IUPAC Technical Report Vanessa K. Peterson*, Matteo Bianchini, Karena W. Chapman, Martina Elice, David Brynn Hibbert, Paul Roche, Luigi Silvano and Lorenzo Stievano Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization (IUPAC Technical Report) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2022-1103 Received November 9, 2022; accepted May 22, 2024 Abstract: The use of Latin origin terms, relevant for sample characterizationmodalities, is describedwith a focus on samples under controlled conditions, samples within devices, and samples during physico-chemical evolution. The terms in vitro, in vivo, in situ, ab initio, in silico, post mortem, ex situ, posthumous, in vacuo, (in) operando, post facto, and ex post facto, as used in the scientific literature, are considered. Uses of the Latin origin terms in situ, extra situm, in operando, in vivo, in vacuo, in vitro, extra vivum, post facto and ex post facto, ab initiis, computatro, and post mortem are discussed. It is suggested that these terms are to be used without hyphenation and that all Latin derived terms are set in italic font. Keywords: ab initio; ex post facto; ex situ; in silico; in situ; in vacuo; in vitro; in vivo; non-ambient; operando; post facto; posthumous; post mortem; sample characterization. CONTENTS 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................1532 2 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................................1533 2.1 Terms ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1533 3 Background and history ..........................................................................................................................1534 4 Latin derivation and usage of terms ......................................................................................................1535 5 Style conventions .....................................................................................................................................1539 6 Membership of Analytical Chemistry Division 2021–2023 ....................................................................1539 References .......................................................................................................................................................1539 Article note: This document was prepared in the framework of IUPAC Project 2021-009-2-500. Task group chair: Vanessa Peterson. Task Groupmembers: Matteo Bianchini, Karena Chapman, Martina Elice, D. Brynn Hibbert, Paul Roche, Luigi Silvano, Lorenzo Stievano. Sponsoring body: IUPAC Analytical Chemistry Division (Division V): see more details on p. 1539. *Corresponding author: Vanessa K. Peterson, Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia, e-mail: vanessa.peterson@ansto.gov.au. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5442-0591 Matteo Bianchini, Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, e-mail: matteo.bianchini@uni-bayreuth.de Karena W. Chapman, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, e-mail: karena.chapman@stonybrook.edu Martina Elice, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy, e-mail: martina.elice@unipd.it David Brynn Hibbert, School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia, e-mail: b.hibbert@unsw.edu.au. https://orcid.org/0000-0001- 9210-2941 Paul Roche, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia, e-mail: paul.roche@sydney.edu.au Luigi Silvano, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy, e-mail: luigi.silvano@unito.it Lorenzo Stievano, Institute Charles,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France, e-mail: lorenzo.stievano@umontpellier.fr Pure Appl. Chem. 2024; 96(11): 1531–1540 © 2024 IUPAC & De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2022-1103 mailto:vanessa.peterson@ansto.gov.au https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5442-0591 mailto:matteo.bianchini@uni-bayreuth.de mailto:karena.chapman@stonybrook.edu mailto:martina.elice@unipd.it mailto:b.hibbert@unsw.edu.au https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9210-2941 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9210-2941 mailto:paul.roche@sydney.edu.au mailto:luigi.silvano@unito.it mailto:lorenzo.stievano@umontpellier.fr 1 Introduction There are discrepancies in terms used to describe sample characterization conditions and modalities, even within research communities studying similar systems under similar conditions. This is particularly evident for samples in which the immediate surroundings of the sample are controlled (“non-ambient” conditions), within systems/devices, and undergoing change. The rise of new and conflicting terms occurred in parallel with new sample characterization approaches made available through advances in instrumentation, shifting measurement modalities away from more conventional measurements of samples at equilibrium, toward time-resolved measurements of samples under non-equilibrium conditions, and in more complex surroundings. Commensurate with this shift is the evolution of language and terms used to describe suchmeasurements, which at the broadest level have been referred to generally by communities as “non-ambient”, but really encompass a wider range of sample measurement modalities. This work provides direction for the use of Latin and terms of other origin used to describe the details of the characterization of samples, serving as a basis for consistent language for communities to discuss sample characterization modalities (see Table 1). Section 4 provides a technical commentary on Latin and