Browsing by Author "Whiting, SD"

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    Plutonium and other radionuclides persist across marine-to-terrestrial ecotopes in the Montebello Islands sixty years after nuclear tests
    (Elsevier, 2019-11-15) Johansen, MP; Child, DP; Cresswell, T; Harrison, JJ; Hotchkis, MAC; Howell, NR; Johansen, A; Sdraulig, S; Thiruvoth, S; Young, EL; Whiting, SD
    Since the 1956 completion of nuclear testing at the Montebello Islands, Western Australia, this remote uninhabited island group has been relatively undisturbed (no major remediations) and currently functions as high-value marine and terrestrial habitat within the Montebello/Barrow Islands Marine Conservation Reserves. The former weapons testing sites, therefore, provide a unique opportunity for assessing the fate and behaviour of Anthropocene radionuclides subjected to natural processes across a range of shallow-marine to island-terrestrial ecological units (ecotopes). We collected soil, sediment and biota samples and analysed their radionuclide content using gamma and alpha spectrometry, photostimulated luminescence autoradiography and accelerator mass spectrometry. We found the activity levels of the fission and neutron-activation products have decreased by ~hundred-fold near the ground zero locations. However, Pu concentrations remain elevated, some of which are high relative to most other Australian and international sites (up to 25,050 Bq kg−1 of 239+240+241Pu). Across ecotopes, Pu ranked from highest to lowest in the following order: island soils > dunes > foredunes > marine sediments > and beach intertidal zone. Low values of Pu and other radionuclides were detected in all local wildlife tested including endangered species. Activity concentrations ranked (highest to lowest) terrestrial arthropods > terrestrial mammal and reptile bones > algae > oyster flesh > whole crab > sea turtle bone > stingray and teleost fish livers > sea cucumber flesh > sea turtle skin > teleost fish muscle. The three detonations (one from within a ship and two from 30 m towers) resulted in differing contaminant forms, with the ship detonation producing the highest activity concentrations and finer more inhalable particulate forms. The three sites are distinct in their 240/239Pu and 241/239Pu atom ratios, including the Pu transported by natural process or within migratory living organisms. Crown Copyright © 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V
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    Recent survey of plutonium at the Montebello Islands nuclear test sites: uptake in marine and terrestrial organisms in a radioactive-particle environment
    (South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association, 2018-11-06) Johansen, MP; Child, DP; Cresswell, T; Harrison, JJ; Hotchkis, MAC; Howell, NR; Thiruvoth, S; Young, EL; Sdraulig, S; Whiting, SD
    The plutonium (Pu) residues from the former nuclear weapons tests at the Montebello Islands, Australia, provide unique opportunities for radioecological science. The area has important ecological and conservation values and supports marine and terrestrial threatened species. Local fallout from the l95Os tests left a legacy of fission products and actinides, often in the form of radioactive particles. Plutonium is penvasive and persistent at the sites. Of the nuclear test residues, it remains the primary exposure hazard to wildlife, human visitors and researchers. The highest totalPu measurement in soil found by our limited 2015 sampling (25,050 Bd kg-1) is well above post-cleanup levels at Maralinga and international benchmarks (e.g. the 100 Bq kg-1 IAEA benchmark for the release of material to the public). Other residual radionuclides are present and generally rank (highest-to-lowest activity concentrations): totalPu > 137Cs > 90Sr > 241Am > 152Eu > totalU > 230Th > 60Co although some local variation exists. Across ecological zones, radionuclide levels generally rank: island soils > dunes > beach above high tide (turtle nesting zones) > sea sediments > and intertidal zone. The intertidal beach is the least contaminated zone as many of the radionuclides have been washed into the nearby waters and sea sediments by daily waves as well as frequent storms. However, higher activity concentrations occur below the surface sands, with the maximum occurring at ~1 m at Burgundy Bay beach near the Mosaic G2 test site. At the ground-zero areas, gamma dose rates have reduced by about lOO-fold since 1962 due to the depletion of short-lived neutron activation products. The gamma emissions are easily detected by hand-held devices. Away from these areas, the Pu, in particular, is persistent but is not readily detectable in the field. The use of hand-held detectors or radiation badges alone does not effectively detect the Pu, 90Sr, and other key radionuclides, and therefore may provide a false sense of security to researchers and island visitors. Radionuclide activity concentrations were measured for representative ecological organisms including: algae, oysters, sea cucumbers, crabs, stingrays, fish, and sea turtles. The Pu isotopic signatures from the three tests are distinct from each other, and from world-wide fallout. These signatures could aid in determining local vs regional occupancy and may be useful, along with stable isotopes and other markers, in migration and habitat usage studies for turtles and other species.