the Back to the Future: Cafeteria physics of falling bodies. Those with greater interest and Laboratories in First Year Physics experience in physics spoke more confidently about a D.J. Low wider range of issues and formed opinions on the physics, School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical facilitated by the video context. Sciences, UNSW@ADFA, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra ACT PEG TUF34 e-mail of corresponding author: d.low@adfa.edu.au Tuesday 1720–1740 hrs Both Science and Electrical Engineering streams undertake an eight-week laboratory program in each The RTASO Physics Olympiad Session of their First Year at ADFA. In 2004, these Program programs were changed from the homogenous system of K. F. Wilson1,2 “everyone does the same experiment each week”, to a 1. Rio Tinto Australian Science Olympiads, Canberra; self-paced system where students could choose what they 2. Department of Physics, Australian National University, wanted to explore within a set framework. We will explore Canberra the motivations for this change, the implementation, and e-mail of corresponding author: kate.wilson@rtaso.org.au present a summary of student feedback from the first year of operation. In particular, the “three pillars” of pre-lab The Physics Olympiad program is part of the Rio Tinto activities, checkpoint-style progressive marking, and Australian Science Olympiads. The program begins with a criterion versus norm referencing in assessment will be National Qualifying Exam, sat by around 1000 (mainly) discussed. year 11 students. The students are from across Australia are nominated by their teachers. Of these students the top Congress Handbook and Abstracts 229 PEG TUESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics 24 are invited to an intensive Scholar School over January, during which we cover most of first year university PEG THE11 physics, at a typical “main stream” level. From these Thursday 1040–1120 hrs students the teams for the Asian and International Physics Olympiads are chosen. Key Findings from the National Physics The process of team training and selection will be Project on Learning and Teaching discussed, as well as some interesting data from the 2004 B. James1, L. Kirkup2, M. Livett3, A. Mendez1, D. Mills4, National Qualifying Exam. R. Newbury5, J. Pollard6, M. Prosser7, M. Sharma1, M. Zadnik8 PEG TUF35 1. School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney; 2. Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology, Tuesday 1740–1800 hrs Sydney; 3. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, The Science and Engineering Melbourne; 4. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne; 5. School of Physics, University of Challenge New South Wales, Sydney; 6. Department of Physics, University D.J. O’Connor and R. Nelson of Adelaide, Adelaide; 7. Institute for Teaching and Learning, University of Sydney, Sydney; 8. Department of Applied Physics, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia Curtin University of Technology, Perth e-mail of corresponding author: e-mail of corresponding author: m.livett@unimelb.edu.au John.OConnor@Newcastle.edu.au A national project, commissioned by the Australian There has been a well documented decline in the Universities Teaching Committee, has reviewed learning and participation rate of senior secondary students in Physics, teaching in physics at Australian universities in 2004 using Chemistry and Advanced Mathematics. To address this questionnaires, interviews and focus groups. This paper decline a new format activity called the Science and reports on how physics departments are responding to Engineering Challenge has been developed which change. Issues of interest include the background and engages the broader community. It has documented a aspirations of students, employment options, approaches to high level of success in increasing year 11 enrolments in learning and teaching, and initiatives such as the creation of Physics and Advanced Mathematics. This has won the multidisciplinary courses. Good practices addressing these highest Engineering Excellence Award in 2003 (the Sir issues will be reported and the implication of these findings William Hudson Award) and it has been funded by the for the future of physics education in Australia will be Federal Government to go nationwide. discussed. POSTER PEG THE13 Thursday 1120–1220 hrs PEG PTU 124 Implications of the National Physics A Little Introductory and Project for Teaching and Learning— Intermediate Physics with the a Workshop Lambert W Function B. James1, L. Kirkup2, M. Livett3, A. Mendez1, D. Mills4, Seán M. Stewart R. Newbury5, J. Pollard6, M. Prosser7, M. Sharma1, Department of Physics, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, M. Zadnik8 United Arab Emirates 1. School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney; e-mail of corresponding author: stewart@pi.ac.ae 2. Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology, The recently defined Lambert W function[1] is used to Sydney; 3. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne; 4. School of Physics and Materials Engineering, express two commonly encountered problems from Monash University, Melbourne; 5. School of Physics, University of introductory and intermediate physics, namely; the Wien New South Wales, Sydney; 6. Department of Physics, University peaks which occur in the spectral distribution curves of of Adelaide, Adelaide; 7. Institute for Teaching and Learning, blackbody radiation; and the time of flight and range for a University of Sydney, Sydney; 8. Department of Applied Physics, projectile in a linear resisting medium, in exact analytic Curtin University of Technology, Perth form. Such examples provide accessible accounts of the e-mail of corresponding author: judith.pollard@adelaide.edu.au increasing applicability which the Lambert W function now finds in physics. By highlighting a range of problems This workshop considers implications of the key findings of whose solution depend on W, the intention is to convince the 2004 Physics Project on teaching and learning for physics the reader of the general utility and usefulness of this departments and academics in Australia. function so as to warrant its inclusion in standard ■ How do departments implement good learning and undergraduate mathematical methods courses for teaching practice? physicists. ■ How are departments handling staff shortages? [1] R. M. Corless, G. H. Gonnet, D. E. G. Hare, D. J. Jeffrey and D. E. Knuth, Adv. Comput. Math., 5, 329 (1996) ■ How do we assure a quality laboratory experience? ■ How have our students changed? ■ How we can best disseminate successful good practices? 230 Congress Handbook and Abstracts PEG THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Plasma Physics (PP) [1] B. Schweer et. al, J. Nuc. Mater, 196–198, 174–178 (1992).[2] E. Hintz et. al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 37 A87–A101 (1995). PP PMO 103 [3] J. Harris et. al, J. Plasma Fusion Res., 1, 30–37 (1998). [4] D. Andruczyk et. al, Rev Sci Instrum. Submitted (2004). Action Conservation for Drift-waves [5] S. Sasaki et. al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67 (10), 3521–29 (1996). R.L. Dewar and R.F. Abdullatif [6] M. Goto et. al, NIFS-DATA-43, (1997). 1. Department of Theoretical Physics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra PP PMO 105 e-mail of corresponding author: farzand.abdullatif@anu.edu.au A Stochastic Analysis of A powerful advantage of Lagrangian formalisms is the Fluctuations in the Vacuum Arc ability to generate conservation relations (Noether’s Centrifuge Theorem). This has given motivation for finding a D. R. Austin1 and M. Hole2 Lagrangian for the Hasegawa-Mima equation for drift waves in plasmas and Rossby waves in geophysics. An 1. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University action conservation relation can naturally be derived from of Sydney; 2. School of Physics, University of Sydney the Lagrangian. A nonlinear Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin trial e-mail of corresponding author: dane_austin@fastmail.com.au function is used in the derivation and the averaged In this work, a stochastic treatment of electric probe data Lagrangian is obtained using Whitham’s variational of the floating potential and ion saturation current from the approach. Variation to the phase variable in the averaged Vacuum Arc Centrifuge[1] is presented. Analysis of the Lagrangian leads to an equation of action conservation for power spectra, probability density function (pdf) and drift-waves. autocorrelation reveal cyclic fluctuations with a varying [1] G.B. Whitham, J. Fluid Mech., 22, 273 (1965) envelope and frequency, and non-Gaussian pdfs. A model [2] A. Hasegawa, C.G. Maclennan, and Y. Kodama, Phys. Fluids, is proposed comprising the superposition of wave 22, 2122(1979) harmonics and noise populations, whose interaction [3] N. Mattor and P. Diamond, Phys. Plasmas 1, 4002(1994) explains the dominant features of the pdfs, and provides a [4] D. Biskamp and W. Horton, Phys. Lett., 75A, 359(1980) mechanism for the appearance of fine structure through [5] R.L. Dewar, J. Plasma Phys., 7, 267(1972) phase selection of the harmonics. The wave populations are then reconciled with existing plasma wave and stochastic fluctuation models. PP PMO 104 [1] M. J. Hole et al. Phys. Rev. E, 64(4), 046409 (2002) A Pulsed, Supersonic Helium for Plasma Diagnostics PP PMO 106 D. Andruczyk1, B. W. James1, S. Namba2, K. Takiyama2 3 The Effect of Magnetic Configurationand T. Oda on the H-1 Heliac Plasma 1. School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; 2. Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima B.D. Blackwell1, F. Glass1, D.G. Pretty1, J.H. Harris1, University, Hiroshima, Japan; 3. Faculty of Engineering, J. Howard1, C.A. Michael2, M.G. Shats1, S.M. Collis1, Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University, Hiroshima,Japan and H. Punzmann1 e-mail of corresponding author: daniel@physics.usyd.edu.au 1. Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of A supersonic helium beam has been developed to Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT, Australia; 2. National Institute for Fusion measure the electron density, ne, and electron Science, Toki Japan temperature, Te, in a plasma[1,2]. Development has been for the H–1 heliac[3] at the ANU and has subsequently e-mail of corresponding author: boyd.blackwell@anu.edu.au been adapted for lower energy laboratory plasmas. The H-1 heliac is a current-free stellarator with flexible Characterisation of the beam[4] shows centreline densities magnetic geometry. The effect of geometry (magnetic of nHe ~ 1x1018 m–3 and a velocity v ~ 1.72x103 ms–1 twist, shear and well) on plasma is studied over a wide which agrees well with the terminal velocity for helium. range of magnetic configurations, varied within a pulse, or These measurements were made at a source pressure of, from shot to shot under computer control. Ion-cyclotron Po = 6 atm, and nozzle skimmer distance of xs = 30 mm. range RF excitation produces plasma in H:He and H:D The beam width at a distance, X = 30 cm from the nozzle mixtures at densities up to ne ~ 21018m–3, T<50eV, is d ~ 10 mm and agrees well with geometrical estimation showing a stronger configuration dependence than of the beam width. electron-cyclotron produced plasmas which are Application of the beam will be to measure n and T on considerably hotter and centrally-peaked. RF plasmase e H–1, a pulsed cathodic arc and helicon plasma will be exhibit magnetic fluctuation spectra which also depend in compared to Langmuir probe measurements. This requires detail on magnetic configuration. The relationship to the additional use of a collisional radiative model for magnetic geometry is discussed. helium and uses line intensity ratios to help calculate the plasma parameters[5,6]. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 231 PP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics the effects of magnetic configuration stability and PP PMO 107 turbulence on plasma confinement. Key issues being A Directional Gas Injection System studied are the relation of rational magnetic surfaces and for the H-1NF Heliac magnetic configuration characteristics such as helical ripple to plasma transport, confinement scaling and B.D Blackwell, J. Howard, B. Powell1 and S.M. Collis1 turbulence. The robust stability of currentless stellarator Research School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, plasmas contributes importantly to these studies. Many of Australian National University, Canberra the phenomena most clearly evident in stellarators are e-mail of corresponding author: scott.collis@anu.edu.au increasingly implicated in tokamak experiments. The temporal evolution of electron density profiles during resonantly heated helium and hydrogen plasmas in the PP PMO 110 H-1NF heliac suggest that the maximum attainable density is limited by the heating power. This is in part due to the Multi-wire Tomography for Magnetic plasma being formed in a background of neutral gas that Island Studies in the H-1NF Heliac fills the 30 cubic metre vacuum vessel, acting as a T. A. Santhosh Kumar, Boyd. D. Blackwell and reservoir of particles that thermally diffuse across the Jeffrey. H. Harris plasma boundary into the confinement region. To help Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physical achieve density control we have designed, built and Sciences & Engineering, Australian National University, tested a directional gas injection system which delivers a Canberra, ACT, Australia controlled gas dose to the plasma region alone. In this e-mail of corresponding author: Santhosh.Kumar@anu.edu.au presentation I will detail the characterization of the gas injector as well as spectroscopic measurements of the Formation of magnetic islands in fusion devices has electron density and temperature evolution during injector- serious impact on plasma confinement. Accurate mapping fueled resonantly heated discharges. of vacuum magnetic islands is essential for a complete understanding of this issue. Multi-wire tomography in H-1NF enables mapping of vacuum flux surfaces without PP PMO 108 significant disruption of plasma operations. Recent Ion Magnetic Detachment in the experimental results have proved, for the first time, this HDLT Space Propulsion Concept technique to be a highly accurate and high resolutionmethod for mapping magnetic islands. This has also F.N. Gesto, B. Blackwell, C.Charles and R.W. Boswell enabled determination of best-fit empirical values for Plasma Research Lab, Australian National University, magnetic field parameters of H1. Experimental and Canberra computational results are presented and compared. e-mail of corresponding author: fernando.gesto@anu.edu.au Detachment of the ions in the beam exhaust from the PP PMO 111 magnetic field produced by a plasma space thruster is an element of thrust vector analysis which involves Electronically Scanned Millimeter- experimental, analytic and computational studies. This wave Interferometer for the Study analysis is devoted to simulating the orbits of the ions in of Resonantly Heated Plasmas in the the supersonic beam observed experimentally in the H-1 Heliac laboratory development of the Helicon Double Layer D. Oliver and J Howard Thruster. In Particular the study will analyse the influence of the magnetic field, created by the solenoids Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physical surrounding the plasma source, on the ion beam exhaust Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University to determine whether thrust is gained. Measurement of the time-resolved spatial distribution of [1] C. Charles and R.W Boswell, Physics of Plasmas, 10(4), the plasma electron density is crucial to our understanding April (2004) of resonantly heated plasmas confined in the H-1 heliac [2] A.V. Ilin et al, 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and magnetic confinement device. We have installed a Exhibit, 2002–0346, January 2002 voltage-tunable high power backward-wave oscillator as a replacement radiation source for the multi-view PP PMO 109 tomographic H-1 interferometer. When combined with a fixed diffraction grating it is possible to effect a rapid Small to Mid-sized Stellarator spatial scan of the plasma region for tomographic imaging Experiments: Topology, Confinement, of the electron density. First results from the upgraded H-1 and Turbulence interferometer will be presented. J. H. Harris Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia The large experiments LHD (operating) and W7X (under construction) move stellarator plasmas into the near- reactor regime. Continuing experiments on smaller devices with heating powers from kW to MW are exploring 232 Congress Handbook and Abstracts PP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics PP PMO 112 PP PMO 114 Debye Plasma Layers Generalized to Maintaining an FRC by Two Counter- Nuclear Forces Explaining Quark- rotating Magnetic Fields Gluon State and Endothermic D.C. Visentin and W.N. Hugrass Nuclear Production with Limit at School of Computing, University of Tasmania, Launceston Uranium e-mail of corresponding author: denis.visentin@utas.edu.au F. Osman1, H. Hora2 and N. Ghahramany Field-Reversed-Configurations (FRCs) can be sustained 1. School of Quantitative Methods and Mathematical using a rotating magnetic field (RMF) to drive the current Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia; by entraining the electron fluid. A steady state cannot be 2. Department of Theoretical Physics, University of New South achieved in this way since the electrons impart angular Wales, Sydney, Australia momentum to the ions by collisions. It is possible, e-mail of corresponding author: f.osman@uws.edu.au however, to control the motion of the ions using a counter- The Debye length at laser-plasma interaction was rotating RMF and hence achieve a steady state where the generalized to metal electrons with Fermi energy instead of net angular momentum transfer vanishes. Both RMFs temperature resulting in measured surface tensions. Taking penetrate into the plasma much farther than the skin depth the Fermi energy in the Debye length for nucleons[1] because of nonlinear effects. We present a numerical results in a theory of nuclei with stable confinement of investigation of the accessibility of these equilibria from protons and neutrons at the well-known nuclear density. suitable initial conditions. Increasing the nuclear density by a factor 6 leads to the change of the Fermi energy into its relativistic branch PP PMO 115 where no surface energy is possible and particle masses are not defined (quark-gluon plasma). Boltzmann Interferometry and Spectrometry equilibrium explains endothermic nuclear synthesis in the Diagnostics for Plasma Transport Universe limited to about uranium[2]. Studies in a Pulsed High Current [1] H. Hora, Plasma Model for Surface Tension of Nuclei and Cathodic Arc the Phase Transition to the Quark Plasma, Report CERN- PS/DL-Note-91/05, August 1991, see also H. Hora, Laser G.B. Warr1,2, J. Howard2, A. Viquerat1, R. Chan1, Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena (Plenum NY, 1992) R.N. Tarrant1, M.M.M. Bilek1, B.D. Blackwell2, J.H. Harris2 Vol. 10, p. 19 1. School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; [2] H. Hora, G. Miley, F. Osman, P. Hammerling, High Power Laser Ablation V, C.P. Phipps ed., SPIE Vol. 5448, 1190–1200 (2004); 2. Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physical H. Hora, G. Miley and F. Osman, Astrophys. & Space Science Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, in print (2004) Canberra, ACT, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: g.warr@physics.usyd.edu.au PP PMO 113 We will present early results from interferometry and spectrometry diagnostics being installed to study and Magnetic Fluctuation Analysis of RF optimise plasma transport through the quarter-torus Heated Plasma in the H-1NF Heliac magnetic macroparticle filter in the University of Sydney [1] D.G.Pretty, B.D.Blackwell and J.H.Harris pulsed high-current cathodic arc . In high-current pulses (~3 kA) measured electron densities are >2_1020 m–3 in Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physical the middle of the filter and are ~2_1018 m–3 in the Sciences & Engineering, ANU, Canberra substrate region at the filter exit. We will report on early e-mail of corresponding author: david.pretty@anu.edu.au spectroscopic measurements and progress on installation The H-1NF Heliac is a helical axis stellarator with uniquely of a high-resolution interference spectrometer for ion high precision control of rotational transform, ––, (ratio of Doppler measurements. We will report on comparisons of poloidal to toroidal magnetic field). Detailed configuration the results with a two-fluid model of the transport[2]. scans show that confinement of RF heated plasma is very [1] R.N. Tarrant, M.M.M. Bilek, J. Pigott and D.R. McKenzie, Surf. sensitive to rational values of –– within the plasma volume. Coat. Technol., 186 (2004) 10–16. A poloidal array of Mirnov coils enclosing the plasma [2] B. Alterkop, E. Gidalevich, S. Goldsmith and R.L. Boxman, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29 (1996) 3032–3038. column has been used to investigate the nature of MHD activity throughout configuration scans. Clustering algorithms from the WEKA[1] suite of datamining tools have been used in spectral feature detection to retain scalability for large datasets. Poloidally localised fluctuations have been observed, and large amplitude m=2 modes have been associated with low order rational –– values. [1] http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/weka Congress Handbook and Abstracts 233 PP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics PP PMO 116 PP PMO 118 Modeling and Simulation of a The Fall and Associated One Atmosphere Dielectric Barrier Compression of the Night Ionosphere RF Glow Discharge by using the at Equatorial Latitudes Pspice code K.J.W. Lynn1, T.J. Harris2 and M. Sjarifudin3 H. J. Yoon, R. W. Boswell, C. Charles, D. Ramdutt and 1. Ionospheric Systems Research, Noosaville; 2. ISRD, A. Aanesland Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, SA; Plasma Research Laboratories, Research School of Physical 3. National Institute for Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Bandung, Indonesia Canberra, ACT e-mail of corresponding author: kenlynn@nbcnet.com.au e-mail of corresponding author: bnisee@yahoo.com The equinoxes at equatorial latitudes to the north of We have designed and fabricated a one atmosphere Australia in the post-sunset period are characterised by a dielectric barrier parallel plate reactor to make rise in ionospheric height followed by a larger fall as the hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials. Using a Pspice direction of vertical ionospheric drift turns downward. The simulation code, we developed an equivalent circuit occurrence of Equatorial Spread F associated with model of our dielectric barrier parallel plate reactor to ionospheric bubbles also peaks under these conditions. understand the electrical characteristics of atmospheric However Equatorial spread F is not always present. At rf glow discharge plasmas. The plasma characteristic, such times, the ionosphere below the foF2 maximum is such as voltage and current have, been investigated for a seen to compress as it falls in height occasionally resulting range of gap distances between the electrodes for various in very large values of foF2 (surges). The localisation of input powers. We compare the simulated and the phenomena is investigated using a combination of experimental results. vertical and oblique ionosondes. PP PMO 117 Charge States Distribution of Au PP WEB11 Plasma from First-principles Theory Wednesday 1040–1120 hrs Zhu ZH Advances in Magnetic Fusion Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Science and the ITER Project Chengdu, China Robert J. Goldston e-mail of corresponding author: zhuxm@scu.edu.cn Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, USA The present work proposes first-principles theory without e-mail of corresponding author: rgoldston@pppl.gov any experiments to derive the charge state distribution in The last decade has seen dramatic advances in the the highly ionized non-LTE Au plasma. The first step is to scientific understanding of magnetically-confined high- calculate the ionic average lifetime τi and its first-order temperature plasmas for fusion energy, due to advances ionization rate constants ki by relativistic quantum in plasma measurement techniques and large-scale mechanics, then, derive the second-order ionic computing. A “standard model” of ion turbulence has recombination constants k-i based on the statistical been tested successfully in many experiments, and ionization-recombination equilibrium constants Ki and ki , understanding of the global stability of plasmas has and finally, the ionic concentrations and their charge state advanced to the point where measurements allow distribution will be obtained from the solution of differential accurate prediction and control of instabilities. The world equations of consecutive-irreversible or reversible is on the verge of construction of ITER, a device capable processes. The effect of electron density, electron of producing hundreds of megawatts of fusion power, at temperature and system pressure all are derived by high gain, for thousands of seconds. configuration integration Qu . The calculated average positive charge 49.24 of Au48+–Au52+ is comparable with 49.3 ± 0.5 of LLNL, which is fitted from the analysis of emission measurements of Au 5f–3d transition arrays in the wavelength range 3.3–3.9 A0 . It is so-called first- principles theory 234 Congress Handbook and Abstracts PP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics PP WEB13 PP WEB15 Wednesday 1120–1140 hrs Wednesday 1200–1220 hrs Equilibrium and Stability of the Mega Imaging Plasma Spectroscopy Using Ampere Spherical Tokamak Novel High-resolution, High-speed M. J. Hole1, R. J. Akers2, L. C. Appel2, R. J. Buttery2, Optical Coherence-based Methods N. Conway2, M. Gryaznevich2, T. C. Hender2, John Howard O. J. Kwon3, M. Valovi2, S. Medvedev4, D. Taylor2, Research School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, H. R. Wilson2 and the MAST team2 Australian National University, Canberra 1. School of Physics, University of Sydney; e-mail of corresponding author: john.howard@anu.edu.au 2. EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, UK; 3. Dept. of Physics, Daegu University, We have recently developed novel 2-d coherence-imaging Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, South Korea; 4. Keldysh Institute of systems for both high and low-spectral-resolution, time- Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, resolved plasma spectroscopy. The instruments, which Moscow, Russia utilize time and/or frequency multiplex methods to encode e-mail of corresponding author: mhole@physics.usyd.edu.au the coherence information, have significant advantages In this work, the equilibrium and stability of several high over standard colour-domain methods. In this paper I performance Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST) describe a new static approach where quadrature images plasmas is investigated. Kinetic equilibrium of the spectral coherence are multiplexed to four reconstructions, in which the thermal pressure profile is quadrants of a CCD array. This system, which is in- fitted to thermal data, suggest normalized beta n up to principle 100% light-efficient, opens the possibility for 2dβ 4.95 and bootstrap fractions up to 30%. Full-orbit spectral imaging of high-speed plasma phenomena, and simulations suggest that up to 25% of the total stored has revealed new information about the nature of ion energy is in the fast-ion population: lifting n to 5.56. heating and cooling processes in the H-1 heliac.β Using these reconstructions, ideal MHD stability thresholds of n=1,2 and ( displacements are examined, PP THB11 and it is concluded that passive stabilization may soon be Thursday 1040–1100 hrs required to access higher performance. Stability for Kinetic Ballooning PP WEB14 Modes in Stellarators Wednesday 1140–1200 hrs B.F. McMillan and R.L. Dewar Department of Theoretical Physics, RSPhysSE, The Australian New Type of Laser Produced Ions for National University, Canberra, Australia Simplified Fusion e-mail of corresponding author: Ben.McMillan@anu.edu.au H. Hora and Team* The pressure gradient in magnetically confined plasma is Department of Theoretical Physics, University of New South often limited by ballooning instabilities; these are most Wales, Sydney, Australia dangerous at moderately small wavelengths, where finite E-mail of corresponding author: h.hora@unsw.edu.au Larmor radius corrections to ideal magnetohydrodynamics The dramatic difference to the usual stream of laser- are important. In a strongly 3-D device like the H-1NF plasma interaction with 50 times lower ion energies at TW- experiment, spatial inhomogeneity leads to a semiclassical ps laser interaction is explained by a skin-layer dynamics which is at best nearly-integrable but is often acceleration by the nonlinear (ponderomotive) force quite chaotic. We explain why a semiclassical approach is (SLAN). Suppression of prepulses (contrast ratio up to justified in cases where fully complex wave frequencies 108) was essential avoiding relativistic self-focusing. Only arise, and how recent developments in semiclassical plane wave front interactions take place and plasma theory allow an accurate wave quantisation in a blocks with ion current densities above 1010 W/cm2 were configuration where half the phase space is ergodic. measured and reproduced by extensive numerical calculations. The deuterium tritium plasma blocks moving with energies of 100 keV into the target may be used for a controlled initiation of fusion in uncompressed solid deuterium tritium. *Team: Osman, F., Jablonski, S., Glowacz, S., Cang Yu, Evans, P., Toups, P., He Xiantu, Zhang Jie, Badziak, .J, Boody, F.P., Gammino, S., Höpfl, R., Jungwirth, K., Kralikowa, B., Kraska, J., Laska, L, Liu, Hong, Miley, G.H, Parys, P., Peng Hansheng, Pfeiffer M., Rohlena, K., Skala, J. Skladanowski, L., Torrisi, L., Ullschmied, J., Wolowski, J. & Zhang Weiyang, (Sydney, Warsaw, Beijing, Regensburg, Deggendorf, Catania, Prague, Urbana) Congress Handbook and Abstracts 235 PP WEDNESDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics PP THB12 PP THB14 Thursday 1100–1120 hrs Thursday 1140–1200 hrs One-dimensional PIC Simulation of a High-Density Pulsed Cathodic Arc Current-free Double-layer in an Plasmas Expanding Plasma R.N. Tarrant1, G.B. Warr1,2, M.M.M Bilek1, D.R. McKenzie1 A. Meige1, R.W. Boswell1, C. Charles1,2 and M. M. Turner3 and J.H.H. Harris2 1. SP3 group, Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School 1. School of Physics, The University of Sydney; 2. Plasma of Physical Sciences and Engineering, the Australian National Research Laboratory, RSPhysSE, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; 2. Département de Sciences University pour l’Ingénieur, CNRS, Nantes, France; 3. Plasma Research e-mail of corresponding author: R.Tarrant@physics.usyd.edu.au Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences and National Centre [1] for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University, The development of a pulsed cathodic arc system Dublin, Ireland delivering highly reproducible plasmas with average densities of 1019/m3 at the substrate and 1022/m3 at the e-mail of corresponding author: albert.meige@anu.edu.au anode mouth has enabled us to examine plasma transport In this paper we present results from a one-dimensional and sheath dynamics in high-density drifting plasmas. Particle-in-Cell simulation which confirm our earlier Pulsed arc plasmas are 100–1000 times denser than in dc experimental results showing that a double-layer can form systems, producing very high deposition rates (>0.1 nm in a current-free plasma expanding along a diverging /pulse at 10 Hz). The plasma is generated using pulsed magnetic field. These results differ from previous cathode currents of 3 kA and transported via a quarter experimental or simulation systems where the double-layer torus open-wound magnetic particle filter. The pulsed arc is driven by a current or imposed by potential differences. provides a flexible system for developing high-density The results show that this particular type of DLs is in plasma diagnostics. Boltzmann equilibrium which is rather different to those [1] R.N. Tarrant et al, Surf. Coat. Techol. 186, 10 (2004) which create the electron beams of the aurora and are seen in current driven PIC simulations. PP THB15 PP THB13 Thursday 1200–1220 hrs Thursday 1120–1140 hrs Self-organization in Turbulence as a Reactive Plasma-assisted Route to Order in Plasma and Fluids Nanofabrication: Unique Features H. Xia, M.G. Shats, H. Punzmann and Future Challenges Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, The Australian National University, K. Ostrikov Canberra School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: hua.xia@anu.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: Transitions from turbulence to order are studied K.Ostrikov@physics.usyd.edu.au experimentally in thin fluid layers and magnetically This presentation is focused on reactive plasma-assisted confined toroidal plasma. It is shown that turbulence self- chemical vapour deposition (PACVD) systems and their organizes through the mechanism of spectral unique features that make them indispensable for condensation. The spectral redistribution of the turbulent numerous nano-scale applications. The underlying physics energy leads to the reduction in the turbulence level, of such systems is examined and compared with common generation of coherent flow, reduction in the particle CVD processes. Unique features, benefits, and challenges diffusion and increase in the system’s energy. The higher of using reactive plasmas for various nanofabrication order state is sustained via the nonlocal spectral coupling processes are critically analysed. The examples include of the linearly unstable spectral range to the large-scale ordered carbon nanotips, nanostructured silicon films, mean flow. The similarity of self-organization in two- semiconductor quantum dot arrays, and nanostructured dimensional fluids and low-to-high confinement transitions calcium phosphate biocompatible films. Special attention in plasma suggests the universality of the mechanism. is paid to the identification and control strategies of the main building units both in the ionised gas phase and on deposition surfaces. 236 Congress Handbook and Abstracts PP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Renewable Energy (RE) RE PTH 54 Doped Tio2 Photoanodes for HighRE PTH 52 Efficiency Hydrogen Production Modeling and Simulation of a Solar A.B. Murphy1,3, L.K. Randeniya1,3, P.R.F. Barnes1,3, J.A. Still Coupled with Energy Storage Glasscock1,3, I.C. Plumb1,3, I.E. Grey2,3 and C. Li2,3 Device 1. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW, Australia; S.D.Manjare, S.Karthick 2. CSIRO Minerals, Clayton South, VIC, Australia; 3. CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship Chemical Engineering Group, Birla Institute of Technology and e-mail of corresponding author: Ian.Plumb@csiro.au Science, Pilani, India e-mail of corresponding author: manjare@bits-pilani.ac.in Anion-doped TiO2 offers great promise for high water splitting efficiencies, because anion doping should move The process pf purifying saline or brackish water can be the valence band of TiO upwards, without changing the done easily and economically by solar distillation. Though 2position of the conduction band edge significantly. This a lot of advantages are present in the utilization of solar should result in a smaller band gap, thereby increasing energy, the disadvantages associated with it are its rarified the utilization of the solar spectrum, without having a nature and duration of availability. These disadvantages negative impact on the energetics. Doped TiO2 is have curbed the commercialization of the solar distillation prepared using a range of synthesis techniques, including process. In this study we present an innovative design of a sol-gel processing, controlled atmosphere high solar desalination unit that is expected to produce high temperature processing of powdered materials, filtered arc efficiencies. This is accomplished by incorporating deposition, and high-intensity ball milling. The presentation features such as utilization of latent heat of condensation, will include a comparison of efficiencies obtained using maintenance of a large temperature drop between the different dopants (N, C and S), synthesis techniques and condensing vapors and the condensation surface, use of post-synthesis treatments. phase change materials(PCM) for energy storage and longer time of operation etc. Further the possibility of algae formation that is present in conventional solar stills is omitted by employing a continuous flow of brackish RE FRF11 water through the system. Modeling and simulation studies Friday 0820–0840 hrs are performed on the designed system to assess the performance of the system at various operating See EP FRF11 conditions. Optimum operating conditions of the system Radar Interrogation of High-flying are reported based on the analysis of simulated results. Insects: What Bug is That? Drake RE PTH 53 Efficiency Analysis of a Tio2 RE FRF12 Photoelectrode used for Solar Friday 0840–0900 hrs Water Splitting See EP FRF12 P. R. F. Barnes1,3, A. B. Murphy1,3, L. K. Randeniya1,3, I. C. Plumb1,3, P. B. Gwan1,3, I. E. Grey2,3, C. Li2,3 and Ultrasonic Destruction of M. D. Horne2,3 Contaminants in Soil 1. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW, Australia; Collings 2. CSIRO Minerals, Clayton South, VIC, Australia; 3. CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship e-mail of corresponding author: ian.plumb@csiro.au RE FRF13 The efficiency of solar water splitting using semiconductor Friday 0900–0920 hrs electrodes depends on factors including the incident Crystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar radiation spectrum, its absorption in the semiconductor Cells on Glass—Cheap Electricity and the transport of charge carriers to the electrolyte. We measured the efficiency and photoresponse of a thin film from the Sun? of TiO2, and compared these results theoretical Armin G. Aberle, Andrew Blakers predictions. Using a Schottky barrier model for rutile and Centre of Excellence for Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and the measured conversion efficiency for incident photons Photonics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney the diffusion length of charge carriers is estimated to be e-mail of corresponding author: a.aberle@unsw.edu.au 300nm. For a single crystal rutile electrode the predicted theoretical efficiency in sunlight is ~0.4%. The measured Photovoltaics (PV), i.e. the direct conversion of solar efficiency for such an electrode in sunlight was energy into electrical energy using solar cells, is a 0.29±0.06%. promising technology for the production of affordable clean electric power. Today’s PV market is totally dominated by crystalline silicon wafers, however, due to its material intensiveness, it appears unlikely that wafer- Congress Handbook and Abstracts 237 RE THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics based technology will ever reach the cost levels ($/Watt) required for a widespread application of PV. The solution RE FRF15 to this problem might be polycrystalline silicon thin-film Friday 0940–1000 hrs solar cells on glass which, per unit area, require less than Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen 1% of silicon compared to today’s wafer-based technology. This paper describes the significant advances Production towards such thin-film cells realised in recent years at The J.A. Glasscock1,3, P.R.F. Barnes1,3, L.K. Randeniya1,3, University of New South Wales and its spin-off company A.B. Murphy1,3, I.C. Plumb1,3, P.B. Gwan1,3, I.E. Grey2,3, CSG Solar (formerly Pacific Solar). N.C. Wilson2,3, C. Li2,3 and M.D. Horne2,3 1. CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield NSW Australia; RE FRF13 2. CSIRO Minerals, Clayton South VIC Australia; 3. CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship Friday 0900–0920 hrs e-mail of corresponding author: Ian.Plumb@csiro.au Sliver Solar Cells The commercial production of hydrogen from water using Andrew Blakers, Klaus Weber, Vernie Everett, sunlight as the energy source requires an efficiency Sanju Deenapanray and Evan Franklin around 10%. We are investigating flame-oxidised titanium, Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Australian National doped titanium dioxide (TiO2), reduced TiO2 and University, Canberra, ACT cadmium sulphide (CdS) for use as photo-anodes in an e-mail of corresponding author: andrew.blakers@anu.edu.au electrochemical cell. TiO2 electrodes prepared by flame oxidation or controlled atmosphere oven oxidation have a The Sliver solar cell process uses standard materials and maximum efficiency around 0.31% in sunlight, close to the techniques in novel ways to create thin single crystalline theoretical maximum for TiO2. Treated CdS electrodes solar cells with superior performance and reduced cost. have a maximum efficiency of around 0.98% in sunlight. They are highly efficient, flexible and versatile. The Better understanding of the physical, electronic, optical technology offers offer a 10-fold reduction in the mass of and chemical properties of the materials are required to silicon per kW, which means that silicon shortages are not achieve the target efficiency. an issue for Sliver cells. The technology also offers a 20- fold reduction in the number of wafer starts per kW. A company called Origin Energy is constructing a $35 million pilot plant in Adelaide to manufacture Sliver modules. First product is expected in 2005. RE FRF14 Friday 0920–0940 hrs Modifying the Solar Spectrum: Bridging the Gap between First and Third Generation Photovoltaics B.S. Richards and A. Shalav Centre of Excellence for Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: b.richards@unsw.edu.au The application of luminescent devices to existing silicon solar cells has the potential to bridge the gap between first and third generation photovoltaics (PV) and enhance the energy conversion efficiency. Two mechanisms that limit the efficiencies of conventional solar cells are, firstly, the transmission of sub-bandgap light and, secondly, the thermalisation of charge carriers generated by the absorption of photons with an energy greater than the silicon bandgap (Eg) of the semiconductor. In this paper we discuss ways of reducing these losses via the application of passive optical devices called up- and down-converters, respectively. 238 Congress Handbook and Abstracts RE FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Solar-Terrestrial and of the OI 558 nm airglow, which exhibits solar cycle,quasi-biennial, annual, semi-annual and ter-annual Space Physics (STSP) periodicities. STSP MOB11 STSP MOB14 Monday 1040–1120 hrs Monday 1140–1200 hrs Climate and Weather of the Sun- Expanding Our Understanding of Earth System (CAWSES): SCOSTEP’s Atmospheric Ozone through CAWSES New Interdisciplinary Research Martin G. Mlynczak1, Dan Marsh2, Rolando Garcia2, Program Ray Roble 2, Franz-Josef Luebken3 Janet Kozyra4, Sunanda Basu5 Sunanda Basu (presented by Kozyra) 1. NASA Langley Research Center; 2. National Center for Center for Space Physics, Boston University, USA Atmospheric Research; 3. Institute for Atmospheric Physics; e-mail of corresponding author: sbasu@bu.edu 4. University of Michigan; 5. Boston University Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES), e-mail of corresponding author: m.g.mlynczak@nasa.gov the new program for 2004–2008, developed by ICSU’s Ozone exerts significant control over the atmospheric interdisciplinary body Scientific Committee for Solar thermal structure through absorption of ultraviolet radiation Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP), aims to bring together the and emission of infrared radiation. Through its influence on world’s scientists in a cooperative effort to study the entire the thermal structure, ozone variability affects the interactive Sun-Earth system. SCOSTEP recognizes the circulation of the atmosphere. This fundamental process very impressive past, present, and planned space remains a frontier of atmospheric science research. We missions; ground-based observations; and theory, examine the prospects for comprehensively assessing our modeling, and data analysis efforts aimed at understanding of atmospheric ozone within the framework understanding aspects of this coupled system. CAWSES, of the Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System seeks to mobilize the international solar-terrestrial science (CAWSES) program. Relevant space-based observations community to fully utilize such data archives, and future of the ozone profile from the surface to 100 km will be data streams; to produce improvements in space weather reviewed, and emerging “whole atmosphere” modeling forecasting, design of space- and Earth-based capability to analyze the data will be presented. technological systems, and understanding the role of solar- terrestrial influences on Global Change. The CAWSES Science Steering Group has organized the program around STSP MOB15 five themes: Solar Influence on Climate, Space Weather: Monday 1200–1220 hrs Science and Applications, Atmospheric Coupling Geospace System Behavior from Processes, Space Climatology, and Capacity Building and Global Observing Campaigns: Education. The aim of this talk is to provide information to the international science and applications community on Science at the Core of the CAWSES the CAWSES goals, objectives and implementation plans Space Weather Focus and to solicit inputs for future updates of the science plan. J. U. Kozyra1, K. Shibata2, S. Basu3, A. J. Coster4, Some results from the first CAWSES Space Weather and N. Gopalswamy5, I. R. Mann6 and M. G. Mlynczak7 Atmospheric Coupling Campaigns held during March-April, 1. Dept. of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Science, 2004 will also be discussed. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; 2. Kwasan Observatory, Kyoto University, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan; STSP MOB13 3. Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston,Massachusetts USA; 4. MIT, Haystack Observatory, Westford, Monday 1120–1140 hrs Massachusetts, USA; 5. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, The Intensity of 558 nm Airglow at Greenbelt, Maryland, USA; 6. Dept Physics, University ofAlberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; 7. NASA Langley Research Adelaide, Australia Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA I.M. Reid and J.M. Woithe e-mail of the corresponding author: jukozyra@engin.umich.edu Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA The Sun-Earth interaction forms a dynamical system in e-mail of corresponding author: iain.reid@adelaide.edu.au which close couplings and feedbacks can change the A three-field photometer has been operated at the zeroth order geospace response to solar eruptions. In fact, University of Adelaide’s Buckland Park (35°S, 138°E) field this system behavior lies at the frontier of knowledge in site to collect observations of the intensity of 558 nm OI space science. Recent community campaigns utilizing and 730 nm OH airglow emissions since April 1995. Night- satellites observing at vantage points from Sun to the time intensity data have been collected on an almost middle atmosphere along with worldwide ground-based continuous basis with observations made when the effect facilities have allowed us to follow physical processes from of the moon is not evident in the instrumental field of view. start to finish, and contribute to efforts to characterize the Interpretation of the 730 nm data is limited by the global system. We will highlight examples of this from presence of the Milky Way and we will discuss them some recent cross-disciplinary campaigns including the elsewhere. Here we discuss the variability of the intensity March/April 2004 CAWSES (Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System) campaign. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 239 STSP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics STSP MOB21 STSP MOB23 Monday 1400–1420 hrs Monday 1440–1500 hrs Nowcasting and Forecasting at the The Ionospheric Convection Australian Space Forecast Center Response to Transient Reconnection P. Maher, R. Marshall, J. Kennewell, G. Patterson S.K. Morley1,2 and M. Lockwood1,3 IPS Radio and Space Services—Department of Industry 1. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tourism and Resources—Australian Government Southampton, United Kingdom; 2. Now at: CRC for Satellite e-mail of corresponding author: p-maher@ips.gov.au Systems, University of Newcastle, NSW; 3. Space Physics Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, United Kingdom The Australian Space Forecast Center at IPS Radio and e-mail of corresponding author: Space Services, an organisation within the Australian Steven.Morley@newcastle.edu.au Government, is the delivery point for space weather information and services to the Australian region and Using the Cowley-Lockwood (CL) flow excitation theory, a [1] beyond. IPS operates a network of observatories from numerical model has been developed, which we can Antarctica to equatorial regions that provide solar, use to generate time series of maps of parameters such geomagnetic and ionospheric data in near real-time. as the sheath ion flux, the low-energy cut-off, as well as These data sources drive models and alert systems to the convection patterns and maps of the consequent ion produce nowcasts and forecasts in an operational heating. Model results show that quasi-global convection environment. This presentation illustrates the nowcasts responses are commensurate with the CL paradigm and and forecasts made during operations by tracking the that the response is relatively invariant to reconnection rate progress of space weather events such as solar flare variations, given that the total displacement from detection, CME shock speed determination, equilibrium is constant and takes place on a shorter magnetospheric impact, magnetic storm detection, timescale than the inductive response time. ionospheric storm monitoring and the impact they have on [1] M. Lockwood and S.K. Morley, Ann. Geophys., 22, 73 (2004) the Earth. STSP MOB24 STSP MOB22 Monday 1500–1540 hrs Monday 1420–1440 hrs Solar Wind Driven Storms and Observing the Open-closed Boundary Substorms with High Energy Using Pc5 ULF Waves Electron Injections into the Inner S. T. Ables1 , B. J. Fraser1 and R. J. Morris2 Magnetosphere 1. School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Wendell Horton Newcastle, NSW; 2. Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston The solar wind punctuated with shocks from coronal mass e-mail of corresponding author: Sean.Ables@newcastle.edu.au ejections produces periods of days with intense stormy We present a new ground-based diagnostic of magnetic conditions in the Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere. merging at the magnetopause using data from two close Spacecrafts monitoring the solar wind make possible (~110 km), magnetic azimuthally spaced magnetometer some degree of forecasting for storms and substorms. sites, Davis and Zhongshan. During average IMF Energy pathways into the inner magnetosphere from the conditions these sites pass just equatorward of the last solar wind dynamo are described. Coordinated storm closed field lines in the dayside magnetosphere, and field datasets collected for a community wide challenge are line resonances (FLRs) are seen. During active conditions used to illustrate the phenomena. The physics transport (IMF Bz<<0) the FLRs disappear and are replaced by models are used to interpret and predict the geomagnetic intervals of broadband activity, with the azimuthal index AL for the nightside auroral currents in the E-layer component of propagation directed towards noon. Two ionosphere and the equatorial magnetic disturbance index example days are given in which the dynamics of the Dst from the ring current. open-closed boundary (OCB) can be inferred. STSP MOB31 Monday 1620–1700 hrs Diagnosing Solar Particle Acceleration and Propagation Using Radio Emissions H. V. Cane School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania, Hobart e-mail of corresponding author: hilary.cane@utas.edu.au A recent study[1] finds that all prompt solar energetic particle (SEP) events are preceded by type III radio bursts. This association suggests that ions accelerated in 240 Congress Handbook and Abstracts STSP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics reconnection regions may make a significant contribution to SEP events. Furthermore the drift rates of the bursts STSP MOB35 provide information about particle propagation in the inner Monday 1740–1800 hrs heliosphere not obtainable in any other way at the present The Ion Aurora and Its Seasonal time. Results obtained in this manner will be placed in the context of other recent SEP studies. Variations [1] H. V. Cane, W. C. Erickson and N. P. Prestage, J. Geophys. P. T. Newell1 , S. Wing, T. Sotirelis, and C.-I. Meng Res., 107, SSH 14–1 (2002) 1. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laborator, Laurel, MD, USA STSP MOB33 e-mail of corresponding author: Patrick.Newell@jhuapl.edu Monday 1700–1720 hrs Recent studies have shown that intense discrete aurora Type II Radio Bursts: Theoretical are more intense in the winter hemisphere than in thesummer, particularly in the dusk to midnight sector. Here, Predictions of Dynamic Spectra and we use one solar cycle of DMSP satellite particle data to Source Regions investigate the seasonality of the ion aurora. The ion Stuart A. Knock, Iver H. Cairns aurora proves to be approximately equal in the summer and winter hemispheres in the dusk-midnight sector (with School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW the summer hemisphere favored by 0 to 4%). However in e-mail of corresponding author: s.knock@physics.usyd.edu.au the MLT hours from midnight to dawn, the ion precipitating The source regions of type II radio bursts lie upstream of energy flux is 15–40% higher in winter than in summer. high Mach number shocks. Here we present theoretical The absolute magnitude of the ion effect is smaller than predictions from an analytic, semi-quantitative model of was found for discrete electron aurora (which show a type II radio bursts, which involves electron reflection and 3-fold difference between winter and summer). The acceleration at a shock moving through the seasonal behavior of the ions may reflect the observation inhomogeneous solar wind, beam formation upstream of that diverging electric fields, which accelerate ions the shock via time-of-flight effects, Langmuir wave growth downward, are found mainly postmidnight, and are driven by the electron beams, and the conversion of stronger in the winter. Langmuir waves into freely propagating radiation by nonlinear wave-wave processes. A diverse range of commonly observed spectral structures are shown to be POSTERS naturally produced by a relatively simple theoretical model. STSP PTH 55 STSP MOB34 Plasma Structuring in the Middle Monday 1720–1740 hrs and Equatorial Ionosphere During Timing of the 2–3 kHz Radio Intense Magnetic Storms Emission within the Solar Cycle Santimay Basu1, Sunanda Basu2, K.M. Groves1, E MacKenzie3, F. Rich1, and , M.J. Keskinen4 J.J. Mitchell1, Iver H. Cairns1, H-R. Mueller2,3 and G.P. Zank3 Near-simultaneous formation of plasma density structures 1. School of Physics, University of Sydney; 2. Department of in the ionosphere at middle and equatorial latitudes during Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College; 3. Institute of intense magnetic storms under solar maximum conditions Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, is investigated. The evolution of these structures in the Riverside scale length range of tens of km to tens of meter is e-mail of corresponding author: mitchell@physics.usyd.edu.au studied by measuring amplitude scintillation of satellite signals at VHF and L-band, phase fluctuations of GPS High power radio emissions near 2–3kHz from the outer signals and by detecting equatorial plasma bubbles with heliosphere have been observed by the Voyager DMSP satellites. It is shown that at the time of the fast rate spacecraft. Recent theories for these emissions combine of change of SYM-H (high resolution Dst index), that often acceleration of electrons at global merged interaction characterizes the high latitude electric field penetration region shocks with formation of a superthermal electron into the plasmasphere, an impulsive onset of scintillation tail by lower-hybrid drive, associated with pick-up ions, occurs at sub-auroral locations. The associated plasma beyond the heliopause. This paper examines the structures in the equatorial ionosphere are observed only efficiency of this process based on the availability of pick- in specific longitude sectors for which the early evening up ions associated with periodic solar cycle variations in period corresponds to the universal time of rapid SYM-H the solar wind ram pressure. Strong emission is predicted variation. From continuous measurements of amplitude approximately 2–3 years after solar maximum, in close scintillation and phase fluctuations, it is found that the agreement with the observed events, providing further onset of equatorial plasma structures is delayed by about evidence for the proposed model. 