other origin terms for measurement modalities, which may be of interest as well as help inform decisions about their use and future development. This work is a product of a multidisci- plinary collaboration of researchers in chemistry/physics and in Latin language and its historical development. It is recognized that although some terms here may be considered as linguistically incorrect from the historical Table : Sample characterization modalities and typical terms used to describe them. Characterization modality Term(s) Sample at steady state under ambient conditions No term used Sample at steady state and held at a particular environmental parameter within a controlled environment such as a sample environment device. Examples: An electrode material within a battery; a sample held at a particular temperature within a cryostat; a sample sealed in a closed vessel, protected from the external environment. in situ Sample after modification. Example: An electrode material modified in a battery and then extracted for characterization; a catalyst removed from a catalytic reactor after use and characterized externally. ex situ post mortem posthumous Sample not at steady state under non-equilibrium and non-ambient conditions. Example: An electrode material within a battery during cycling of the battery; a working catalyst inside a catalytic reactor under reaction conditions. in operando operando Sample under vacuum. in vacuo Sample probed by several typically separate characterization tools at the same time. Example: Simultaneous imaging and diffraction characterization of a material. Multimodal Sample probed in parts of a larger sample. Example: An electrode material within a series of gauge volumes within a battery. Mapping Spatially resolved Sample characterized after modification without being removed from the environment used for modification. Example: An electrode within a battery after cycling. post facto ex post facto Sample, usually biological, characterized inside a living system. Example: Cells in a plant. in vivo Sample, usually biological, characterized outside a living system. Example: Cells in culture. in vitro Quantity or qualitative characteristic that is calculated, sometimes from first principles. Example: Computational calculation of a molecular structure. ab initio Quantity or qualitative characteristic that is calculated (by a computer). in silico 1532 V.K. Peterson et al.: Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization perspective, they have garnered substantial use and meaning within particular communities and their use may not change as a result of the commentary provided. Experiments are tailored to target specific information within a system, and a number of factors and considerations contribute to achieving desired conditions for characterization of a sample. (1) Is the sample being probed as part of a system where the other components are of importance? The matrix may be of the same composition as the sample, such as for spatially resolved characterization. (2) Is there an environmental parameter of the sample being controlled such as within a sample environment device? (3) Is the sample a closed system or are there input/output components and is the sample changing in response to these? (4) Is the sample steady state or changing in response to an environmental parameter and is non-equilibrium? 2 Glossary 2.1 Terms This section provides definitions for terms used in sample characterization, in the context of this Technical Report. The terms considered include those that have slightly different definitions in the broader chemistry fields as well as those used predominantly within sample characterization specifically. System. Part or phenomenon of the perceivable or conceivable universe consisting of a demarcated arrangement of a set of entities and a set of relations between these entities, see entry 3.73, [1]. In the present context, the system is the sample, matrix, and any components added or removed during an experiment. Sample. Material being studied. Note: Analytical sample is defined as: Sample, taken and, if need be, prepared from a laboratory sample, portions of which are subject to chemical analysis, see entry 3.65, [1]. Matrix. Materials and components within the surroundings of the sample. The matrix may enable the characterization or function of the sample. Note: In chemical analysis, matrix is defined as: Analytical sample excluding the analyte, with the note: In matrix reference material, the concept “matrix” is used in the sense of a kind of material, see entry 3.44, [1]. Environmental parameter. Condition of the sample such as temperature, pressure, magnetic field, electric field, etc., that is controlled or measured. Sample environment device. Device that controls an environmental parameter such as a furnace. Component. Part of a system, see entry 3.24, [1]. Input component. Component that is added to a system including the sample, such as a reactant or carrier gas. Output component. Component that is removed from a system, including the sample, such as a product of a chemical reaction. Steady state. State of a system in which one or more characteristics do not change with time, see page 2298, [2]. The use of steady state without qualification of the characteristic implies constant composition and structure. Steady state does not necessarily imply thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium. State of a system that is changing with time, such as undergoing a reaction, see page 175, [3]. Not in a steady state. Ambient. Uncontrolled immediate surroundings of the system. V.K. Peterson et al.: Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization 1533 While relatively close to the Oxford English dictionary (OED) definition 1.a “That surrounds or encircles; that lies on all sides of something; encompassing” [4], this definition differs slightly from standard definitions found in chemistry fields such as atmospheric chemistry, see page 2173 [5], and also from that defined in the CRC handbook of chemistry and physics [6]. 