20 minutes from the onset of midlatitude scintillation. This delay is discussed in the framework of instantaneous storm-time electric field penetration from high latitudes to middle and equatorial latitudes and the instability growth time of sub-km scale irregularities. It is also shown that during intense storms, the equatorward neutral wind can Congress Handbook and Abstracts 241 STSP MONDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics cause the post-sunset plasma drift in the equatorial region to be as large as 200 m/sec in the westward direction in STSP PTH 58 contrast to the quiet time drift of 100 m/sec in the Latitudinal and Temporal Variation eastward direction. of Trans-Ionospheric Radio Wave Scintillation in the South-East STSP PTH 56 Asian Region Research on Solar-Terrestrial and M.A.Cervera, R.M.Thomas Space Physics at the University of ISR Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney Edinburgh, South Australia Iver H. Cairns1 and colleagues e-mail of corresponding author: manuel.cervera@dsto.defence.gov.au 1. School of Physics,, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW We investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of e-mail of corresponding author: i.cairns@physics.usyd.edu.au scintillation of GPS signals traversing the equatorial Space and solar physics, together with the requisite ionosphere in the South-East Asian longitude sector using plasma physics, are major research foci at the University data collected during 1998 to 2002 with our network of of Sydney. The team includes 4 members of continuing GPS based scintillation monitors[1]. The aim of this work is academic staff (including 1 Federation Fellow, 2 Australian to better understand the morphology and climatology of Professorial Fellows, and 1 Queen Elizabeth II Fellow), 5 ionospheric irregularities in our region in order to improve postdoctoral scientists, and three PhD students. This the existing model of scintillation occurrence, viz. poster summarizes some of the team’s recent research on WBMOD. Previous work has shown that this model does solar, interplanetary and magnetospheric phenomena not adequately characterise the South-East Asian associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar equatorial ionosphere[2]. flares, and propagation of shocks into the local interstellar [1] R.M. Thomas, M.A., Cervera, K. Eftaxiadis, S.L. Manurung, S. medium. Emphasis is placed on understanding these Saroso, Effendy, A.G. Ramli, W. Salwa Hassan, H. Rahman, phenomena and other “space weather” events by M.N. Dalimin, K.M. Groves, and Y. Wang, Radio Sci., 36(6), developing theories and testing them with data from 1545–1557, 2001. international spacecraft, as well as on the breadth of [2] M.A. Cervera, R.M. Thomas, A.G. Ramli, Effendy, and K.M. fundamental plasma physics researched, which ranges Groves, Radio Sci., 36(6), 1559—1572, 2001. from the growth of plasma waves and radiation to particle acceleration, shock waves, self-organization and STSP PTH 59 complex systems. An Australian Space Weather Plan STSP PTH 57 D.G. Cole 1, J.A. Kennewell2 and P.J. Wilkinson1 1. IPS Radio and Space Services, Australian Department of Electron Acceleration due to Industry, Tourism and Resources, Sydney; 2. IPS Radio and Lower Hybrid Waves in Magnetic Space Services, Australian Department of Industry, Tourism Reconnection Regions and Resources, Learmonth e-mail of corresponding author: David.Cole@ips.gov.au Iver H. Cairns Space weather can damage spacecraft vehicles, their School of Physics,, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW solar cells, and electronics. Adverse ionospheric e-mail of corresponding author: i.cairns@physics.usyd.edu.au conditions impair the operation of HF communications and Magnetic reconnection is widely believed to produce radar. Geomagnetic fields and ionospheric currents can significant plasma heating and acceleration of particles to cause costly damage to terrestrial power systems and high energies. Little agreement exists as to how this long pipelines. is done. Here it is shown that critical theoretical difficulties Monitoring space weather conditions and the delivery of are posed by differences between recent solar and timely forecasts are necessary prerequisites for successful magnetotail observations of electron acceleration in operation of many systems, space-based or ground- reconnection regions. Lower hybrid waves are common in based. To be effective, services need accuracy that Hall-MHD simulations and Wind spacecraft observations depends on global data and techniques developed of reconnection. It is suggested that lower hybrid waves through research. A national plan advocating space are important in accelerating electrons and heating ions in weather monitoring, research and public outreach has reconnection regions, via so-called “lower hybrid drive”. brought these factors into clear focus. Implementation of Analytic theory is used to support this suggestion and to this plan will be discussed. argue that lower hybrid drive should be much more efficient under solar conditions. 242 Congress Handbook and Abstracts STSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Results will be presented on the daily, seasonal, sunspot STSP PTH 60 cycle and azimuthal variations in the occurrence IPS Radio Propagation and Space probability of sporadic E and of blanketing sporadic E. In Weather Services general, the morphology of sporadic E observed by the Jindalee backscatter sounder is similar to that reported by D.G. Cole, D.Neudegg, G.Patterson, P.Phelan vertical incidence studies. However, in the case of IPS Radio and Space Services, Department of Industry, blanketing sporadic E, its occurrence probability, as Tourism and Resources, Australian Government observed by the Jindalee backscatter sounder appears to e-mail of corresponding author: David.Cole@ips.gov.au be inversely correlated with sunspot number whereas vertical incidence observations have reported a positive IPS supports and enhances national security, defence, correlation. emergency services, public safety, and industry, by providing services and advice on space weather conditions. STSP PTH 63 The successful operation of many radiocommunication, A Comparison of the Australian navigation, spacecraft, power and pipeline systems is Space Weather Plan with Developing dependent on space weather. Space weather is highly variable and IPS advice is a major factor in minimising the International Space Weather Needs impairment of systems that provide vital information, P. J. Wilkinson1, D. G. Cole1, and J. K. Kennewell2 surveillance and emergency infrastructure services. 1. Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, IPS Radio The IPS Poster provides a summary of IPS services, its and Space Services, Haymarket, NSW, AUSTRALIA; network of observatories within the Australasian region 2. Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, IPS Radio and details of the World Data Centre for Solar-Terrestrial and Space Services, Learmonth Solar Observatory, Exmouth, WA, AUSTRALIA Science e-mail of corresponding author: phil@ips.gov.au The Australian Space Weather Plan has been developed STSP PTH 61 specifically to serve current Australian needs. It is Doppler Shifts in HF Signals due to interesting to compare the current Plan with the ULF Plasma Waves in the Ionosphere techniques and requirements identified in similar plans developed in other countries. A survey of papers, C.L. Waters1, M.D. Sciffer1, T.K. Yeoman2 and conference presentations and various national space P. Ponomarenko1 weather plans produced over the last five years are used 1. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University to determine the overseas viewpoint. This is then of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; 2. Department of Physics and contrasted with the Australian Plan. Differences will be Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K. highlighted and if appropriate, recommendations will be e-mail of corresponding author: colin.waters@newcastle.edu.au made regarding future updates to the Australian Plan. The ionosphere plasma is continually perturbed by ultra- low frequency (ULF; 1–100 mHz) plasma waves, incident STSP PTH 64 from the magnetosphere. We present an experimental and modeling study of the frequency shift of HF signals On Monitoring Nuclear Quadrupole caused by ULF wave energy in the ionosphere. Modeling Resonance Signal Level During the interaction shows that the e×B plasma drift is the Astronomical Events with a Very dominant mechanism affecting HF frequencies with Simple Spectrometer reflection altitudes >200 km. The ULF wave spatial structure is shown to be a critical parameter that Sullivan E P A determines the magnitude of the frequency shift of HF Department of Applied Physics University of Technology, signals propagating through the ionosphere. Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: captayne@dodo.com.au STSP PTH 62 This simple paper will briefly report on monitoring of the N .Q. R resonance signal of 35 Cl nuclei in sodium Backscatter Sounder Observations chlorate , during some astronomical events such as solar of Sporadic E and lunar eclipses and during a comet-fragment impact P.S.Whitham with Jupiter. The modus operandi of the extremely simple ISR Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, spectrometer will be outlined. The simplicity of the Department of Defence, Edinburgh, South Australia spectrometer and of its usage may be of interest. e-mail of corresponding author: phil.whitham@dsto.defence.gov.au Backscatter sounder data, recorded by the Jindalee over- the-horizon radar’s Frequency Management System from 1985 to 1999, has been used to study the morphology of sporadic E in the Jindalee surveillance area. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 243 STSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics STSP PTH 65 STSP PTH 67 Heterogeneous Chemistry’s Role in Solar Cycle and Dynamical Stabilizing CO2 in the Venus Influences on D-Region Electron Atmosphere Densities M.Sundaram1,2, F.P. Mills2, M. Allen3,4 and Y.L. Yung R. A. Vincent1, R. Vuthaluru1,2, D. Holdsworth1, I. M. Reid1 1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Australian 1. Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; National University, Canberra; 2. Research School of Physical 2. Curtin University Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, e-mail of corresponding author: robert.vincent@adelaide.edu.au Canberra; 3. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; 4. Division of Geological and Long-term measurements of electron densities in the Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, D-region made using MF partial reflection techniques at Pasadena Adelaide will be discussed. Observations include some of email of corresponding author: Frank.Mills@anu.edu.au the first detailed studies of electron densities in the nightime lower ionosphere (80–100 km). The results show The most successful photochemical models of the Venus [1,2,3] the influence of coupling from both above and below, withatmosphere have relied on chlorine catalytic long term changes linked to solar cycle variations in chemistry to explain the apparent stability of CO2 in the ionising fluxes and seasonal changes that are linked to Venus atmosphere. However, key model reaction rates are dynamical effects. In particular, seasonal changes seem to poorly constrained and unresolved differences remain be associated with vertical transport of NO by the (1, 1) between model calculations and observations, so diurnal tide. alternative catalytic schemes, such as heterogeneous chemistry, should be explored. This paper uses numerical simulations to assess the significance of heterogeneous STSP PTH 68 chemistry as a guide for future laboratory measurements. Dusty Plasmas in Solar System and [1] Yung and DeMore, Icarus, 51, 199 (1982) [2] Krasnopol’sky and Parshev, in Venus, 431 (1983) Near-Earth Environment [3] Pernice, et al., PNAS, 101, 14007 (2004) S.V. Vladimirov School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 STSP PTH 66 e-mail of corresponding author: S.Vladimirov@physics.usyd.edu.au Equatorial Ionospheric Irregularity Here, I overview various dusty plasmas existing in Solar Occurrence at Vanimo During Space system and near-Earth environment such as those in the Weather Month, September 1999 Earth ionosphere and magnetosphere, in the R.M.Thomas1, M.A.Cervera1, P.J.Wilkinson2 and interplanetary space, in comets, and planetary rings. K.J.W.Lynn3 Various plasma conditions are discussed. The fundamental feature of a dusty plasma is the charge 1. ISR Division, Defence Science and Technology appearing on dust particles. Collective properties of such Organisation, Edinburgh, South Australia; 2. IPS Radio and Space Services, Sydney, New South Wales; 3. Ionospheric a plasma are strongly related to the influence of the Systems Research, Noosaville, Queensland additional charged plasma component. e-mail of corresponding author: dick.thomas@dsto.defence.gov.au STSP PTH 69 Recent progress has been made towards achieving Attractors and Singularities in the reliable forecasts of ionospheric equatorial irregularity occurrence and the associated phenomena of satellite Magnetosphere scintillation and spread-F[1,2]. Benefits are expected to R. Ball1 and W. Horton2 follow in the areas of satellite communications, satellite 1. Department of Theoretical Physics, Research School of navigation, HF communications and HF radar, making this Physical Sciences & Engineering, The Australian National an important aspect of Space Weather. In this paper we University, Canberra ACT Australia; 2. The Institute for Fusion explore the relationships between various regional Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, USA ionospheric datasets in order to gauge the feasibility of e-mail of corresponding author: Rowena.Ball@anu.edu.au providing a future irregularity forecasting capability for The energy flux from the solar wind through the coupled local users. potential and kinetic energy subsystems of the Earth’s [1] R.J.Stening, Space Science Reviews, 107, 263 (2003) magnetosphere and ionosphere is formulated in the [2] S. Basu et al, J Atm Sol-Terr Phys, 64, 1745 (2002) WINDMI model[1] as a low-dimensional dynamical system, comprising a superposition of linear and nonlinear rate processes for energy inputs, transfers, and dissipation. In this work a smooth pathway is surveyed through the structure of the WINDMI model by systematically interrogating degenerate singularities and bifurcations in various versions. Since higher-order singularities are diagnostic of important physical properties and processes 244 Congress Handbook and Abstracts STSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics such as symmetries and hysteresis[2], their unfoldings can enhance the capabilities of the model to describe and STSP PTH 72 predict magnetosphere substorms. A Comparison of Observed and [1] W. Horton, M. J. Mithaiwala, and E. A. Spencer (2004). Modelled Aircraft Radiation Dose WINDMI: A family of physics network models for storms and substorms. Preprint: Rates During Cosmic Ray Transient http://www.ph.utexas.edu/dept/research/horton/. Variations [2] R. Ball (2004). The case of the trapped singularities. Preprint: 1 http://wwwrsphysse.anu.edu.au/~rxb105/rb.html. I. L. Getley , and M.L.Duldig 2 1. Department of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; 2. Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, STSP PTH 70 Tasmania, Australia Multivariate Analysis Of 630-Nm e-mail of corresponding author: marc.duldig@aad.gov.au Airglow Observations from Mawson Coronal Mass Ejections can suppress the cosmic ray Station, Antarctica intensity and reduce the background radiation dose at all aircraft altitudes. Conversely, during Ground Level T. P. Davies1, P. L. Dyson1, B. E. Booth1 and J. L. Innis2 Enhancements, relativistic solar protons produce a dose 1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, increase. In both cases the modulation parameter used as Victoria, Australia; 2. Australian Antarctic Division, Channel an input to the aircraft flight dose estimation models Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia incorrectly describes the cosmic ray environment resulting e-mail of corresponding author: T.Davies@latrobe.edu.au in erroneous estimates. In October and November 2003 An extensive set of airglow observations of red line onboard dosimetry monitoring equipment observed the emissions, from a height of approximately 240km, have effects of both types of variation during a commercial been made with a Fabry-Perot Spectrometer. The passenger aircraft flight. A comparison of these observations were made between 1992 and 1999 at observations with the model dose estimates is presented. Mawson Station (67.6° S. 62.9°E). The results of multivariate analysis will be presented and discussed in STSP PTH 73 relation to the relative correlation between the observed thermospheric winds, temperatures and airglow Tomographic Observations of the intensities, and possible influences such as sunspots, Plasmasphere using Fedsat geomagnetic activity, solar declination and zenith angle, E. Yizengaw1, P. L. Dyson2, and E. A. Essex2† and lunar phase and zenith angle. Chronology of the data set will be illustrated. 1. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; 2. CRC for Satellite Systems, Department of Physics, La Trobe STSP PTH 71 University, Victoria, Australia †Deceased 21 March 2004 Climatic and Diurnal Variability in e-mail of corresponding author: p.dyson@latrobe.edu.au the Occurrence of 10-M Scale Irregularities in the Auroral The constellation of GPS satellites provide a convenient means of continually monitoring the Total Electron Content Ionosphere (TEC) of the ionosphere and plasmasphere using ground- B. P. Doherty, M. L. Parkinson, and P. L. Dyson based receivers. Networks of receivers can then be used Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, to map the electron density structure by means of Victoria, Australia tomography. However, because the ionosphere near the e-mail of corresponding author: F2 peak provides the dominant contribution to the TEC, bpdoherty@students.latrobe.edu.au relatively little can be determined about the plasma in the plasmasphere. FedSat orbits at 800 km altitude, well SuperDARN HF backscatter radars measure the power above the bulk of the ionospheric plasma, so tomography and Doppler characteristics of echoes backscattered from applied to FedSat GPS observations reveals 10-m scale irregularities in the high-latitude ionosphere. plasmaspheric structure. This paper will present the first Occurrence statistics of these echoes were compiled for results from FedSat which show more variability and the TIGER SuperDARN radar for the four-year interval of structure in the plasmasphere than expected. declining solar activity, 2000 to 2003. The occurrence rates tended to decline with decreasing solar activity, probably due to weaker F-region refraction. They tended to be largest during March equinox and post-midnight, but were otherwise suppressed by increasing solar- elevation angle. This is consistent with the Pedersen conductance assisting formation of irregularities via the interchange instability, yet suppressing them via enhanced cross-field diffusion. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 245 STSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics STSP PTH 74 STSP PTH 76 Research on Solar-Terrestrial and SuperDARN: A New Network of HF Space Physics at the University of Radars for Oceanographic Research Newcastle R. I. Greenwood1, M. L. Parkinson1, A. S. Yukimatu2, and B. J. Fraser and the Space Physics Group H. Ye3 CRC for Satellite systems, School of Mathematical and 1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Physical Sciences,, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Victoria, Australia; 2. National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan; 3. Department of Electronic Engineering, La e-mail of corresponding author: brian.fraser@newcastle.edu.au Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Research within the Space Physics Group (SPG) primarily e-mail of corresponding author: studies ultra-low frequency (ULF) hydromagnetic and ion- ri2greenwood@students.latrobe.edu.au cyclotron (EMIC) plasma waves, plasma convection and current systems in the Earth’s plasmasphere, Large military OTH radars can measure ocean wave magnetosphere and ionosphere. Data from spacecraft, heights, surface currents, and surface wind directions including the Australian microsatellite FedSat, and ground over vast, remote regions. It has long been a dream to magnetometer arrays at low and high latitudes, supported deploy a network of relatively compact, portable sky-wave by theory, are used to study; ULF and EMIC waves in the radars dedicated to the provision of real-time magnetosphere and ionosphere; high latitude field-aligned oceanographic and meteorological data. We demonstrate currents (FAC); magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, the potential for the SuperDARN radars to achieve this. using HF radars; magnetosphere plasma properties using This has become possible with the implementation of a ULF waves as diagnostic probes; and the energy flux new radar operating system which permits the acquisition coupling the ionosphere to the atmosphere. The SPG is a of complex time series data. The detection of illegal core partner in the CRC for Satellite Systems, which built fishing vessels in the remote Southern Ocean may FedSat, a low-Earth polar orbiting microsatellite launched become possible with planned advances in hardware in December 2002, carrying the NewMag magnetometer and software. experiment to measure the Earth’s main field, current systems and ULF waves. This poster will illustrate some of STSP PTH 77 the recent achievements relating to the above research. Observations Of A Phase Transition In The Plasma Characteristics STSP PTH 75 Across The Open-Closed Magnetic Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Field Line Boundary Waves, Plasma Density Structures K.M. Hannah1, M.L. Parkinson1, P.L. Dyson1 and and Ring Current Decay J.C. Devlin2 B. J. Fraser 1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria, 1. CRC for Satellite Systems, School of Mathematical and Australia; 2. Department of Electronic Engineering, La Trobe Physical Sciences,, University of Newcastle, NSW University, Victoria, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: brian.fraser@newcastle.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: kmhannah@students.latrobe.edu.au Pitch angle scattering of ring current ions by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is a The TIGER HF radar is the most equatorward SuperDARN commonly postulated mechanism employed to explain radar, enabling it to routinely observe a sharp transition ring current losses during the geomagnetic storm recovery from large spectral widths located on open field lines to phase. Sub-auroral proton arcs have been associated with low spectral widths on closed field lines. The large proton precipitation and enhanced cold plasma densities spectral width regions are dominated by Lorentzian in the plasmasphere/magnetosphere. Proton anisotropy Doppler spectra and the low spectral width region by favourable to the generation of EMIC waves has also been Gaussian spectra. This implies a phase transition from fast seen. The missing link in the ring current loss mechanism flowing, turbulent plasma with a correlation length of is the observation of the associated EMIC waves. Specific velocity fluctuations less than the scattering wavelength to event examples relating EMIC wave observations from the a slow moving plasma with a correlation length greater GOES geostationary satellites to thermal plasma density than the scattering wavelength. The large conductivity of enhancements and precipitation will be discussed. nightside auroral oval probably plays a role in forming this phase transition. 246 Congress Handbook and Abstracts STSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics backscattered power, the leading edge, is of particular STSP PTH 78 interest providing information about skip zones and the High Resolution Measurements maximum frequency propagated to a given region. of Ionospheric Variations on an Leading edges can be extracted in real time from the Oblique Path backscatter ionogram using a two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2D-DWT)[1]. The DWT algorithm has T.J. Harris been further developed to fit irregularities where the first Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh and second leading edges are not well separated. e-mail of corresponding author: trevor.harris@defence.gov.au [1] M. D. McDonnell, ‘Wavelet Based Detection and Fitting of Backscatter Ionogram Leading Edges’, Proceedings of the High resolution observations were made of the elevation, Workshop on Applications of Radio Science, Hobart, 2004 azimuthal, power and Doppler variations for oblique propagation at fixed HF frequencies on a mid-latitude path during a 48 hour period in April 2004. During this period STSP PTH 82 several large scale travelling ionospheric disturbances Planetary Foreshock Radio were evident and their effect on the propagation path observed. More commonly observed were shorter time Emissions scale variations associated with smaller spatial scale Z. Kuncic and I. H. Cairns ionospheric variability. The dimensionality of the data School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney allows the inference of ionospheric gradients near the path e-mail of corresponding author: z.kuncic@physics.usyd.edu.au midpoint, and the separation of the effect in Doppler between the great-circle path rays and energy from The electron foreshock region upstream of Earth’s bow out-of-plane paths. shock and of travelling interplanetary shocks are known to produce strong radio emissions. A quantitative theoretical Although investigations are continuing, preliminary results model has been developed for terrestrial foreshock radio will be presented and discussed. emissions[1], and for coronal and interplanetary type II radio bursts[2]. Here, we present a detailed comparison STSP PTH 79 between the predicted and observed levels of terrestrial foreshock radio emissions. We also generalize the Polarization Statistics of Stochastic theoretical model to other planetary foreshocks, and we Waves compare the predicted levels of radio emissions from the M. J. Hole, P. A. Robinson and Iver H. Cairns foreshocks of other planets to that from Earth’s. Contrary to some expectations, our theoretical results predict School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW exceptionally strong radio emissions from Mercury’s e-mail of corresponding author: mhole@physics.usyd.edu.au foreshock, in particular, and relatively weak radio A method is described to compute the statistics of the emissions from the Jovian and Saturnian foreshocks. measurable Stokes parameters and degrees of These predictions may be testable with forthcoming space polarization, resulting from the vector addition of multiple missions such as Messenger and Beppi Colombo, as well wave populations. Several striking results ensue, including as existing missions such as Galileo and Cassini. the appearance of fine structure in the distribution function [1] Z Kuncic, I. H. Cairns, S. A. Knock, J. Geophys. Res., 109 for the degrees of polarization, and the generation of (2004) circularly polarized light with opposite handedness from [2] S. A. Knock, I. H. Cairns, Z. Kuncic, J. Geophys. Res., the superposed wave populations. These results have 108(A3) (2003) important consequences for the interpretation of polarity resolved data (e.g., pulsars, auroral kilometric radiation, STSP PTH 83 edge oscillations in laboratory plasmas), as they show that inference of the underlying polarization and statistical IMAGE, Geotail, and TIGER properties of the component wave populations is not trivial. Observations of a Magnetospheric Substorm STSP PTH 81 M. Lester1,2, M.L. Parkinson1, K. McWilliams3, P.L. Dyson2, 1 Leading Edge Detection using a S.E. Milan , J.A. Wild 1, H. Frey4 and T. Nagai5 Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet 1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne;2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Transform Leicester, Leicester; 3. Department of Physics, University of A.M. Iglio Saskatchewan, Saskatoon; 4. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley; 5. ISAS, Tokyo Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh e-mail of corresponding author: mle@ion.le.ac.uk e-mail of corresponding author: angela.iglio@dsto.defence.gov.au We present observations during a magnetospheric substorm of ionospheric flows by the TIGER radar in Backscatter ionograms are a powerful means of assessing conjunction with global auroral images from IMAGE and in radio wave propagation in the ionosphere and have situ measurements of the magnetic field, plasma density, become an important tool for frequency management in and velocity in the plasmasheet by Geotail. The estimated HF communications and Over-the-horizon Radar. The ionospheric footprint of Geotail is within the TIGER radar boundary between significant and negligible field of view. We observe enhancements of flow Congress Handbook and Abstracts 247 STSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics associated with each auroral brightening throughout the substorm and Geotail observes clear rapid changes of the STSP PTH 86 magnetic field configuration and plasma velocity at the The Effects of Main and Lithospheric time of substorm onset. We discuss the results in terms of Geomagnetic Field Models on Low the current models for magnetospheric substorms. Latitude Current Systems H. McCreadie and T. Iyemori STSP PTH 84 World data center for geomagnetism and Space Magnetism, A Theory of the Stepped Leader in Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan Lightning e-mail of corresponding author: bilby@kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp John J Lowke Using satellite magnetic observations to derive transient CSIRO Industrial Physics, Lindfield, NSW 2070. currents systems is not a straight forward task. First we e-mail of corresponding author: John.Lowke@csiro.au must remove the main field because it masks all other components by an order of 104(nT). Using the dip equator Lightning strikes are preceded by a “stepped leader”, as a base we will show that constraints and laxations exist invisible to the eye. This leader proceeds from the cloud to for the satellite data. The static lithospheric field must next the ground, in a series of steps, usually with branches, be removed. If the model of this field is not determined each step being about 50 m in length, but new steps only correctly then significant errors reside in the residuals. form after a period of darkness of about 50 _s. The This is most noticeable when determining the signature of principal features of the stepped leader are explained by the equatorial electrojet because the lithospheric the motion of electrons and ions in air at ambient anomalies have a similar wavelength. temperature, accounting for effects of space charge distortion of the electric field. The dark time between steps is due to a period when all electrons become attached to STSP PTH 87 form negative ions. A new step is formed when ion motion Mass Density at L=2.5 During a produces a negative ion sheath and a high local electric field at the head of the leader. Magnetic Storm: a Case Study F. W. Menk1 and M. A. Clilverd2 STSP PTH 85 1. CRC for Satellite systems, School of Mathematical andPhysical Sciences,, University of Newcastle, NSW; Simulation of Travelling Ionospheric 2. British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge, United Disturbances Using Ray Tracing Kingdom Techniques e-mail of corresponding author: fred.menk@newcastle.edu.au Two independent ground-based techniques have been S.F. Martin R.J. Norman and P.L. Dyson used to examine properties of field-aligned ducts in the Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia inner magnetosphere. In one technique the resonant e-mail of corresponding author: frequency of ULF waves is determined from the cross- sfmartin@students.latrobe.edu.au power and -phase spectra between paired Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances often show up magnetometers. The other technique involves analysis of strongly in HF radar range-time plots of echo power. artificially produced whistler-mode signals propagating Simulations of these disturbances have been made using along field-aligned ducts. These signals are Doppler the numerical ray tracing program Raymag to first order shifted by radial motions of the flux tube driven by the by assuming that the TID is causes a simple wave like electric field of the ULF waves. We examined data perturbation of the electron density. These simulations are collected over 2001 from a VLF receiver and 3 closely then displayed as range-time plots of echo power and spaced magnetometers near Rothera, Antarctica, compared to real TID data observed by the TIGER HF corresponding to the L=2.5 flux tube. We discuss example radar component of the SUPERDARN network. The events and find new information on the propagation of changes made to the Raymag program now allow for ULF wave modes deep within the magnetosphere. parameters such as wavelengths to be evaluated by finding the best suited simulation to observed TID’s in the ionosphere. 248 Congress Handbook and Abstracts STSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics STSP PTH 88 STSP PTH 90 The Characteristics and Dynamics of A Comparison of Ionospheric Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes Propagation Conditions Derived from (PMSE) above Davis, Antarctica Backscatter Soundings using R.J. Morris1, D.J. Murphy1, R.A. Vincent2, Instrumentation Hosted by the M.B. Terkildsen3, D.A. Holdsworth1, A.R. Klekociuk1, Jindalee Operational Radar Network M.R. Hyde4 and I.M. Reid2 G.R.Nelson 1. Space and Atmospheric Sciences, Australian Antarctic Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Division, Division, Kingston; 2. Department of Physics and Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh Mathematical Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; 3. Department of Physics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle; e-mail of corresponding author: 4. IPS Radio and Space Services, Sydney grant.nelson@dsto.defence.gov.au e-mail of corresponding author: ray.morris@aad.gov.au A Frequency Management System, consisting of a The first observations of Polar Mesosphere Summer Backscatter Sounder and other HF monitoring tools, is Echoes (PMSE) above continental Antarctica were incorporated into the design of each Over The Horizon detected at the polar station Davis (68.6 S) using a 55 Radar. Such equipment provides real-time assessment ofϒ MHz atmospheric radar during the 2003–04 austral HF environmental conditions, and by regularly sampling summer. In this paper we present the characteristics and ionograms over time, a synoptic picture of ionospheric dynamics of PMSE events observed on 27 days. Satellite propagation can be realised. A comprehensive database, temperature measurements revealed that PMSE exist for spanning a complete sunspot cycle, exists for the Alice mesosphere temperatures < 150K. Mesosphere horizontal Springs Radar. Supplementing this dataset are soundings wind field radar measurements showed that PMSE from the new radar installations at the Longreach and occurred during conditions of westward zonal winds and Laverton sites. These two sites provide a means of equatorward meridional winds. We also consider vertical sounding the ionosphere from different geometrical coupling processes in the PMSE layer at 82–90 km, perspectives. This paper endeavours to explore whether including: from above with cosmic noise absorption and the Alice Springs backscatter ionograms can be E-region ionospheric plasma instabilities; and from below transformed, by appropriate shifts, to match the with tidal, gravity and planetary waves. observations from the new sites. The paper is concluded by comparing real observations with synthetic ionograms. STSP PTH 89 STSP PTH 91 All-Sky Doppler Imaging of the Statistical Addition Method for Aurora at 557.7-nm External Noise Sources Affecting M. Conde1, D. Lummerzheim2, J. Holmes3, and J. Hecht4 HF/MF/LF Systems 1. Department of Physics, Latrobe University, Bundoora Australia; 2. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska D.A. Neudegg Fairbanks, Fairbanks USA; 3University Courses on Svalbard, IPS Radio and Space Services, Haymarket, Sydney, Longyearbyen Norway; 4Aerospace Corporation, Los NSW, Australia Angeles USA e-mail of corresponding author: dave.n@ips.gov.au e-mail of corresponding author: m.conde@latrobe.edu.au The accepted statistical method[1] for the addition of Doppler spectroscopy of auroral 557.7-nm emissions can external component noise sources in the LF, MF and lower measure wind and temperature between 100– and 140–km HF band (100 kHz to 3MHz) produces total median noise altitude, where large vertical gradients occur in both levels that can be less than the largest component median quantities. However, previous observations have been in some cases. Several case studies illustrate this difficult to interpret, because of variability in the emission anomaly[2]. Methods used to sum the components rely on height under changing auroral conditions. A new their power (dB) distributions being represented as normal instrument in Alaska can now record two-dimensional by the statistical parameters. The atmospheric noise images of Doppler spectra across the whole sky, every few component[3] is not correctly represented by its decile minutes. These data identify times when emission altitude values when it is assumed to have a normal distribution, actually does not vary significantly, and meaningful wind causing anomalies in the noise summation when estimates are indeed possible. Conversely, when the components are similar in magnitude. A revised emission altitude is highly variable, it is possible to obtain component summation method is proposed and the way it height-resolved profiles of E-region wind. provides a more physically realistic total noise median for LF, MF and lower-HF frequencies is illustrated. [1] CCIR Report 322–3, International Telecommunications Union, Geneva (1986) [2] Neudegg D.A., Radio Sci., 36, 6 (2001) [3] Warber C.R. and B. Prasad, Radio Sci., 32, 5, 2027 (1997) Congress Handbook and Abstracts 249 STSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics automatic computerized scaling of the digital ionograms. STSP PTH 93 Compared to manual scaling the autoscaling software Ionospheric Sounding Using does have its limitations. This paper presents a Occultation Measurements from comparative study of the performance of ARTIST and IPS autoscaling software with manual scaling for ionograms GPS Receivers On-board the Low from Learmonth, which is a mid-latitude station. Earth Orbiter Fedsat R.J. Norman and P.L. Dyson STSP PTH 96 Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia e-mail of corresponding author: r.norman@latrobe.edu.au Are there Signatures of Complexity in Fluctuating Magnetospheric The Australian Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite Fedsat was launched in 2002. Fedsat has on-board GPS receivers and Electric Fields Implied by HF Radar thus receives GPS radio occultations, which are the GPS Observations of Ionospheric signals received from negative elevations. Using the Doppler Shift? occultation measurements, techniques have been M. L. Parkinson1, N. Watkins2, S. Chapman3, developed to model and map the distribution of the Bogdan Hnat3, and M. Pinnock4 electron density up to the altitude of the Fedsat orbit, 1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, which is 800 km above the Earth’s surface. The technique Victoria, Australia; 2. British Antarctic Survey, Natural for determining the electron density involves generalizing Environment Research Council, Cambridge; 3. Department of the Abel transform of the slant TEC measurements and a Physics, University of Warwick, United Kingdom new technique for determining the impact parameter. This e-mail of corresponding author: m.parkinson@latrobe.edu.au new impact parameter aids the mapping and modelling of the Earth’s electron density distribution. Signatures of complexity and self-organised criticality in natural systems include intermittency and self-similarity over extended spatial and temporal scales. Generic re- STSP PTH 94 scaling techniques have been applied to the probability Comparison of an HF Directional distribution functions (PDFs) of fluctuating magnetospheric Noise Model with the Jindalee 360 electric fields implied by SuperDARN measurements ofDoppler velocity made in the high-latitude ionosphere. degree Background Noise Database The PDFs were sorted according to the orientation of the B.J. Northey, P.S. Whitham interplanetary magnetic field, magnetic local time, and ISR Division, Defence, Science and Technology Organisation ionospheric regions of high and low Doppler spectral (DSTO) Edinburgh, South Australia width (regions of open and closed magnetic flux, e-mail of corresponding author: brett.northey@defence.gov.au respectively). Mono-fractal re-scaling of the PDFs was strongest on open field lines in the noon sector during DSTO requires a high frequency (HF) directional noise the winter. model (DNM), for projects including the next generation Jindalee over-the-horizon radar (OTHR), for which azimuthal and elevation angle variations in background STSP PTH 97 noise are important. We have implemented a DNM that will ULF Wave Studies Using SuperDARN generate background noise data as a function of frequency, sunspot number, season, time, azimuth and TIGER Radar (Tasmania) elevation angle, at any geographic location. The model is P. V. Ponomarenko, F. W. Menk, C. L. Waters, and based on ray tracing through a monthly median B. J. Fraser ionosphere, and uses a lightning database to predict the School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, environmental noise component that will propagate to a University of Newcastle given point. The Jindalee OTHR facility near Alice Springs e-mail of corresponding author: phpp@alinga.newcastle.edu.au has begun collecting 360° background noise data that is being used for validation. It is anticipated that the new Since 1950s radio waves, via Doppler shift measurements model will replace the currently used CCIR model that has of ExB drift, have been used as a convenient tool for known limitations and that does not provide azimuthal or directly probing the ULF wave electric field at ionospheric elevation angle information. heights. The advent of the HF Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) covering auroral/polar cap regions in both hemispheres created another dimension in ULF STSP PTH 95 wave studies by radars. Recently, using the TIGER radar Performance Analysis of Two (Tasmania) the authors demonstrated that SuperDARNradars are capable of routine day-to-day ULF wave Autoscaling Software monitoring over large areas of the Earth’s ionosphere. R. Panwar, P. Wilkinson, D. Neudegg, and G. Patterson Several types of ULF waves have been observed. Here we Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, IPS Radio present detailed discussion on daytime Pc3-4 pulsations. and Space Services, Haymarket, NSW, AUSTRALIA e-mail of corresponding author: rakesh@ips.gov.au Due to the need for more timely availability of ionospheric data manual scaling of ionograms is being replaced by 250 Congress Handbook and Abstracts STSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics STSP PTH 98 STSP PTH 100 Solar Terrestrial and Space Physics A Numerical Model for the Research at the University of Propagation of ULF Waves Through Adelaide an Ionosphere with an Oblique I.M. Reid and colleagues Magnetic Field Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, M. D. Sciffer, C. L.Waters, and F. W. Menk Adelaide, SA School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences and CRC for email of corresponding author: iain.reid@adelaide.edu.au Satellite Systems, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia Adelaide is a lower mid-latitude site and potentially e-mail of corresponding author: murray@frey.newcastle.edu.au simpler from a geophysical point of view for instrument A 1-D computational model for the propagation of ultra-low development or initial studies of new techniques. In the frequency (ULF; 1–100 mHz) waves from the Earth’s Mesosphere Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region we are magnetosphere through the ionosphere, atmosphere and pursuing integrated observations of the aeronomy using into the ground is presented. The model is formulated to radar, lidar and passive optical techniques. The Buckland include solutions for high latitudes where the Earth’s Park Research Station near Adelaide (35°S, 138°E) was magnetic field, B0, is near vertical to oblique magnetic established in 1964, and the large MF aerial array fields at low latitudes. The model is used to investigate constructed over the next 3 three years. The original large changes in ULF wave polarisation azimuth from the MF array was refurbished in the early 1990’s, and is still magnetosphere to the ground as a function of the dip being actively used for research into the upper angle of B0 as well as the partitioning of energy deposition atmosphere. Several other field sites are operated by the associated with ULF wave interaction with the ionosphere. group, including those at Katherine, Christmas Island, and the Tiwi Islands, and sites at Pontianak in Indonesia in collaboration with Indonesia’s LAPAN and RISH of Kyoto STSP PTH 101 University, and the Davis Station VHF and MF radars The Sq Current System Over operated in collaboration with the Australian Antarctic Division. A number of optical instruments are also Australia operated at the Buckland Park site. These include a three- R.J. Stening1, T. Reztsova1, D.E. Winch2, D. Ivers2 field photometer, a spectrometer, and an all-sky imager. A and J. Turner2 combined Rayleigh and Na lidar is presently under 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales; development. In this poster, these instruments and 2. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of representative results will be presented. Sydney e-mail of corresponding author: R.Stening@unsw.edu.au STSP PTH 99 Data from the AWAGS distribution of magnetometers over the Australian mainland during 1989–90 have enabled an New Regimes of Stochastic Wave accurate pinpointing of the position of the focus of the Sq Growth current system. We use this to examine other methods of P.A. Robinson, B. Li, I.H. Cairns, J. Roberts determining the focus position from a smaller number of observatories. We also describe a persistent eastward School of Physics, University of Sydney current flow during the morning before the arrival of the Sq e-mail of corresponding author: robinson@physics.usyd.edu.au current whorl. Burstiness of plasma wave emissions has been addressed via stochastic theories of wave growth. These include elementary burst theories (EBT) of solar microwave spikes, STSP PTH 102 and stochastic growth theory (SGT) of type III radio bursts A Comparison of HF Doppler and other sources. These theories are unified here, the Backscatter from Two OTHR Sites SGT and EBT regimes are elucidated, and new regimes uncovered. It is predicted that all subregimes have L.M. Lindsay lognormal wave-intensity statistics. This is verified using Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Division, data on type III radio bursts, magnetospheric waves, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh pulsar emissions, and simulations, yielding data collapse e-mail of corresponding author: onto one theoretical curve without free parameters. Larisa.Lindsay@DSTO.defence.gov.au Dynamical equations for generalized SGT are proposed The operational effectiveness of a new Over-The-Horizon and results are compared with theory and simulations— Radar (OTHR) installation can be characterised by the first simulations to show SGT. Divergence of correlation developing trusted system performance models. Testing lengths near a critical point is seen, suggesting occurence the validity of OTHR system performance models is of self-organized criticality. achieved by comparing predicted estimates with real observations. In this paper, the propagation environments from two OTHR sites are compared using data derived from HF Doppler Backscatter Sounding equipment, namely the Alice Springs and Longreach Mini-Radar sub- systems. In terms of physical location, both sites share Congress Handbook and Abstracts 251 STSP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics roughly the same latitude and are approximately 11 degrees apart in longitude. Thus, after applying the STSP FRB13 relevant modelling corrections, including the resultant 45 Friday 0900–0920 hrs minute time delay, the data sets should show similar Fine-scale Field-aligned Current features. This paper concludes by examining whether this simple transformation is justified. Structures: Distribution and Relation to Dayside Magnetospheric Particle Boundaries M. B. Terkildsen1,2, B. J. Fraser1,2 and P. Stauning3 STSP FRB11 1. Cooperative Research Centre for Satellite Systems, Physics Friday 0820–0900 hrs Building, University of Newcastle, NSW; 2. Space Physics The Alfvénic Aurora Group, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW; 3. Danish Meteorological C. C. Chaston1, C. W. Carlson1, J. P. McFadden1, Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark R. E. Ergun1, R. J. Strangeway2, F. S. Mozer1, T. D. Phan1, 3 High precision vector magnetic field measurements usingM. Andre , Y. Khoyaintsev3, H. Reme4, I. Dandouras4, 5 the Newmag magnetometer onboard Australian researchA. Fazakerley , M. Acuna6, M. Goldstein6,A. Balogh6 satellite Fedsat, are being used in combination with similar 1. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, magnetometer data from the Ørsted satellite to investigate Berkeley, USA; 2. Institute for Geophysical and Planetary the fine-scale structure of polar field-aligned currents Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; 3. Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden; (FAC). In particular, the relation of filamentary FAC 4. CESR, Toulouse, France; 5. Mullard Space Science structure to magnetospheric particle boundaries identified Laboratory, Dorking, United Kingdom; 6. NASA Goddard using data from DMSP satellites, and its longitudinal Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA; 7. Imperial distribution identified through simultaneous FAC College, London, United Kingdom observations with multiple satellites. This research aims to e-mail of corresponding author: ccc@ssl.berkeley.edu address the outstanding questions of the generation mechanism behind fine scale FAC structures, their relation Traditionally, the discrete aurora has been described as to the polar cusps and boundary layers, and how they are the result of the closure of large-scale quasi-static field- affected by geomagnetic storms. aligned currents through the ionosphere. However, this description is only appropriate for scales larger than the characteristic scales of the plasma and for time scales STSP FRB14 longer than the longest period plasma resonance. We Friday 0920–0940 hrs present observations of the aurora from space revealing a hierarchy of temporal and spatial scales extending from Gasdynamical Description versus hours to less than a second and 100’s of km to down 10’s Quasilinear Simulations for a Hot of meters. Since these scales extend from essentially DC Electron Beam Propagating in a up to the ion cyclotron period and from larger than inertial Plasma lengths down to ion gyro-radii building a model that 1,2 1 1 includes the physics appropriate for each temporal and G. R. Foroutan , B. Li1, P. A. Robinson and I.H. Cairns spatial scale is a non-trivial task. We show, however, that 1. School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW, by considering kinetic corrections to the usual MHD Australia; 2. Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, description of the plasma we can account for much of this Iran structuring through the dispersion of Alfvén waves. From a e-mail of corresponding author: close examination of the data coupled with the solution of G-R.Foroutan@physics.usyd.edu.au eigenmode equations for these waves over the range of The propagation of a cloud of hot electrons in a plasma scales observed it is shown how these waves may lead to and generation of Langmuir waves are investigated in the both electron and ion acceleration and the subsequent regime of fast relaxation using analytic gasdynamic theory formation of aurora. and numerical simulation of quasilinear equations. The validity of gasdynamic equations derived by Ryutov and Sagdeev and criticized recently by Mel’nik and Kontar, is confirmed. It is shown that even for initial conditions satisfying a fast relaxation requirement the front part of the cloud streams freely and there is a transition between free streaming part and plateaued part. The validity of self- similar solutions of the gasdynamic equations is also investigated numerically. 252 Congress Handbook and Abstracts STSP FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Indications of Small-scale Wind STSP FRB15 Systems in Earth’s Auroral Friday 0940–1000 hrs Thermosphere Quasilinear Simulation of Second M. Conde1, M. F. Larsen2, E. Wescott3, H. Stenbaeck- Harmonic Electromagnetic Emission Nielsen3, J. D. Craven3, D. Lummerzheim3, J. Hawkins3, B. Li, A.J. Willes, P.A. Robinson, and I.H. Cairns B. Johnson3, and R.W. Smith3 School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia 1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria, e-mail of corresponding author: boli@physics.usyd.edu.au Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson South Carolina, USA; 3. Geophysical Institute, The linked nonlinear processes of electrostatic Langmuir University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks Alaska USA decay and electromagnetic emission at the second e-mail of corresponding author: m.conde@latrobe.edu.au harmonic plasma frequency are studied for situations in which Langmuir waves are driven by an electron beam. Atmospheric kinematic viscosity increases with height An approximate method for simulating wave decay and and, above ~90 km altitude, so does temperature. These emission in three spatial dimensions is developed, based two conditions oppose respectively the establishment of on the Langmuir and ion-acoustic wave dynamics in one spatial velocity gradients and of vertical motion. Thus, it spatial dimension. The first numerical quasilinear has long been assumed that small-scale circulation simulations to study electromagnetic emission starting systems (<100 km) are absent in the middle and upper from the electron dynamics are carried out. The evolution thermosphere. However, we will present observational of the transverse waves shows the combined effects of evidence that such motions do indeed occur. In particular, local emission and propagation away from the source. we will show that height profiles of vertical wind observed during the HEX rocket experiment require surprisingly large yet spatially localised horizontal divergence. Such STSP FRB21 observations imply thermospheric circulation at hitherto Friday 1040–1120 hrs unexplored spatial scales, the implications of which remain unknown. Implications of Height-varying Vertical Winds in Earth’s Auroral Thermosphere STSP FRB23 Friday 1120–1140 hrs M. Conde1, M. F. Larsen2, E. Wescott3, H. Stenbaeck- Nielsen3, J. D. Craven3, D. Lummerzheim3, J. Hawkins3, Tomographic Observations of the and B. Johnson3 Plasmasphere using FedSat 1. Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria E. Yizengaw1, P. L. Dyson2, and E. A. Essex2† Australia; 2. Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson South Carolina, USA; 3. Geophysical Institute, 1. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA California Los Angeles, California, USA; 2. CRC for Satellite Systems, Department of Physics, La Trobe University, VIC, e-mail of corresponding author: m.conde@latrobe.edu.au Australia Measuring vertical winds and their relationship with the †Deceased 21 March 2004 horizontal wind field remains one of the most difficult e-mail of corresponding author: p.dyson@latrobe.edu.au practical problems in thermospheric dynamics. In particular, it is inadequate to measure vertical wind (V ) at The constellation of GPS satellites provide a convenientz just one single height; rather, it is the height variation of V means of continually monitoring the Total Electron Contentz that matters. Only 3–4 height profiles of V have ever been (TEC) of the ionosphere and plasmasphere using ground-z measured at altitudes above 120 km. Here we present one based receivers. Networks of receivers can then be used such measurement, obtained during the HEX rocket to map the electron density structure by means of mission in March 2003. Despite a maximum vertical wind tomography. However, because the ionosphere near the of only 20 m s–1 downward, this height profile of V F2 peak provides the dominant contribution to the TEC,z requires a surprisingly large yet spatially localised relatively little can be determined about the plasma in the horizontal divergence to conserve mass. plasmasphere. FedSat orbits at 800 km altitude, well above the bulk of the ionospheric plasma, so tomography OR applied to FedSat GPS observations reveals plasmaspheric structure. This paper will present the first results from FedSat which show more variability and structure in the plasmasphere than expected. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 253 STSP FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics STSP FRB24 STSP FRB25 Friday 1140–1200 hrs Friday 1200–1220 hrs A Comparison of Observed and Comparison of Large-scale Field- Modelled Aircraft Radiation Dose aligned Currents Calculated from Rates during Cosmic Ray Transient SuperDARN and Iridium Variations D.L. Green1 , C.L. Waters1, B.J. Anderson2, H. Korth2 and I. L. Getley1, and M.L.Duldig2 R.J. Barnes2 1. Department of Aviation, University of New South Wales, 1. School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, The Sydney, Australia; 2. Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; 2. The Johns Tasmania, Australia Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel Maryland, USA e-mail of corresponding author: marc.duldig@aad.gov.au e-mail of corresponding author: Coronal Mass Ejections can suppress the cosmic ray dgreen@studentmail.newcastle.edu.au intensity and reduce the background radiation dose at all aircraft altitudes. Conversely, during Ground Level The magnetospheric component of the ionospheric field Enhancements, relativistic solar protons produce a dose aligned currents (FACs) over all local times and from increase. In both cases the modulation parameter used as 90º –60º magnetic latitude is computed from the an input to the aircraft flight dose estimation models divergence of the ionospheric electric field. A comparison incorrectly describes the cosmic ray environment resulting of these results with FACs calculated from Iridium in erroneous estimates. In October and November 2003 magnetic field observations shows that the assumption of onboard dosimetry monitoring equipment observed the zero ionospheric conductivity gradients when estimating effects of both types of variation during a commercial the FAC structure from the ionospheric electric field is too passenger aircraft flight. A comparison of these simplistic. On the dayside the ionospheric componet observations with the model dose estimates is presented. accounts for small shifts in latitude of the major current features while on the nightside the magnetospheric and ionospheric currents may flow in opposite directions. 