3 Background and history There has been a growing use of Latin terminology and phrasing over time in the scientific literature. Coupled with this is a lack of consistency in the use of such terms. Over the past few decades, an increasing number of research studies, particularly in materials science, have dealt with new analytical approaches allowing the investigation of a sample under specific conditions. To describe such sample conditions, Latin origin expressions such as in situ and operando (also used in the form in operando) were introduced. Thefirst of these two expressionswas introduced in the beginning of the 20th century, and a consistent growth of use can be dated back to the late 1800s. At that time, it was employedmainly in the fields of engineering related to oil extraction and geological surveys, or in medicine, to designate analyses made, for example, inside an oil well or within a living body. A steady growth of the use of in situ is registered around 1985 (Fig. 1), when it first gained usemainly in materials science, specifically in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Indeed, such catalyst materials are usually treated by heating under a controlled atmosphere, and the sample is compositionally altered by exposure to ambient air which may contain variable amounts of water (moisture). It is therefore necessary to control the environmental conditions of such samples during a charac- terization study, with such conditions termed in situ. From the field of heterogeneous catalysis, this term evolved over time and is now widely applied in most fields of materials science. The development and use of in situ evidently triggered the use of the counter expression ex situ, to describe the sample condition where the environmental parameters of heat and atmosphere were no longer controlled. Use of the term operando to describe sample characterization originates from the field of heterogeneous catalysis, in response to the need to describe the condition where the sample was under application, in studies aimed at understanding the sample’s working structure. The use of this term was first proposed at the 220th American Chemical Society National Meeting in Washington, DC (August 2000), as testified in “Snapshots of a working catalyst: possibilities and limitations of in situ spectroscopy in the field of heterogeneous catalysis” [7], as well as in a review about the importance of such studies in unveiling the structure of active sites in heterogeneous catalysis [8]. The term operando was “proposed as an alternative to in situ by Miguel Banares (Spanish National Research Council, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry) during a lively discussion with Eric Gaigneaux, Fig. 1: Use of the expressions in situ, ex situ, and (in) operando in the scientific literature over time until 2021 (Source Scopus). 1534 V.K. Peterson et al.: Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization Gerhard Mestl, and Bert Weckhuysen” [7]. Operando spectroscopy in its original definition is “the shortened version of spectra of an operando or a working catalyst” [7]. The form in operando emerged in 2004 [9], with both forms rapidly increasing in use since their introduction and extending to other fields of materials science, with in operando rising at a faster rate. Other termsmore commonly used in science now, such as in vivo, were only relatively recently introduced to the language of science, despite use by medieval writers and philosophers with other meanings. Further terms, including some derived from Latin, have emerged to describe the conditions of samples under study. A combined search of the Scopus database of both hyphenated and non-hyphenated terms used in research communities, as shown in Table 1, was performed and is shown in Table 2. 4 Latin derivation and usage of terms See Table 1 for descriptions of characterization modalities of terms in the scientific literature against which a commentary is made below. Where examples are given, they are reproduced exactly as formatted from the publication, including differences in hyphenation, italicization, and use. Terms AD and CE refer to the global standard for the measurement of date Anno Domini and Common Era, respectively. In situ, ex situ Examples: – “In most laboratories, ex situ techniques are always undertaken to investigate the failure modes of lithium ion batteries” [21]. – “To avoid the possible reactions between sample and air, various in situ devices were designed to study the structure changes and interface evolutions during electrochemical cycles” [21]. – “Li foil surface thickness changes were determined by in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry” [22]. – “Recently, in situ reaction monitoring using dedicated techniques was shown to be well-suited for the identification of intermediates and to obtain kinetic insights” [23]. – “Passive sampling can be applied in the field (in situ) or under controlled laboratory conditions (ex situ)” [24]. Comment: Situsmeans the “position” of something, or “the particular position occupied by a thing, its site” (OLD “situs” 1, [25]). Both in situ and ex situ are prepositional phrases that combine thiswordwith the prepositions in (“in”) and Table : Popularity of terms considered in Section  thought to be of Latin origin in research article titles, abstracts, and keywords (Scopus, August ). Expression Number of publications First appearance of term in the search as it relates to a sample in vitro     [] in vivo     [] in situ    [] ab initio    [] in silico    [] post mortem    [] ex situ    [] posthumous   [] in vacuo   [] operando   [] in operando   [] post facto   [] ex post facto   [] V.K. Peterson et al.: Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization 1535 ex (“out of”) to describe something that is either in or out of a certain specific environment. The phrase in situ is not found in Classical Latin (i.e., Latin before approximately 200 AD) but is first found in the 4th century CE from Augustine onward (according to the LLT [26]) and becomes common in Medieval Latin to express the notion of “within something.” There are no examples of the phrase ex situ in Classical Latin either, but there are a few occurrences in later times. In situmay be used to indicate something which is in its own place or proper position or in a certain place or position. On the other hand, ex situ seems not to refer to something departing from its own place or condition (the nuance of “ex”), but it is rather used in various expressions conveying the sense “according to (the position of)” or “based upon” etc. Therefore, the proposed definition of in situ to describe somethingwithin its normal place or condition (e.g., an electrodewithin a battery) would be correct Latin. As to ex situ, there are no surviving examples of this phrase in Latin texts written up to modern times conveying the sense of something being “outside its normal place or condition” (e.g., an electrode extracted from a battery). Theoretically, the phrase may well be used to convey the opposite of in situ, but that would depend on the verb used with it, and extra situm (attested once in the 1st century CE and twice in the 14–15th centuries CE, according to the LLT [26]) would be a better option, as it is unambiguous. Operando, in operando Examples: – “Neutron powder diffraction (NPD) provides unique and useful information concerning the structure– function relation of battery components and can be used to study the changes to component phase and structure during battery cycling, known as in operando measurement studies” [27]. – “While there are many in situ and operando studies10–13 involving spectroscopy, structural, chemical, and surface characterization tools” [28]. – “Operando and in situ techniques are becoming mandatory to study Li-ion, post Li-ion, and solid-state batteries” [29]. – “Operando X-ray absorption and quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the Cu surface speciation showed a strong dependence on the anolyte concentration” [30]. – “In-situ/operando scanning transmission soft X-ray microscopy (STXM), which allows measuring the unoc- cupied electronic structure with 25 nm spatial resolution in the presence of liquids or reactant gases” [31]. – “This requires in situ or operando measurements sensitive to the aforementioned sample changes” [32]. Comment: In operando literally means “in a state of activity” (literally “in [a state of] being busy”); the meaning of the verb operor is “to busy oneself, to be at work” (OLD “operor” 1, [25]). The grammatical form of both operando and in operando is the ablative of the gerund (“-ing” verbal noun), without or with the accompanying preposition “in”, respectively. The verb operor is found in Latin from the archaic period onward and is common. However, operando as an ablative gerund without a preposition is not classical usage, albeit rarely found in the Latin of the Roman imperial period. Classical usage would favor the form in + gerund, thus in operando and not operando would be preferred. No specific examples of in operando are found in Classical Latin either, but according to the LLT [26], it is used from the 4th century CE onward and becomes common in theMiddle Ages. The grammar point at issue is that the ablative case of a gerund (“being busy”) takes a preposition. An ablative gerund can appear without a preposition when it conveys means, cause or manner, but this is not what a phrase is communicating if it describes the sample being measured in a state of activity. There is maybe some small ambiguity in using operandowithout the preposition in, as it may suggest “because of being in a state of activity” (cause), or “by being in a state of activity” (means), or describe the adverbial manner or circumstance in which an action took place. It is unambiguous in meaning with the preposition in. We therefore suggest using in operando rather than operando, in spite of the prior introduction of the term operando in the scientific literature (vide supra). In vivo Examples: – “Since in vitro studies cannot entirely predict the influence the drug will have on organs and organ systems, or even the interaction with other drugs, in vivo studies are needed to clarify data concerning therapeutic drugs before clinical trials are carried out” [33]. – “In vivo calcium imaging from axons provides direct interrogation of afferent neural activity” [34]. 