254 Congress Handbook and Abstracts STSP FRIDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Women in Physics (WIP) and History of Physics (HOP) HOP THF31 Thursday 1620–1640 hrs WIP THF33 Thursday 1700–1720 hrs A History of the Australian Atomic Energy Commission Seating in Laboratory Classes— Achieving Critical Mass A. Binnie S.M. Feteris Applied Physics Department, University of Technology Sydney School of Physics & Materials Engineering, Monash University e-mail of corresponding author: anna.binnie@uts.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: The Australian Atomic Energy Commission was susan.feteris@spme.monash.edu.au established, by an Act of Parliament, in 1953, as the means by which Australia could attain the latest power Students’ voluntary seating patterns were charted in seven and defensive technology available. However, long before first year Science and Engineering units. This simple, non- the Commission was formed Marcus Oliphant was intrusive sampling revealed that both male and female attempting to interest the Australian government in the students exhibit a general preference for sitting with a peaceful uses of atomic energy as a source of electric same-sex laboratory partner. The smaller the minority, the power and as a vehicle for the production of desalinated more likely were students to choose a same-sex lab water for the Australian mainland. This paper will briefly partner; it is suggested that this behavioural indicator may explore the actual history behind the establishment of the indicate social stress and allow determination of critical Commission and its major contributions to Australian mass. A strategy for allocation of laboratory groups to physics, science and the community as a whole. exceed critical mass and create a more supportive, less stressful environment—to support efforts to retain members of minority groups—is suggested. WIP THF32 Thursday 1640–1700 hrs WIP THF34 Maximising Potential in Physics Thursday 1720–1800 hrs M A. Stevens-Kalceff1,2, M, Hunt1, S Hagon1 and A. Woo1 Status of Women in Physics in 1. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Australia and Overseas Sydney; 2. Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney C.P. Foley e-mail of corresponding author: CSIRO, Applied Quantum Systems Group, Industrial Physics Marion.Stevens-Kalceff@unsw.edu.au e-mail of corresponding author: Cathy.Foley@csiro.au A UNSW Equity Initiative Grant (2004) has enabled the This paper will review the status of women working in investigation of the academic profile of School of Physics, Physics in government and academic institutions in which has 22 men and 6 (FTE) women academic staff. Australia. It will show that government research An extensive database of statistical data has been laboratories are lagging large university physics compiled for the period 2001–4. The data reveal some departments. A recent survey identified that government significant gender related differences in the academic research laboratories have less than 15% of physics profile particularly regarding workloads and promotion. trained staff being female while large university Qualitative investigations (focus groups, submissions, departments have over 20%. Consideration is given to interviews) have facilitated the interpretation of the understand why the level of women participating in statistics. Comparisons with other investigations provide physics research and university teaching is so low added insight.[1–4] The data have enabled knowledge- compared to other scientific and engineering fields and based development of recommendations and why the number of women in physics drops from about establishment of an official School of Physics Equity 40–50% in undergraduate physics. This will be reported in Committee to review ongoing initiatives and an a framework that considers why lower numbers of women associated website. in physics should be an area of concern. I will also review recent research that has identified strategies by some overseas groups that have achieved female physics staff levels up to 40%. Finally some strategies will be suggested that may help to increase female physics staff levels in Australia and an action plan will be recommended. Congress Handbook and Abstracts 255 WIP THURSDAY 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Author Index A B Biercuk, M J 205 Aanesland, A 234 Bachor, H-A 116, 135 Bieske, E 98 Abbeywick, P 220 Bacon, D 134 Bilbert, E P 148 Abdullatif, R F 231 Baer, C 114 Bilek, M M M 233, 236, Abe, Y 225 Bailes, M 140 167, 195 Aberle, A G 237 Baines, P G 77 Binnie, A 255 Ables, S T 240 Baker, M 95, 101 Biondini, G 208 Abramson, D 83 Baldwin, K G H 93, 94, 98, Bird, T S 100 Acres, R G 186 102, 124 Birdsey, B G 148 Acuna, M 252 Ball, R 244 Bishop, A R 173 Ahrens, M A 164 Ballinger, A P 78 Blackwell, B D 231, 232, 233 Airey, P 81 Balogh, A 252 Blair, D 141 Akers, R J 235 Baney, N T 186, 187 Blair, D G 109, 137, 144 Akhmediev, N 102, 110, 129, Bang, O 101, 110, 131 Blakers, A 237 Akulshin, A M 102 Barber, R 146 Blakie, B 131 Alexander, A 102 Barik, S 165 Blanc, W 104 Alexander, A L 111 Barjaktarevic, J P 165, 208 Blankleider, B 226 Alexander, T J 121 Barnard, A S 181 Blows, J L 123 Allen, M 95, 244 Barnea, Z 91, 104, 148 Blundell, J R 84 Alsop, R 149 Barnes, P R F 237, 238 Boag, A P 166 Altmeyer, A 121 Barnes, R J 254 Boas, J F 166 Alvers, O 87 Barnett, S B 158 Bocking, T 191 Alves, A 164 Barrett, S D 134 Bogershausen, A 161 Ammala, A 184 Barriga, P 137 Böhme, T 89 Amos, T 72 Barrows, T T 218 Boinepalli, S 225 Anderson, B J 254 Bartels, A 179 Boldeman, J W 146 Anderson, R 127 Bartenstein, M 121 Bolger, J 107 Anderson, S J 79, 86 Bartlett, P L 97 Booth, B E 245 Andre, M 252 Bartlett, S D 102, 123, 136, Booth, D J 128 Andresen, S 176 107, 112, 135 Borlace, S J 86 Andresen, S E 164 Barton, C S 153 Boswell, R W 157, 165, 232, Andriotis, A 168 Bartschat, K 88, 90 234, 236 Andruczyk, D 231 Bashenov, A M 81 Botros, A 74 Ang, J C 164 Bashford, J D 152 Botten, L C 103 Angstmann, E J 90 Bassi, P 128 Bourgeois, L 200 Angus, S J 165 Bastow, T J 166 Bouriquet, B 225 Ankiewicz, A 102, 119, 129 Basu, Santimay 241 Bourke, J 154 Anstie, J D 90 Basu, Sunanda 239, 241 Bouya, Z 79 Anstis, G 113 Bath, P 181 Bowen, W P 130, 134, 135 Appel, L C 235 Batten, A 186 Bowles, C 197, 198 Appelbe, B F 208 Baxter, A M 225 Bowman, P 217 Arkwright, J 108, 135 Baxter, G W 99, 107, Box, G P 79, 83 Artamonov, O M 181 104, 105 Box, M A 84 Artlett, C 153 Baxter, P 220 Boyed, J 158 Aruldoss, C K 100 Beams, T J 96 Boyle, B 140 Aryal, P 82 Becker, K W 173 Bradby, J 172 Asahi, K 224 Begg, B D 196 Bradby, J E 169, 183 Ashley, M C B 139, 141, 142 Beijerinck, H C W 96 Brady, J A M 154 Ashmore, J P 94, 96 Belim, S 94 Brady, Z 134 Åslund, M 100, 110, 122 Bell, J M 161 Brake, K 151 Atkins, D J 134 Belova, E 168 Bramley, R 177 Atkinson, R 114 Bendavid, A 169, 171 Branczyk, A 101 Atkinson, T 218 Berengut, J C 90 Branczyk, A 102 Au, V 165 Beringer, J 83 Branstator, G 86 Austin, D R 231 Bernstein, N 151 Bräuer,-Krisch, E 149 Azevedo, G de M 188 Bhattacharyya, D 164 Bravin, A 149 Bray, I 88, 90, 93, 97 256 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Bremner, M J 134 Cavanagh, S J 92, 98 Combes, J 105 Brenner, R 164 Cervera, M A 242, 244 Comte, C 169 Briedis, D 101 Cesar Jr., R M 154 Conde, M 249, 253 Britton, S 228 Chadderton, L T 205 Conrad, V 170, 178 Brodzell, Z 118 Chadwick, J 166 Conway, N 235 Broekman, L 195, 204 Chan, R 233 Cooper-White, J 107 Bromley, M W J 97, 103 Chan, V 164 Corney, J F 105 Brooke, P G 137 Chan, V C 159, 167 Cornforth, D J 154 Brooks, A 141 Chantler, C T 89, 91, Corrales, L R 196 Brooks, L 206 104, 148 Corry, B 152 Browne, N B 194 Chaplin, D H 177 Cortie, M B 173, 174, 191 Brule, A 220 Chapman, S 250 Cosgorve, J A 158 Brunger, M J 89, 92, 93, 96 Charles, C 157, 165, 232, Cosgriff, E C 91, 148 Bryant, G 154, 178, 211 234, 236 Coster, A J 239 Buchler, B 99 Chaston, C C 252 Couch, W 139 Buckley, C E 166, 190 Chelkowska, E Z 152 Court, N A 159 Buckman, S J 92, 97, 98 Chen, C G 146 Coutts, D 120 Budi, A 157 Chen, C H 204 Coutts, D W 105 Buehler, T M 159, 164, 167 Chen, Y 167, 200 Craven, J D 253 Buick, J M 73, 158 Chernozatonskij, L A 168 Cree, M J 154 Burden, C J 157 Cheylan, S 173 Crew, D C 202 Burgmann, F A 167 Chia, A 136 Crossley, M J 189 Burke, J 103 Chin, C 121 Csik, I 188 Bursill, R J 176 Chin, Y L 187 Cureton, G P 79 Burton, M G 139 Cho, S Y 168 Curson, N J 162, 203 Buryak, A V 118 Cho, Y K 82 Cvejanovic, D 91 Buslaps, T 179 Chon, J W M 104 Butcher, K S A 177 Chow, J H 104 D Butcher, M J 203 Christodoulou, G 89, 104 Dabrowska, B J 106 Buttery, R J 235 Christopher, S A 84 Dai, J 167 Bye, J A T 85 Christy, A G 182 Daivis, P J 170 Byrne, A P 171, 190, 205, Chung, S H 152 Dall, R G 98, 102, 129 218, 219, 225 Cimmino A 202 Dalmas de Recotier, P 175 Bystrzanowski, S 179 Claessens, B J 96 Dalton, B J 106, 108 Byun, D S 82 Clark, M H 166 Dalton, R 101 Clark, R G 159, 164, 165, Dalton, R B 123 C 167, 176, 177, Dandouras, I 252 Cadogan, J M 197 203 Daniell, M L 92 Cadusch, P J 128 Clarke, W R 159, 168 Daniels, J E 160, 173 Cai, Z 129 Clay, R 139 Danilkin, S A 170 Cairns, I H 241, 242, 247, Clemens, H 179 Dao, L V 174 251, 252, 253 Cleugh, H A 83 Darmann, F 220 Calton, B J 130 Clilverd, M A 248 Das, M P 170 Campbell, L 89, 96 Close, J 100, 111 Dasgupta, M 219, 226 Campbell, S 103 Close, J D 125 Davidson, P M 218, 219, Campbell, S J 167, 197 Close, J D 132 220, 225 Campey, T 121 Cochrane, P 101 Davies, G 215 Cane, H V 240 Coghill, C 228 Davies, K 195 Canning, J 100, 110, Cohen, D 223 Davies, K E 195 122, 135 Cole, D G 242, 243 Davies, P C W 142 Carberry, D M 209 Cole, J H 169, 175 Davies, T P 245 Carlson, C W 252 Cole, S 217, 225 Davis, M J 113, 121, Carmichael, H 95 Coleman, V A 169 131, 132 Carmichael, H J 103, 116, 136 Collett, M J 136 Dawes, J M 120, 123, Carnerup, A M 182 Collier, M 79 153 Carson, B J 220 Collings, A F 211 Dawson, C M 106 Carter, A L G 103 Collins, S F 104, 105 Dawson, J 216 Caruthers, T 221 Collis, S M 231, 232 de Albuquerque, J E 180 Cashion, J D 166 Colson, T A 169 De Dear, R 80 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 257 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics de Jonge 91, 104 Duldig, M L 245, 254 Feteris, S M 229, 255 de Jonge, M D 148 Duley, W W 171 Fifield, L K 218, 220, 222 de M. Azevedo, G 149 Dunn, A 96 Finlayson, T R 160, 173, 199 de Sterke, C M 103, 123, Dupre, S 84 Fischer-Cripps, A C 191 128, 129 Dussardier, B 104 Fisher, P 162, 196 de Vine, G 100 Dyksterhuis, S 213 Fisk, P T H 99 de Vroege, C F 194 Dyson, P L 245, 246, 250, FitzGerald, J 182, 212 Dechoum, K 124 253, 247, 248 Flambaum, V V 88, 90, 143, Deenapanray, P N K 169 Dzuba, V A 88, 90, 90 227 Deenapanray, S 238 Dzurak, A S 162, 164, 165, Fletcher, N H 75 Degallaix, J 109 167, 176 Foley, C 171 Dekker, A G 211 Foley, C P 180, 201, 255 Dekker, P 120 E Foran, G J 146, 149, Delaubert, V 135 Earp, A A 108 Foran, G J 181, 188 Delbourgo, R 220 Edge, A V J 193, 194, 197 Forcales, M 109 Deleuze, M S 93 Edmundson, D 101 Ford, M J 113, 173, Dell, J M 191 Edwards, G C 186 174, 203 Deller, C A 106 Eggleton, B J 101, 107, 110, Foroutan, G R 252 Denman, J A 147 123, 128 Foster, C J 113 Dennis, G R 210 Elliman, R G 149, 171,172, Fowler, A 174, 176, 227 Denschlag, J H 121 173, 182, 188, Fowler, A G 171, 176 Denz, C 107 192, 198, 199, Francois, J-P 93 Deslandes, A 197, 201 200 Franklin, E 238 Desyatnikov, A S 107 Ellis, M 96 Franklin, J 106 Devanathan, R 196 Ellis, T 210 Franklin, J B 108 Devin, J C 246 Emtsev, K 195, 204 Fraser, B J 240, 246, Devitt, S J 171 Enderby, J 163 250, 252 Dewar, R L 207, 231, 235 England, M H 76, 84 Fraser, M D 174 Dhal, B B 129, 147 Englert, B-G 119 Frederiksen, J 82, 86 Dickens, P 74 Englich, F V 138 Frederiksen, J S 206, 207 Dickenscheid, W 177 Enticott, C 83 Freeman, J 216 Digweed, J 100, 122 Ergun, R E 252 Frenken, J W M 204 DiMatteo, T 206 Esry, B D 103 Frey, H 247 Dimer, F 95 Esselle, K P 100 Friedland, A 221 Dix, M 79 Essex, E A 245, 253 Fromhold, T M 88 Dligatch, S 135 Estienne, B 95 Frost, M J 98 Dodd, J I 134 Evans, D J 209 Fuchs, J 108 Dogra, R 171, 190 Evans, P B 105 Fuess, H 170 Doherty, A C 107, 134, Evans, P J 205 Fukuchi, T 224 136 Everett, V 238 Fukuda, T 174 Doherty, B P 245 Ewenz, C M 79 Funke, K 184 Domachuk, P 107 Furst, J F 91 Domen, K F E M 126, 127 F Fussell, D 123 Doolan, K R 74, 205 Fabbian, D 80 Dorsett, H E 203 Faraone, L 191 G dos Remedios, C 157 Farauh, T 151 Gaebel, T 187 Dowler, A 202 Farmer, A D 211 Gagan, M K 76 Dowling, M R 107 Farmer, A J D 186 Gale, M 198 Dracoulis, G D 218, 219, Farquhar, G D 77 Gamaly, E G 182 224, 225 Farrant, D 135 Gambetta, J 183 Dragomir, N M 99, 100, 107 Farrant, D I 108 Gan, B K 195 Drake, V A 211 Faul, U 212 Gan, Z 117 Drosdowsky, W 79 Fazakerley, A 252 Gao, C-J 222 Drummond, P D 94, 105, Feher, K M 210 Gao, D 156 112, 117 Fehske, H 173 Gao, F 179 Drysdale, P M 153 Feise, M W 108 Garcia, R 39 Du, J 171 Ferguson, A J 167 Gareso, P L 174 Duck, F A 158 Ferris, A J 91 Garton, D 223 Duffy, G J 108 Ferris, J M 177 Gauja, E 164, 165, 176, 177, 197 258 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Gay, T J 91 Gregorkiewicz, T 109 Harker, S J 175, 193, 194 George, L L 210 Grelu, Ph 110 Harma, V 112 Gerasimov, V 186 Grey, I E 237, 238 Harris, J H 231, 232, 233 Gerling, R 179 Griffiths, R W 76, 80 Harris, J H H 236 Gesto, F N 232 Grillet, C 107, 128 Harris, T J 234, 247 Getley, I L 245, 254 Grimm, R 121 Harrison, J P 114, 120 Geursen, R 121 Grochola, G 188 Hartnett, J G 90, 142, Ghahramany, N 233 Gross, M 135 143, 227 Giacomantonio, C 151, 175, 180 Grosse, N 134 Harvey, E 146 Giapintzakis, J 182 Grosswendt, B 157 Harvey, M 101, 114, 133 Gibbs, K 104 Groves, K M 241 Harvey, M D 123 Gibson, B 189, 205 Gryaznevich, M 235 Haselgrove, H L 115 Gibson, B C 135 Gu, M 103, 104, Hassan, R 208 Gibson, S T 92, 94, 98 117, 130 Hauptner, A 188 Gilbert, B 96 Gubbens, P C M 175, 194 Hauser, N 220 Gilbert, E P 220 Guenther, A H 228 Hawkins, J 253 Gilchrist, A 102, 111, Guha, A 148 Hawley, A M 160 123, 133 Guinea, W E 92 Hayashi, K 200 Gillies, I P 152, 156 Gujrathi, M 133 Hayashi, M J 144 Gilmore, J 151 Gulacsi, M 174 He, X-G 221 Ginges, J S M 88 Gunner, S M 206 He, Y 99, 124, 138 Gladkis, L 218, 220 Gurevich, B 216 Hearne, S 176, 186 Glass, F 231 Gureyev, T E 156 Hearne, S M 164, 166, Glasscick, J A 237, 238 Gurlay, P M 133 176, 195 Gleiter, H 177 Gwan, P B 211, 237, 238 Hecht, J 249 Gleiter, R 93 Heckenberg, N 121 Glover, C J 146, 149, H Heckenberg, N R 109, 124 181, 188 Ha, P C T 167 Hedditch, J N 223 Gnanarajan, S 171 Hagen, M E 160, 173 Hedley, M 186 Goan, H S 176, 203 Hager, G 173 Heerdegen, A P 150 Goh, K E J 203 Hagon, S 255 Heine, C 214 Goh, R 161 Haine, S A 92 Heintze, M C 115 Goldstein, M 252 Hale, P S 186 Heitmann, A 114 Goldston, R J 234 Hall, B R 130 Heller, U M 217 Gono, Y 224 Hall, M J W 114, 121 Hender, T C 235 Goodman, S J 113 Hallal, T 83 Henderson, C A 115 Goopinatahn, A 119 Hallam, T 162, 203 Henderson, M J 160 Goossens, D J 150 Ham, B S 117 Henderson-Sellers, A 77, 81 Goossens, D J 199 Hamer, C J 175, 183 Henrich, N 72 Gopalswamy, N 239 Hamilton, A R 159, 164, 167, Henry-Edwards, A G 80 Görgen, K 83 168, 177, 191, Herrmann, J 89 Gossard, A C 205 203 Hertzog, A 78 Gough, D S 120 Hamilton, M W 73, 114 Hewitt, G 96 Govind, R 216 Hammond, P 148 Hill, A 97, 161 Gramotnev, D K 113, 114, 210 Han, Y 167 Hill, A J 166, 184 Gramotnev, G 210 Hancock, Y 176 Hill, C D 176 Gras, S 109 Handley, C 180 Hinde, D J 219, 226 Gray, M 141 Hang Chui, Y 188 Hines, A P 115 Gray, M B 100, 104, 134 Hanna, B 123 Hirayama, Y 168 Gray, R T 152 Hanna, C B 159 Hirlimann, Ch 173 Greaves, T L 229 Hannaford, P 102, 120, Hirst, T 79 Green, D L 254 130, 108 Hnat, B 250 Green, F 170 Hannah, K M 246 Hobbs, G B 140 Green, K 135 Hanne, G F 92 Hodkinson, L J 208 Greenhalgh, S A 215 Hansen, J L 149, 188 Hoffman, A 176 Greentree, A 176, 178, 186 Hanson, M P 205 Hofmann, M 167 Greentree, A D 169, 170, 175, Hao, L 179 Hoft, R C 174 176, 196, 205 Harb, C C 116 Hogg, A McC. 84 Greenwod, R I 246 Hargreaves, L R 92 Holdsworth, D 244 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 259 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Holdsworth, D A 249 J Kameda, D 224 Hole, M 231 Jaatinen, E A 113 Kämpf, J 80, 85 Hole, M J 235 Jackson, I 177, 212 Kandasamy, G 178 Holems, J 249 Jackson, S 100, 110 Kane, D M 117, 133 Holes, M J 247 Jacob, C 78 Kaneko, D 182 Hollenberg, L 170 Jacobs, K 134 Kannangara, G S K 210 Hollenberg, L C L 75, 164, 169, Jaegers, J 107 Karthick, S 237 171, 175, 176, Jagadish, C 122, 159, 169, Kashiyama, O 224 178, 192, 196 174, 177, 194 Kaszlikowski, D 119 Holmes, C A 132 Jakovidis G 159, 161, 200 Katti, R 117 Holt, S 121 James, B 230 Katz, O 178, 189 Homolya, S 195, 204 James, B W 231 Kempson, I M 147 Honerlage, B 172 James, M 199 Kennett, B L N 212 Hoogerland, M D 115, 116 James, M R 131, 208 Kennewell, J 240 Hope, J J 91, 92, 93, Jamieson, D N 161, 164, 166, Kennewell, J A 242, 243 116, 131 167, 170, 176, Kenny, B G 207 Hopf, T 164, 167, 176 178, 183, 184, Kent, B 178 Hora, H 233, 235 186, 188, 189, Kerr, R C 214 Horne, M D 237, 238 192, 195, 202, Keskinen, M J 241 Horton, W 240, 244 205 Khalil, A S 205 Horvath, L 116 Janda, P 172 Kheifets, A S 197 Hoschke, N 186 Jarvis, P D 152 Kheruntsyan, K V 117 Hosken, D J 137 Jarvis, R A 116 Khoury, A Z 124 Howard, J 233, 235, Jarvis, S P 135 Khoyaintsev, Y 252 231, 232 Jelezko, F 187 Khrutova, O G 81 Hsu, M T L 116, 135 Jelinek, H F 154 Kibedi, T 218, 225 Hu H 94 Jelisavcic, M 92 Kieu, T 130 Huang, M L 204 Jenet, F Z 140 Kieu, T D 118 Huber, F 173 Jensen, J 82 Kim, M S 117 Huber, M C E 144 Jeong, H 117 Kimpton, J 89, 104 Hubsch, A 173 Jeppesen, M 126 King, B V 189, 204 Hudson, F E 164 Jewis, C J 186 Kinnane, M 89, 104 Hughes, A E 166, 179 Jia, B 117 Kirkbride, K P 147 Hughes, G O 76, 80 Jia, M 216 Kirkup, L 230 Hughes, J L 151, 154 Jimenez, E 175 Kishida, T 224 Hugrass, W N 233 Jochim, S 121 Kiss, A E 84 Humphrey, T E 180 Johannessen, B 146, 149, 181 Kitcher, D J 105 Humphrey, V F 158 Johnson, A C 205 Kivshar, Y S 106, 107, 108, Hunt, M 255 Johnson, B 253 118, 119, 123, Huntington, S 186, 189, 205 Johnson, K H 159 128, 190 Huntington, S T 99, 135 Johnson, M E 186 Kivshar, Yu S 121, 122 Hussain, Z 171 Johnsson, M 116 Klauser, R 204 Hutchison, W D 177 Johnsson, M T 93 Klekociuk, A R 249 Hyde, M R 249 Johnston, P N 164 Kluth, P 146, 149, 181 Hyde, S T 182, 206 Joliveau, E 72 Kluth, S M 146, 181 Jolley, G S 177 Knippenberg, S 93 I Jones, D 80 Knock, S A 241 Iglio, A M 247 Jones, D B 93 Knöner, G 109, 124 Ignatiev, A Y 220 Jones, S 117 Kobayashi, Y 224 Imamovic, E 220 Jong Wah, J W 177 Koehler, M 103 Ingram, M D 184 Jovanovic, B 80 Koller, H 161 Innis, J L 245 Ju, L 109 Kolossovski, K 118 Inta, R 72 Jul, L 144 Kono, M 93, 124 Isasi, J 175 Korth, H 254 Ivanov E N 90, 143 K Koster, K L 154 Ivanov, I 97 Kachan, J 149 Kozlov, M G 90 Ivers, D 251 Kadyrov, A S 93 Kozyra, J 239 Iyemori, T 248 Kairn, T 170 Krausz, E 151, 154 Kakizaki, A 200 Krolikowski, W 120, 123, 131 260 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Krolikowski, W Z 101, 110 Lerch, M 154 M Kruhlak, R J 228 Lerch, M L F 149, 156 Maaroof, A I 126, 189, 191 Ku, T-S 128 Lester, M 247 Macfarlane, J C 179, 201 Kuchiev, M Y 143 Lever, P 122 Macgillvray, W R 92, 94, 96 Kumar, T A S 232 Lewis, A 135 Machewirth, D P 103 Kumara, S 125 Lewis, B R 92, 93, 94, 98 MacKenzie, E 241 Kuncic, Z 247 Lewis, R A 162, 178, Mackie, R D 166 Kurniawan, I 208 180, 196, Madden, S 116 Kuroda, K 109, 143 Ley, L 195, 204 Maddern, T M 92 Kurth, M L 113 Li, B 251, 252, 253 Madison, D 94 Kvinikhidze, A N 226 Li, C 237, 238 Madsen, N R 182 Kwek, L C 119 Li, J 167 Mägi, E 107, 123 Kwon, O J 235 Liang, Y C 119 Maguire, L P 127 Lieff, W 79 Maher, P 240 L Liefrink, S 85 Maheswaran, S 155, 179, 223 Lablanquie, P 148 Lim, S H N 167 Maier, K H 217, 218, 225 Lai, B 129 Lindsay, I M 251 Mainwaring, D E 188 Lai, J 148 Linfield, E H 191 Maitland, C F 166, 190 Lai, Y 118 Ling, C