1536 V.K. Peterson et al.: Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization Comment: In vivo is a prepositional phrase combining the preposition in (“in, on, among”) and the neuter of the adjective vivus -a -um (“living, alive”). It literally means “in a living thing.” As an adjective the term vivus generally means “living”; as a noun it can indicate living beings, a living man in the masculine form vivus, -i, a living thing in the neuter vivum, -i (see L&S “vīvus”, [35]; OLD “vivus”, [25]). From the point of view of Latin usage, the expression is perfectly suited to evoke anything related to living beings such as cellular materials. In vitro Examples: – “in vitro studies are critical to the drug development process due to their ability to provide a basis for predicting the clinical results of a drug, including the success or failure of the drug in vivo” [33]. – “The two-plasmid approach was used for all in vitro characterization, while the bicistronic approach was used for in vivo characterization” [34]. Comment: Vitrum in post-classical andMedieval Latinmeans both glass and a containermade of glass, such as a cup or a glass (OLD “vitrum” 1, [25]; L&S “vitrum” I, [35]; Du Cange “vitrum”, [36]; DMLBS “vitrum” 1, [37]). The expression can beused to describe anything that is preserved or grows inside a glass receptacle.With respect tomanipulation outside of a living entity, the correct Latin phrase would be extra vivum, comprising the preposition extra (“beyond the boundaries of”) and the neuter accusative form of the adjective vivus -a -um (“living, alive”). In vacuo Examples: – “In vacuo X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) integrated with the ALD reactor was employed to monitor the chemical changes of the investigated Li surface” [22]. – “The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo” [38]. Comment: In vacuo is a prepositional phrase combining the preposition in (“in, on, among”) and the neuter of the adjective vacuus (“empty”). Vacuus refers to something (such as places, recipients, etc.) not containing or holding anything, empty (OLD “vacuus” 1, [25]). The expression in vacuo meaning “in an empty space” and “in the void” is mainly attested from theMiddle Ages according to the LLT [26], which contains examples from Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, andRoger Bacon, and is frequently used in the language of philosophers, natural scientists and astronomers of the Renaissance, with examples from Galileo Galilei and Christian Wolff. This expression can be used to indicate surroundings devoid of matter or the condition of a sample not surrounded by matter or put into a void space. Post facto, ex post facto Examples: – “In any case, it can be expected that with further application of nanoparticles, both systematic studies and post facto analysis of nanoparticles and neurotoxicity will be formulated and become of critical importance to next-generation neuro-nano interfaces” [39]. – “Samples were heated for 40 min with diffraction patterns collected every 20 min and then cooled to room temperature before ex post facto diffraction patterns were taken” [40]. Comment: Post facto is a prepositional phrase, which literallymeans “after the (or ‘an’) event has taken place” or “after a (or ‘the’) thing has been done.” The nuance of the preposition post is “at a time subsequent to, after” (OLD “post” 2.2, [25]). The use of post with an ablative noun is much less common than with an accusative noun in classical usage. In Classical Latin there are no examples of post facto, specifically, but the form is permissible. Ex post facto is a prepositional phrase which means “in light of subsequent events.” It combines the prep- osition ex (“from,” indicating the source or origin of a phenomenon: OLD “ex” 14, [25]) with the ablative of the word postfactum “that which is done subsequently.” Post factummay appear as one word or as two. Ex postfacto V.K. Peterson et al.: Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization 1537 first appears in Late Antiquity in legal texts, from the Digest of Justinian (529 AD) onward, according to the LLT [26]. Both post facto and ex post facto can be used in the sense of “retroactively” or “because of subsequent occurrence.” Post mortem Examples: – “In order to investigate the distinct degradations of the aged cells, post-mortem analyses were applied to three cells that aged at different voltage values” [41]. – “Post mortem or ex situ analysis can hardly reveal the stage at which deactivation happens” [32]. Comment: Postmortem is a prepositional phrase combining the preposition post (“after”) and the accusative of the noun mors (“death”). The phrase post mortem is very common in Latin of all periods.Mors is usually used of human or animal death, but it can be used figuratively for the annihilation or extinction of material or immaterial things (OLD “mors” 4, [25]). Postmortem can be used to describe any action or event taking place “after (the) death (literal or figurative)” of something and its use to describe “spent sample” seems appropriate. Posthumous Examples: – “The posthumous analysis was carried out by analysing the electrodes after cycling events such as first charging, first discharging and after 100 cycles” [42]. Comment: Posthumous is not a Latin term. It derives from postumus “last,” “born after the father’s death,” via a folk etymology from post (“after”) and humus (“ground”). The Latin word postumus is the superlative degree of the adjective posterus “occurring later”; it is common in Latin of all periods, especially as the name given to a son born after the death of his biological father. Posthumous is used in a similar way