D 202 Malshe, A P 172 Laissue, J A 149 Links, J R 208 Manchster, R N 140 Lam, P K 112, 116, 130, Linnros, J 172, 173 Mancuso, A 129 134, 135 Liss, K-D 147, 179 Manjare, S D 237 Lam, S K H 179 Littler, I C 101 Mann, I R 239 Lambourne, J 148 Littler, I L M 104 Manson, J L 202 Lance, A M 112, 130 Liu, X 74 Manson, N B 114, 120 Lane, G J 218, 219, 225 Liu, X-J 94 Mao, Y 114 Lane, M A 218 Livett, M 230 Marcus, C 205 Lang, E 148 Llewellyn, D J 149, 188, 205 Marcus, C M 205 Langan, P 151 Lo, A 208 Marks, N A 196 Lange, M 94 Loan, M 219 Marsh, D 239 Langford, N 101 Lobanov, N R 221, 222 Marshall, G 153 Langford, N K 111, 118, 123 Lockwood, M 240 Marshall, M 187 Larsen, M F 253 Loeb, P 93 Marshall, R 240 Larsson, A K 182 Logan, P F 228 Martin, A M 88 Lasscock, B G 217 Lohmann, B 88, 92, 95 Martin, B 201 Lassock, B G 223 Londgell, J J 111 Martin, C 148 Latella, B A 195 Long, J M 179 Martin, P 169 Lawn, M A 99 Longchambon, L 125 Martin, P J 201 Lawrance, W D 89, 96 Longdell, J 102 Martin, S 153 Lawrence, J L 139 Loresi, L 208 Martin, S F 248 Lay, M D H 163, 197 Lough, J M 76 Martinez, R 157 Lazarev, S 171 Louis, P J Y 119 Maruno, K 102, 208 Lazkiewicz, P 133 Love, J D 119 Marzin, K-P 137 Leandro, J J G 154 Lover, J D 135 Masens, C 173 Leckey, R 195, 204 Low, C 226 Maslehuddin, M 221 Lednei, M F 185 Low, D J 82, 229 Mason 113 Lee, J 164 Lower, J 94 Mason, I M 215 Lee, R-K 118 Luebken, F-J 239 Mason, N 205 Lefebvre-Brion, H 94 Lukin, M D 205 Matherson J J 94 Legge, K A 74 Lummerzheim, D 249, 253 Mattievich, E 166 Legge, S 157 Lund, A P 119 May, D 215, 216 Leifert, W 153 Luther-Davies, B 116, 171, 182 Leinweber, D B 217, 223, Luton, G 216 May, D A 208 Lwin, M J 202 May, P 78 224, 225 Lyashenko, I M 155 Mayo, S C 156 Lenardic, A 215 Lynch, A 83 McBean, K E 122 Lenné, T 154 Lynch, M J 79 McCallum, J C 163, 186, 197 Lenz, M 132 Lynn, K J W 234, 244 McCamey, D R 167 Leo, C J 211 Lyytikäinen, K 100 McCarthy, G 120 LePage, E L 73 Lyytikäinen, K 110, 122, 135 McCaw, J M 226 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 261 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics McClelland, D E 100, 104, 128, Miller, P R 156 N 134, 139 Miller, R 149, 188 Nagadi, M M 221 McCreadie, H 248 Mills, D R 229, 230 Nagai, T 247 McCulloch, D G 166, 167, Mills, F P 95, 244 Nairn, K 166 180, 195 Mills, R 127 Nakata, H 178 McCutcheon, A L 210 Milne-Brownlie, D S 95 Namba, S 231 McFadden, J P 252 Mingaleev, S V 122 Nand, A McGann, B T 79 Miroshnichenko, A E 122 Napier, S 91 McGee, T 74 Mistele, D 178 Naqvi, A A 221 McGregor, K M 228 Mitchell, E E 180 Nelson, A 148 McGregor, T 120 Mitchell, J J 241 Nelson, G R 249 McGuffie, A 77, 81 Mitic, M 164, 176 Nelson, R 230 McKay, A 120 Mitroy, J 97 Neshev, D 110, 123 McKellar, B H J 221, 226 Miyoki, M 143 Neshev, D N 107 McKenzie, D R 167, 180, Miyoshi, H 224 Nesterets, Y I 156 195, 236 Mlynczak, M G 239 Netterfield, R 135, 201 McKenzie, K 134 Moetzel, M 170 Neudegg, D 243, 250 McKenzie, R 155 Mok, J T 101 Neudegg, D A 249 McKenzie, R H 115, 151, 165, Mokkapati, S 122 Neumann, D A 160 168, 185, 208 Molloy, A W 119 New, P B 228 McLean, R J 102, 120, 130 Monnom, G 104 Newbury, R 230 McManamon, P F 136 Moodie, A F 169 Newell, P T 241 McMillan, B F 207, 235 Moore, E 151, 155, 180 Ng, T T 123 McMulty, I 147 Moore, J F 204 Ngo, H H 223 McMurchie, E J 153 Mora, P 213 Nguyen, B-L 73 McNulty, I 129 Moresi, L 213, 216 Nha, H 136 McPhedran, R C 103, 123, 128 Morikawa, T 224 Nicholls, N 80 McPherson, I M 193 Morley, S K 240 Nielsen, M A 106, 115, 134 McPherson, M 195 Morris, R J 240, 249 Nieminen, P 225 McWilliams, K 247 Morrison, A 132 Nieminen, T A 124 Medvedev, S 235 Morrison, S K 122 Nixon, K L 96 Meige, A 236 Morton, C R 220 Noakes, T 220 Meikle, S R 154 Motomura, S 224 Noh, C S 136 Melnitchouk, W 217 Motta, N 161 Norman, R J 248, 250 Melo, A B 124 Moylan, A J 208 Northeast, R 96 Mendez, A 230 Mozer, F S 252 Northey, B J 250 Meng, C-I 241 Much, J 115 Norton, A 128 Menk, F W 248, 250, 251 Mudge, D 122, 137 Novikov, S A 97 Menon, M 168 Mueller, H-R 241 Nugent, K A 100, 115, Merchant, A R 180, 228 Muir, L 81 129, 147 Meredith, P 114, 151, 155, Mukhamedzhanov, A M 93 Nylandsted Larsen, A 149, 188 175, 180 Mukherjee, B 149 Meriaux, C 214 Muller, A 76 O Metson, J 164 Müller, D 213 O’Bree, T A 211 Meyler, B 178, 189 Muller, D A 229 O’Brien, J L 118, 125, 111, Michael, C A 231 Muller, K-H 89 112, 123, 124, Michie, A 122 Müller, R D 214 130, 135 Mickle, S 163 Mullins, T G 228 O’Connor, D J 230 Micolich, A 175, 180 Mulvaney, P 147, 188 O’Dwyer, M F 180 Micolich, A P 159, 168, 191 Munch, J 122, 137, 141 O’Kane, T 82 Mikajlo, E A 203 Munroe, P 169 O’Kane, T J 206 Milan, S E 247 Muraki, K 168 O’Reilly, J 155 Milburn, G 125, 126 Murdoch, A 186 Oates, T W H 167 Milburn, G J 115, 132, 165, Murphy, A B 237, 238 Oberbeck, L 203 203, 208 Murphy, D J 249 Oda, T 231 Milce, A P 98 Murray, N M 73 Odahara, A 224 Mildren, R P 137 Musca, C A 191 Ohashi, M 143 Miller, D J 182 Myers, S J 123 Ohnishi, S 182 Miller, M 212 Oitmaa, J 159, 175, 183 262 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Okuniewicz, L 221 Perevertaylo, V 156 Q Okutomi, A 143 Pestryakov, P V 81 Quiney, H M 115, 147, 192 Oliver, D 232 Peter, J 82 Quinton, J S 186, 187, Oliver, D H 183 Petersen, D E 101, 110, 131 197, 201 Olivero, P 186, 202, 205 Peterson Årsköld, S 151 Olsen, M K 117, 124 Petrolito, J 74 R Orbons, S 183 Petta, J R 205 Rabeau, J 186, 205 Orbons, S M 172 Pfeiffer, L N 191 Rabeau, J R 187 Oreb, B 103, 135 Phan, T D 252 Radny, M W 187 Orr, B J 98, 99, Phelan, P 243 Rae, N 148 124, 138 Phillips, M R 122, 169 Raguse, B 89 Osborne, T J 115 Pigram, P 186 Rahman, F A 125 Osman, F 233 Pilbrow, J 185 Rakic, A D 133 Ostatnick, T 172 Pile, D F P 114 Ralph, T C 111, 112, 117, Ostrikov, K 236 Piltz, R 173 119, 125, Ostrovskaya, E A 106, 118, Piltz, R O 185 130, 135 119, 121 Pinkevich, I P 155, 185 Ramdutt, D 157, 234 Ouenette, S M 208 Pinkevych, M I 155 Ramelow, S 184 Oxtoby, N P 183 Pinnock, M 250 Rameriz-Cuesta, T 170 Piper, J A 137 Ramsden, S J 206 P Pittelkow, Y 157 Randall, R B 74 Pace, R J 151, 154 Plakhotnik, T 133 Randeniya, L K 237, 238 Paganin, D M 156, 176 Platt, C M 86 Rasmussen, J J 131 Pakes, C I 161, 163, 164, Pleasants, S 133 Ratnapala, A 121 176, 184, 202 Plumb, I C 237, 238 Read, M N 187 Palmer, A J 95, 101 Pogany, A 156 Reddy, N 210 Panwar, R 250 Pok, W 172 Reeder, M 78, 81 Parappilly, M B 217 Poletti, A R 219 Rehman, K 221 Parker, S 170 Pollard, J 230 Rehspringer, J-L 173 Parkin, S 109 Polonski, V 201 Reichart, P 164, 186, 188, Parkin, S J W 124 Ponomarenko, O 187 195, 205 Parkins, S 95, 103 Ponomarenko, P 243 Reid, I M 239, 244, Parkinson, M L 245, 246, Ponomarenko, P V 250 249, 251 247, 250 Ponomareva, I 168 Reid, J C 209 Parks, J 94 Popa-Nita, S 187 Reilly, D J 159, 167 Parncutt, R 72 Pope, D 117, 125 Reimers, J R 189 Parry, D J 156 Pope, M 78 Reitze, D H 145 Parslow, N 217, 225 Poulton, G T 72 Reme, H 252 Pas, S J 161, 184 Powell, B 155, 175, 232 Rennie, C J 152 Pask, H M 137 Powell, B J 151, 165, Reusch, T C G 162, 203 Pask, T 98 180, 185 Reztsova, T 251 Paterson, D 129 Powell, M W 194 Rich, F 241 Paterson, D J 147 Power, S 76 Richards, B S 238 Paterson, P J K 179 Pravica, L 95 Richardson, D J 125 Patterson, G 240, 243, 250 Prawer, S 161, 176, 178, Richter, R 148 Pax, R A 73 184, 186, 187, Ridgway, M C 146, 149, 171, Payne, M A 98 189, 192, 202, 181, 188, 205 Peach, G 96 205 Riedl, S 121 Peak, L S 221 Prawer, S P 135 Riesz, J 151, 155, 180 Pearce, J B 128 Pretty, D G 231, 233 Riley, J 195, 204 Pederson, M R 151 Price, D C 186 Ritchie, D A 159, 191 Pedrotti, L 228 Price, W S 155 Roberts, A 99, 100, 107, Peele, A G 129, 146, 147 Prokopenko, M 186 Prosser, M 230 129, 183 Pelant, I 172 Pryde, G J 111, 112, 118, Roberts, A L 228 Pen, A 116 123, 124, 125, Roberts, E H 92, 98 Pender, L 85 130, 135 Roberts, J 251 Penent, F 148 Puhanic, E 135 Roberts, M 89 Pepper, M 159, 191 Punzmann, H 231, 236 Robins, N P 125, 132 Pereira, N 135 Pyke, D J 186 Robins, V 206 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 263 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Robinson, D 175 Schimansky, F-P 179 Singh, R R P 183 Robinson, P 152, 153 Schirmer, S G 169 Sjanfudin, M 234 Robinson, P A 247, 251, Schmitt, D 201 Skinner, W M 147 252, 253 Schmitt, D R 213 Slagmolen, B J J 138 Robinson, R A 160 Schofield, S R 162 Slatyer, T 111 Robinson, V N E 143 Scholten, R E 100, 126, 127 Slatyer, T R 126 Roble, R 239 Schope, H-J 178 Slavec, A 127 Robson, B A 222 Schulte, R 157 Sleight, J W 152, 156 Robson, R E 96 Schulz, J 220 Smale, L F 91, 148 Rodd, L E 107 Sciffer, M D 243, 251 Smirnov, D 162, 178, 196 Rode, A 116 Scott, D A 186 Smith, A 195, 204 Rode, A V 182 Scott, R G 88 Smith, B 128 Roderick, M L 77 Scott, S 111, 146 Smith, C E A 165 Rodriguez, J R 159 Scott, S M 142, 208 Smith, G B 108, 126, Rohde, P P 125 Searle, A C 145, 208 189, 191 Rosenfeld, A 157 Searles, D J 209 Smith, J 72, 74, 75 Rosenfeld, A B 149, 156, 158 Seckold, J 135 Smith, M L 178 Ross, N 202 Seddon, E A 146 Smith, N 171 Rout, B 166 Sellar, J R 161 Smith, P J 151, 154 Rowe, D L 152 Sellars, M J 111, 127 Smith, P V 187, 189 Rowlands, W J 108 Sellers, M 102 Smith, R W 253 Rozenfeld, A B 154 Senoo, T 200 Snider, G 165 Ruan, Y 116 Sergeant, A D 181 Snook, I K 170, 181, 188 Rubanov, S 205 Sevick, E M 209 Sobey, T L 191, 193 Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H 109, 121, 124 Sewell, R 189 Soh, M T K 191 Rueb, F J 203 Seyller, T 195, 204 Sood, D K 172 Russo, S P 181, 188 Seymour, J D 73 Sosa Pintos, A P 211 Ruxton, B 81 Shaddock, D A 128, 141 Sotirelis, T 241 Ryan, C G 166 Shadrivov, I V 108, 190 Soule de Bas, B 173 Ryves, L 167 Shalav, A 238 Sowerby, B 219 Shapter, J G 187 Sowke, J J 248 S Sharma, M D 228, 229, 230 Spares, J V B 154 Saarinen, K 184 Shats, M G 231, 236 Spemann, D 188 Sadgrove, M 116 Sheard, B S Spencer, M J S 199 Sadrinasab, M 80 Sheard, F W 88 Spero, R E 141 Saez-Puche, R 175 Sheppard, D A 190 Spizzirri, P G 192 Sagemerten, N 107 Shibata, K 239 Spooner, M G 172, 192, 198 Saito, K 224 Shih, M-F 128 Sprengers, J P 94 Salzman, J 178, 186, Shlyapnikov, G V 132 Srbinov, J 181 189, 205 Shoenborn, B 151 Srivastava, D 168 Samarin, S N 181 Sholl, C A 190 Srivastava, K K P 192 Sammut, R A 118, 125 Short, K T 205 Stace, T M 134 Samoc, M 171 Shrestha, S K 190, 200 Stampfl, A P J 204 Samson, B 103 Shutthanandan, V 179, 223 Stamps, R L 202 Sanders, B C 100, 137 Sidiroglou, E 99 Stanley, F 176 Sandery, P A 82 Sidorov, A I 120, 130 Stansell, P 158 Sandiford, M 212 Sidrov, A I 102 Stanwix, P L 90, 143 Sang, R T 94, 95, Siems, S 82 Stark, A 179 96, 101 Sim, A 191 Stark, G 92 Sangeetha, G G 207 Simeoni, R J 155 Starling, T R 192 Saraireh, S A 189 Simmonds, P E 156 Starrett, R P 159 Sarma, S D 202 Simmons, M Y 159, 162, 168, Stauning, P 252 Sarovar, M 126 191, 203 Stavrias, N 192 Sato, W 224 Simpson, D A 104 Steel, M J 128, 129 Savage, C 111 Simpson, W 115, 116 Stegman, D R 213 Savage, C M 126, 131 Singer, W 109 Steinberger, B 214 Savvides, N 191 Singh, A 161 Stelbovics, A T 88, 90, 93, 97 Scharnberg, F 130 Singh, J 163 Stenbaeck-Nielsen, H 253 Schelm, S 126, 189 Singh, N K 191 Stening, R J 251 264 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Stern, R 99 Tegus, O 197 van der Merwe, H 153 Stevens-Kalceff, M A 255 Teptin, G M 81 van Kann, F 143 Stevens-Kalceff, M A 163, 193 Terkildsen, M B 249, 252 Van Megen, W 178 Stevenson, A 107 Terno, D R 136 van Putten, M H P M 143 Stevenson, A W 156 Terrill, N 148 van Riessen, G 196 Stevenson, M A 88 Testolin, M J 196 van Stryland, E 99 Stewart, A M 128, 182, 205 Tettamanzi, G C 202 Varvell, K E 217, 225 Stewart, G A 175, 193, 194 Teubner, P J O 89, 92, 96 Varvell, K F 222 Stewart, K 122, 177, 194 Thevuthasan, S 179, 223 Veitch, P J 115, 122, Stewart, S M 230 Thomas, A W 217 137, 141 Steyn-Ross, D A 152, 156 Thomas, B 113 Vella, G J 158 Steyn-Ross, M L 152, 156 Thomas, B S 196 Venkatesan, S 169 Stoddart, P R 128 Thomas, R M 242, 244 Ventura, M J 130 Storer, R G 206 Thorn, P A 96 Verdon, M W 101 Storey, J W V 139 Thurgate, S M 196 Vernon, K C 114 Stowe, S 200 Tickner, J 219 Vial, F 78 Strangeway, R J 252 Tilbrook, D L 180 Vickers, R E M 162, 178, 196 Straub, M 130 Timmers, H 190, 198, 200 Vigneswaran, S 223 Stuart, W 135 Tims, S G 220 Villis, B J 197 Stuchbery, A E 224 Tobar, M E 90, 143, 227 Vincent, R A 78, 114, Studer, A J 160 Todorova, N 199 244, 249 Su, C-H 89, 104 Tokunari, M 109 Viquerat, A 233 Sukhorukov, A A 121, 123, 128 Tomczak, M 80, 85, 86 Virwani, K R 172 Sullivan, A 207 Tomljenovic-Hanic, S 129 Visentin, D C 233 Sullivan, E P A 243 Toomey, J 117 Vladimirov, S V 244 Sullivan, J P 97 Townes-Andrews, E 146 Vlokh, R 144 Sun, H B 194 Toyoda, T 174 Vora, K D 146 Sundaram, M 244 Traeger, D 107 Vora, T 152 Sunter, P D 208 Tran, C O 91, 148 Vos, M 197, 198 Susli, M 143 Tran, C Q 104, 129 Vredenbregt, E J D 96 Sutton, D 148 Treutlein, H 157 Vukarasu, A T 84 Suwuntanasarn, N 177 Trewin, B C 77 Vuthaluru, R 244 Swain, M V 169 Truscott, A G 102, 129 Swan, G I 228 Tsoy, E N 129 W Swansson, J A 129 Tucker, J R 133 Waclawik, E R 161 Sykes, M 89 Tuomisto, F 184 Wade, S A 105 Sykora, S 173 Turk, D 121 Wahyu Utami, D 203 Symul, T 112, 130 Turner, J 251 Wakabayashi, Y 224 Sze, J Y 161 Turner, J S 85 Wallace, B J 189 Turner, L D 127 Wallace, H J 222 T Turner, M M 236 Wang, C 179 Ta’eed, V 107 Turney, T W 184 Wang, F 89, 93 Tadich, A 195, 204 Wang, G M 209 Takacx, G J 156 U Wang, J 194 Takeno, K 137 Ubachs, W 94 Wang, J L 197 Takiyama, K 231 Udovic, T J 170 Wang, J Y 120 Tamanyan, G 164, 176, 195 Ueno, H 224 Wang, P 186 Tan, H H 122, 165, 169, Uhlmann, L J 98 Wang, S C 204 174, 177, 194 Underhill, I 135 Wang, W-H 222 Tang, G 154 Urquijo, P 217, 222 Wang, X H 82 Tankala, K 103 Uvarova, L A 207 Wang, X L 82 Tapper, N 83 Wang, YJ 162, 178, 196 Tarnopolsky, A Z 75 V Wang, Y-J 162 Tarrant, R N 195, 233, 236 Vaccaro, J A 136 Waniganayake, L 153 Tay, B K 161 Vale, C J 121 Ward, R D 156 Taylor, D 235 Valencia, P 186 Ware, B 141 Taylor, J M 205 Valenta, J 172, 173 Warr, G B 233, 236 Taylor, J R 82 Valovi, M 235 Warrington, R B 99 Taylor, M B 195 van den Brink, R A 195 Warszawski, P 183 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 265 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Watanabe, H 224, 225 Williams, J F 91, 95, 181 Y Watanabe, T 144 Williams, J S 183 Yadav, N N 223 Waters, C L 243, 250, 254 Williams, S R 209 Yamamoto, K 143 Waters, L 251 Wilson, A N 218, 220, Yaminski, V V 182 Watkins, N 250 223, 225 Yan, Z 109 Wayper, S 115, 116 Wilson, D 181 Yang, C 164, 167, Weber, K 238 Wilson, H R 235 176, 195 Weber, K P 127 Wilson, K F 199, 229 Yang, X 167 Wedding, A B 197, 201 Wilson, M A 210 Yaouanc, A 175 Weedbrook, C 112, 130 Wilson, M T 152, 156 Yarovsky, I 157, 199 Wei, G 89 Wilson, N C 238 Yasin, C E 168, 191 Weigold, E 197 Wilson, S D 131 Ye, H 246 Weijers, T D M 192, 198 Wilson, S R 157 Yeoman, T K 243 Weily, A R 100 Winch, D E 251 Yiapanis, G 166 Weinhold, T 111 Wing, S 241 Yip, M-F 191 Weinhold, T J 124, 130 Winkler, D A 93 Yizengaw, E 245, 253 Weisse, A 173, 198 Winkler, S 222 Yoon, H J 234 Weisser, D C 221, 222 Winterflood, J 143 Yoshimi, A 224 Welberry, T R 150 Wintrebert-Fouquet, M 177 Yu, D H 200 Wellar, C J 192 Wipf, H 170 Yu, J 84, 200 Wellard, C J 164, 169, 176, Wiseman, H M 105, 112, 117, Yu, R 207 178, 196 134, 136, 183 Yukimatu, A S 246 Wellein, G 173 With ford, M J 123 Yung, Y L 95, 244 Went, M R 92, 197, 198 Witte, C 91 Wesch, W 149, 188 Woithe, J M 239 Z Wescott, E 253 Wolf, P 143, 227 Zadnik, M G 229, 230 West, K W 191 Wolfe, J 72, 74, 75 Zank, G P 241 Wette, K W 145 Wolff, C H 120 Zanotti, J M 217, 223, 225 Whale, B 142 Wolff, J-O 85 Zawar-Reza, P 82 Whitcomb, S E 134 Wong, K 191 Zeitz, W D 200 White, A 111 Wong-Leung, J 194 Zhang, C 180 White, A G 101, 111, 112, Woo, A 255 Zhang, J 108, 217, 225 118, 123, 124, Woodward, R C 202 Zhao, C 109, 137 130, 133, 135 Woolley, A 137 Zhao, S 216 White, J D 126 Wouters, M J 99 Zharov, A A 190 White, J W 160 Wrachtrup, J 187 Zharova, N A 190 White, R T 124 Wright, J J 152 Zheng, W 175, 183 Whitfield, H J 169 Wroe, A 157 Zhou, H Q 168 Whitham, P S 243, 250 Wu, A 191 Zhu, D M 200 Whitlock, S M 120, 130 Wu, X D 199 Zhu, X-X 222 Whittingham, I B 96 Wu, Y-C 222 Zhu, Z H 234 Wieczorek, L 89, 153 Wüster, S 111, 131 Zia, H 236 Wijffels, S 85 Wyller, J 101, 110, 131 Zidikheri, M 82 Wilcken, K M 218 Zoli, R 128 Wild, J A 247 X Zoppi, U 223 Wilkins, S W 156 Xhao, C 144 Zumbühl, D M 205 Wilkinson, A R 199 Xiao, X I 167 Zvyagin, A V 133 Wilkinson, P 250 Xing, D Y 194 Wilkinson, P J 242, 243, 244 Xing, H L 213 Wilksch, P 195 Xu, W 199 Willes, A J 253 Xu, Z H 210 Williams, A G 217, 223, 225 266 Congress Handbook and Abstracts 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Notes Congress Handbook and Abstracts 267 16th National Congress 2005 Australian Institute of Physics Notes 268 Congress Handbook and Abstracts W ARD ROAD ELLERY CRESCENT B A R R Y D R I V E U N I V E R S I T Y A V E N’S LLI VA SU GARRAN ROAD 1538 ACTS (AIPC Handbook Cover) 12/1/05 4:11 PM Page 2 Manning Clark Centre Floor Plan MC1 MC2 MC3 Melville Hall MC6 MC5 MC4 Landscaped Courtyard Speakers Preparation Computer Lab G064 G016 1 Novotel 3 Manning Clarke Centre 5 Ursula Hall 7 University House 9 Public Carpark 2 Rydges Lakeside 4 John XXIII College 6 Bruce Hall 8 Sullivan’s Creek Carpark 10 Melville Hall 6 DALEY ROAD 4 5 DALEY ROAD 8 OA D R Computer Lab H D SOUTH ROA R T EK O G016E OVAL CR N WILLOWS NORTH OVAL FELLOWS OVAL OVAL 3 Hanna Neumann D 10 Speakers Preparation RO A S G014W LL O FE KINGSLEY STREET 7 9 LIVERSIDGE STREET CHILDERS STREET 7 1 MARCUS CLARKE STREET GORDON STREET LONDON CIRCUIT 2 Llewellyn Hall Programme by Topic Area SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY Venue MC1 MC2 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Congress Opening Plenary—Danzmann 0915–1000 Morning Tea Plenary—Leggett Plenary—Ullrich 1000–1040 Physics in Industry Young Australian Physics Morning Tea Morning Tea Forum Researchers 1040–1220 AOS STSP ASRP NUPP AMOS BMP AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG 1220–1400 Lunch Lunch • Sutherland Lecture—Home Lunch • Press Club Address—Pearman 1400–1540 Physics in Industry Young Australian Physics AOS STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS ASRP AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP ASGRG PEG Forum Researchers 1540–1620 Afternoon Tea Afternoon Tea Afternoon Tea 1620–1800 Physics in Industry Young Australian Physics AOS STSP CMMSP NUPP AMOS BMP AOS AMOS CMMSP NUPP BMP PEG Forum Researchers 1800–2000 Welcome Reception 1930–2130 Poster Session 1 Poster Session 2 WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY Venue MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 0830–0915 Plenary—Pearman Plenary—Van Leeuwen AOS STSP CMM CSCMP AMPQC EP/RE 0915–1000 Plenary—Chu Plenary—Cesarksy 1000–1040 Morning Tea Morning Tea Morning Tea 1040–1220 AOS/ PP CMMSP NUPP AMOS GP AOS/ PP CMMSP GP PEG ASA AOS STSP CMMSP CSCMP AMPQC AOS AMPQC AMPQC 1220–1330 Lunch AIP AGM Lunch 1330–1400 Poster Session 3 Prizes and Medals 1400–1530 Schools Outreach: AOS AMPQC CMMSP GP AAS ASA/ Plenary—Bilek Future of Physics ASGRG Plenary—Quinn Entertaining Physics 1530–1800 Physics as a Life Skill Afternoon Tea Entertaining Physics AOS AMPQC CMMSP CSCMP AAS WIP/HOP ANU Tour Einstein’s Revolution System 1800–1930 ANU BBQ 1930–2130 Conference Dinner 1900 hrs for 2000 hrs Poster Session 4 1 6 t h N a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s 2 0 0 5 A U S T R A L I A N I N S T I T U T E O F P H Y S I C S1538 ACTS (AIPC Handbook Cover) 13/1/05 11:28 AM Page 1 16th National Congress 2005 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS Physics for the Nation Manning Clark Centre Australian National University Canberra Sunday 30 January to Friday 4 February 2005 Congress Handbook and Abstracts http://aipcongress2005.anu.edu.au