to post mortem, with the latter term being more consistent with its linguistic origins. Ab initio Examples: – “To probe the nature of the possible solid products, ab initio random structure searching (AIRSS) is carried out for various LixS1–x compounds” [43]. Comment: Ab initio is a prepositional phrase combining the preposition ab (“from”) and the ablative of the noun initium (“beginning, commencement”). The phrase ab initio is very common in Latin of all periods. Cicero uses the word initium (in the plural form initia) to mean “first principles,” and so the phrase ab initiis would be correct Latin expression for “from first principles” using these terms. However, the specific phrase ab initiis is not found in this specific sense.Ab initio can be used to describe any action or event taking place “from the beginning,” referring to time. If the intention is to mean “first principles,” the phrase ab initiis would be the correct form, although no examples of ab initiis are found. In silico Examples: – “Such modular approaches offer great promise for automated in silico design and, via automated synthesis, also for in vitro experiments in catalysis” [44]. – “Through systematic in silico transcription factor perturbation in the developing zebrafish, we simulate and experimentally validate a previously unreported phenotype that results from the loss of noto, an established notochord regulator” [45]. 1538 V.K. Peterson et al.: Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization Comment: This phrase does not appear in Classical Latin. There is no Classical Latin word silicum. In 19th century scientific Latin, the term silicium was coined to describe the newly-discovered element “silicon” (Si); it derives from Classical Latin silex meaning “stone” or “flint.” The Latin etymology of the English word “computer” is computare “to calculate, count up, reckon” (OLD “computo” 1, [25]): perhaps a neologism such as computatrum or instrumentum computatorium may be closer. The form in silico is not attested in Latin; in silicio would be comprehensible to describe something made or designed on a computer, but the more expected phrase would be in computatro or e computatro, or simply computatro.No examples of computatro are found in the literature. 5 Style conventions Both hyphenated and non-hyphenated terms appear in the literature, aswell as amixture of italicization for Latin and other derived terms. Specific journals may have particular style conventions, such as outlined in the American Chemical Society style guide for publications [46], which suggests that Latin terms such as in situ and in vitro should not be italicized. It is suggested in this Technical Report that these terms be used without hyphenation and that all Latin derived terms are italicized. 6 Membership of Analytical Chemistry Division 2021–2023 President: David Shaw; Vice President: Derek Craston; Past President: Zoltán Mester; Secretary: Luisa Torsi; Titular Members: Resat Apak, Vasilisa B. Baranovskaia, Jiří Barek, Ilya Kuselman, Takae Takeuchi, Susanne KristinaWiedmer; Associate Members: Franziska Emmerling, EricoMarlon deMoraes Flores, Ivo Leito, Hongmei Li, Aura Tintaru,Winfield EarleWaghorne; National Representatives: Raychelle Burks, Hye Ryung Byon, Orawon Chailapakul, Jan Labuda, Charles Lucy,M. Clara F.Magalhães, Thalappil Pradeep,Malarvili Ramalingam, RufusH. Sha’Ato, Danny van Oevelen; Emeritus Fellow: D. Brynn Hibbert. Research ethics: Not applicable. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest. Research funding: None declared. Data availability: Not applicable. References [1] D. B. Hibbert, E.-H. Korte, U. Örnemark. Pure Appl. Chem. 93, 997 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0819. [2] G. Svehla. Pure Appl. Chem. 65, 2291 (1993), https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199365102291. [3] K. J. Laidler. Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 149 (1996), https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199668010149. [4] OED = Oxford English Dictionary, OED Online, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2023), www.oed.com/view/Entry/6134 (accessed Apr 30, 2023). [5] J. G. Calvert. Pure Appl. Chem. 62, 2167 (1990), https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199062112167. [6] J. Rumble (Ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Hoboken, 103rd ed. (2022). [7] B. M. Weckhuysen. Chem. Commun. 38, 97 (2002), https://doi.org/10.1039/B107686H. [8] C. Vogt, B. M. Weckhuysen. Nat. Rev. Chem. 6, 89 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-021-00340-y. [9] E. Odier, Y. Schuurman, K. Barral, C. Mirodatos. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 147, 79 (2004), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(04)80031-4. [10] E. A. Shaw, M. B. Contab. Br. Med. J. 1, 1074 (1903), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.2210.1074. [11] F. Unruh. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 22, 746 (1896), https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1204740. [12] C. W. Jenks. Q. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 30, 303 (1874), https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1874.030.01-04.38. V.K. Peterson et al.: Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization 1539 https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0819 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199365102291 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199668010149 http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/6134 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199062112167 https://doi.org/10.1039/B107686H https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-021-00340-y https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(04)80031-4 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.2210.1074 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1204740 https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1874.030.01-04.38 [13] P. D. McMaster. J. Exp. Med. 35, 127 (1922), https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.35.2.127. [14] H. B. Sieburg, J. A. McCutchan, O. K. Clay, L. Cabalerro, J. J. Ostlund. Phys. D: Nonlinear Phenom. 45, 208 (1990), https://doi.org/10.1016/ 0167-2789(90)90184-Q. [15] J. W. Putnam. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 17, 120 (1892), https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-189202000-00005. [16] L. L. Braun, J. H. Looker. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 359 (1958), https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01535a027. [17] J. W. B. Douglas. Br. J. Urol. 17, 142 (1945), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1945.tb10571.x. [18] A. Booth. J. Franklin Inst. 15, 48 (1833), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-0032(33)90978-3. [19] J. M. Morris. Contraception 2, 85 (1970), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(70)80017-8. [20] R. Freedman. Am. J. Sociol. 55, 485 (1950), https://doi.org/10.1086/220589. [21] J. Shu, M. Shui, D. Xu, S. Gao, T. Yi, D. J. Wang, X. Li, Y. Ren. Ionics 17, 503 (2011), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-011-0544-4. [22] B. Zhao, J. Li, M. Guillaume, J. Dendooven, C. Detavernier. J. Energy Chem. 66, 295 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.08.032. [23] A. Madani, B. Pieber. ChemCatChem 15, e202201583 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202201583. [24] M. T. O. Jonker, R. M. Burgess, U. Ghosh, P. M. Gschwend, S. E. Hale, R. Lohmann, M. J. Lydy, K. A. Maruya, D. Reible, F. Smedes. Nat. Protoc. 15, 1800 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-020-0311-y. [25] P. G. W. Glare (Ed.). OLD = Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2nd ed. (2012). [26] LLT = The Library of Latin Texts, Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, Belgium, online at http://clt.brepolis.net/llta/. [27] G. Liang, C. Didier, Z. Guo, W. K. Pang, V. K. Peterson. Adv. Mater. 32, 1904528 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201904528. [28] S. Basak, K. Dzieciol, Y. E. Durmus, H. Tempel, H. Kungl, C. George, J. Mayer, R.-A. Eichel. Chem. Phys. Rev. 3, 031303 (2022), https://doi.org/ 10.1063/5.0075430. [29] L. Blondeau, S. Surblé, E. Foy, H. Khodja, S. Belin, M. Gauthier. Anal. Chem. 94, 9683 (2022), https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs. analchem.2c01056. [30] J. Guo, E. Crumlin. Synchrotron Radiat. News 30, 2 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2017.1289796. [31] G. A. El-Nagar, F. Haun, S. Gupta, S. Stojkovikj, M. T. Mayer. Nat. Commun. 14, 2062 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37520-x. [32] M. L. Schulte, S. Weber, L. Klag, J.-D. Grunwaldt, T. L. Sheppard. Catal. Sci. Technol. 12, 6069 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CY00972B. [33] K. Brake, A. Gumireddy, A. Tiwari, H. Chauhan, D. Kumari. Pharm. Anal. Acta 8, 1000560 (2017), https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435. 1000560. [34] G. J. Broussard, Y. Liang,M. Fridman, E. K. Unger, G.Meng, X. Xiao, N. Ji, L. Petreanu, L. Tian.Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1272 (2018), https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41593-018-0211-4. [35] L&S = C.T. Lewis, C. Short. A Latin Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1879). [36] C. D. F. Du Cange. Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis, 10 vols, L. Favre, Niort (1883–1887) (Paris, 1678). [37] R. K. Ashdowne, D. R. Howlett, R. E. Latham (Eds.). DMLBS = Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, British Academy, Oxford (2018). [38] N. Frank, J. Nugent, B. R. Shire, H. D. Pickford, P. Rabe, A. J. Sterling, T. Zarganes-Tzitzikas, T. Grimes, A. L. Thompson, R. C. Smith, C. J. Schofield, P. E. Brennan, F. Duarte, E. A. Anderson. Nature 611, 721 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05290-z. [39] A. T. Young, N. Cornwell, M. A. Daniele. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1700239 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201700239. [40] A. Wustrow, G. Huang, M. J. McDermott, D. O’Nolan, C.-H. Liu, G. T. Tran, B. C. McBride, S. S. Dwaraknath, K. W. Chapman, S. J. L. Billinge. Chem. Mater. 33, 3692 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00700. [41] N. El Ghossein, A. Sari, P. Venet, S. Genies, P. Azaïs. J. Energy Storage 33, 102039 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102039. [42] S. Theivaprakasam, D. R. MacFarlane, S. Mitra. Electrochim. Acta 180, 737 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.137. [43] K. A. See, M. Leskes, J. M. Griffin, S. Britto, P. D. Matthews, A. Emly, A. Van der Ven, D. S. Wright, A. J. Morris, C. P. Grey, R. Seshadri. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 16368 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1021/ja508982p. [44] M. Foscato, V. R. Jensen. ACS Catal. 10, 2354 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b04952. [45] K. Kamimoto, B. Stringa, C. M. Hoffmann, K. Jindal, L. Solnica-Krezel, S. A. Morris.Nature 614, 742 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586- 022-05279-8. [46] A. M. Coghill, L. R. Garson (Eds.). The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information, Oxford University Press, New York, 3rd ed. (2006). 1540 V.K. Peterson et al.: Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.35.2.127 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(90)90184-Q https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(90)90184-Q https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-189202000-00005 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01535a027 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1945.tb10571.x https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-0032(33)90978-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(70)80017-8 https://doi.org/10.1086/220589 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-011-0544-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.08.032 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202201583 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-020-0311-y http://clt.brepolis.net/llta/ https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201904528 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0075430 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0075430 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01056 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01056 https://doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2017.1289796 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37520-x https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CY00972B https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000560 https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000560 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0211-4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0211-4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05290-z https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201700239 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00700 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102039 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.137 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja508982p https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b04952 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05279-8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05279-8 Terms of Latin origin relating to sample characterization (IUPAC Technical Report) 1 Introduction 2 Glossary 2.1 Terms 3 Background and history 4 Latin derivation and usage of terms 5 Style conventions 6 Membership of Analytical Chemistry Division 2021–2023 References dg_journals_content_WEB_settings_PDFA-2B.joboptions << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (Euroscale Coated v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Warning /CompatibilityLevel 1.7 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages false /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.1000 /ColorConversionStrategy /sRGB /DoThumbnails true /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 35 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness false /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments false /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Remove /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages false /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 10 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 600 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1000 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.10000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /CreateJDFFile false /Description << /DEU /ENU () /ENN () >> /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ << /AsReaderSpreads false /CropImagesToFrames true /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false /IncludeGuidesGrids false /IncludeNonPrinting false /IncludeSlug false /Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (4.0) ] /OmitPlacedBitmaps false /OmitPlacedEPS false /OmitPlacedPDF false /SimulateOverprint /Legacy >> << /AllowImageBreaks true /AllowTableBreaks true /ExpandPage false /HonorBaseURL true /HonorRolloverEffect false /IgnoreHTMLPageBreaks false /IncludeHeaderFooter false /MarginOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] /MetadataAuthor () /MetadataKeywords () /MetadataSubject () /MetadataTitle () /MetricPageSize [ 0 0 ] /MetricUnit /inch /MobileCompatible 0 /Namespace [ (Adobe) (GoLive) (8.0) ] /OpenZoomToHTMLFontSize false /PageOrientation /Portrait /RemoveBackground false /ShrinkContent true /TreatColorsAs /MainMonitorColors /UseEmbeddedProfiles false /UseHTMLTitleAsMetadata true >> << /AddBleedMarks false /AddColorBars false /AddCropMarks false /AddPageInfo false /AddRegMarks false /BleedOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK /DestinationProfileName (ISO Coated v2 \(ECI\)) /DestinationProfileSelector /UseName /Downsample16BitImages true /FlattenerPreset << /ClipComplexRegions true /ConvertStrokesToOutlines false /ConvertTextToOutlines false /GradientResolution 300 /LineArtTextResolution 1200 /PresetName /PresetSelector /HighResolution /RasterVectorBalance 1 >> /FormElements true /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 8.503940 /MarksWeight 0.250000 /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName /PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ] >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [600 600] /PageSize [595.276 841.890] >> setpagedevice