Browsing by Author "Stelcer, E"

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    Accelerator based ion beam analysis techniques contribute to a better understanding of long range fine particle pollution in Asia
    (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2012-09-15) Cohen, DD; Stelcer, E; Crawford, J; Bac, VT
    Fine-particle pollution in large populated Asian cities can be very high compared with internationally accepted health goals. Much of this fine-particle pollution is produced by motor vehicles, fossil-fuel combustion, industrial processes and even windblown soils from desert regions. As part of a long term project in the Asian region with support from the IAEA, ANSTO has been using nuclear techniques not only to characterize fine-particle pollution, but also to quantify their sources and origins within Vietnam. © International Atomic Energy Agency
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    Aeolian dust: its potential role as a carrier of terrestrial salt in Australia
    (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 2008-07) Shiga, Y; Greene, RSB; Scott, K; Stelcer, E
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    Airborne ultrafine particles in a Pacific Island country: characteristics, sources and implications for human exposure
    (Elsevier, 2017-09-25) Isley, CF; Nelson, PF; Taylor, MP; Mazaheri, M; Morawska, L; Atanacio, AJ; Stelcer, E; Cohen, DD; Morrison, AL
    The Pacific Islands carry a perception of having clean air, yet emissions from transport and burning activities are of concern in regard to air quality and health. Ultrafine particle number concentrations (PNCs), one of the best metrics to demonstrate combustion emissions, have not been measured either in Suva or elsewhere in the Islands. This work provides insight into PNC variation across Suva and its relationship with particle mass (PM) concentration and composition. Measurements over a short monitoring campaign provide a vignette of conditions in Suva. Ambient PNCs were monitored for 8 day at a fixed location, and mobile PNC sampling for two days. These were compared with PM concentration (TSP, PM10, PM2.5, PM1) and are discussed in relation to black carbon (BC) content and PM2.5 sources, determined from elemental concentrations; for the October 2015 period and longer-term data. Whilst Suva City PM levels remained fairly low, PM2.5 = 10–12 μg m−3, mean PNC (1.64 ± 0.02 × 104 cm−3) was high compared to global data. PNCs were greater during mobile sampling, with means of 10.3 ± 1.4 × 104 cm−3 and 3.51 ± 0.07 × 104 cm−3 when travelling by bus and taxi, respectively. Emissions from road vehicles, shipping, diesel and open burning were identified as PM sources for the October 2015 period. Transport related ultrafine particle emissions had a significant impact on microscale ambient concentrations, with PNCs near roads being 1.5 to 2 times higher than nearby outdoor locations and peak PNCs occurring during peak traffic times. Further data, particularly on transport and wet-season exposures, are required to confirm results. Understanding PNC in Suva will assist in formulating effective air emissions control strategies, potentially reducing population exposure across the Islands and in developing countries with similar emission characteristics. Suva's PNC was high in comparison to global data; high exposures were related to transport and combustion emissions, which were also identified as significant PM2.5 sources. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Ambient air quality and indoor exposure: PM2.5 implications for health in Suva Fiji
    (Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2018-03-01) Isley, CF; Nelson, PF; Taylor, MP; Morrison, AL; Atanacio, AJ; Stelcer, E; Cohen, DD
    Air quality data collected at urban background locations is often assumed to represent a wider urban area. Localised sources and conditions can however cause variation between different microenvironments in the same urban area. Differences in PM2.5 (particulate less than 2.5 μm) composition may also have greater implications for health outcomes than PM2.5 concentration considered alone. Samples of PM2.5 were collected for three outdoor and nine indoor microenvironments across Suva, Fiji in 2014/15. Elemental concentration data have been used to estimate source contributions to PM2.5 for each site. The 12 sites are compared to concurrent ambient measurements at a fixed monitoring site in Suva City and to ambient photometer data. The objective is to determine how well ambient measurements represent air quality across the city, including indoor environments. Surveys were used to determine how much time is spent indoors and outdoors by Suva residents to ascertain potential exposure risks. Results show that PM2.5 concentration and composition varies significantly between the different microenvironments studied. Indoor air quality was affected by both ambient air and indoor sources. Fuel used for cooking, particularly wood and kerosene, influenced indoor PM2.5 and black carbon. Given that the survey showed that people spend more time indoors than outdoors, as experienced elsewhere in the world, ambient measures of PM2.5 concentration and calculated related health risk does not accurately reflect exposures arising from city indoor microenvironments. © 2018 The Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand
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    ANSTO heavy ion ToF for analysis of light elements in thin films
    (Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering (AINSE), 2007-11) Ionescu, M; Zhao, Y; Siegele, R; Cohen, DD; Lynch, D; Garton, D; Stelcer, E; Prior, MJ
    Thin films have various potential applications in electronic devices, and their performance is intricately linked with the electric and magnetic properties of the film, in which an important role is played by the presence of light elements, in particular Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. The source of light elements, the form in which they are incorporated into the thin film, and how this is influencing the MgB2 thin film properties is currently under scrutiny by various research groups. Typically these films are grown on oxide ceramic substrates, such as Al2O3-C and it is possible that the source of Oxygen is the substrate itself or the growth atmosphere. Here we report on a study of light elements in MgB2 thin films grown on various substrates, using heavy ions recoil and a time-of-flight detector. A series of MgB2 thin film samples produced by PLD (pulsed laser deposition) were analyzed, including films produced in-situ on Al2O3-C substrates with an on-axis and off-axis geometry, one film produced in-situ with an off-axis geometry, and one film produced ex-situ, with a bulk-like Tc. We also analyzed one film produced with on-axis geometry under the same conditions on Si (001) substrate. The amount of Oxygen detected by ToF, appears to be correlated with the Tc of the films, the higher the Tc the lower the oxygen content. Also, the superconducting properties of the examined thin films are discussed in the context of the results.
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    Apiezon L-type grease coating of 8-µm Nuclepore Polycarbonate coarse filters used in GENT aerosol sampling units
    (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 2006-04) Stelcer, E; Noorman, J; Button, D; Hawas, O; Cohen, DD
    Coarse stage Nuclepore filters used in GENT aerosol sampling units were coated with a thin film of Apiezon L-type grease in order to minimise the loss of particles on the filters due to 'bounce off'. Originally Freon was used as the solvent to dissolve the Apiezon grease in the coating process. Because of the environmental impact, Freon was discontinued and replaced with Fluorinert. Apiezon grease did not dissolve freely in the Fluorinert and it was replaced by Fomblin grease in 1995. This increased production costs and coated Nuclepore coarse filters ceased production in 2004. Users were concerned that their stocks of coated Nuclepore filters were diminishing and as no alternative supply was available the feasibility of coating the coarse filters in house needed to be investigated. This report describes experiments conducted at ANSTO and the results obtained during the investigation of the coating process under laboratory conditions. Apiezon grease and Toluene were used in this process. Experiments were based on the procedure proposed by Prof P. Hopke and Dr A. Markwitz [1] with modification to this technique to increase the uniformity of the grease layer across the filter surface and to achieve approximately 100 µg of Apiezon grease per filter.
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    The application of IBA techniques to air pollution source fingerprinting and source apportionment
    (Elsevier Science BV, 2014-01-01) Cohen, DD; Stelcer, E; Atanacio, AJ; Crawford, J
    IBA techniques have been used to measure elemental concentrations of more than 20 different elements found in fine particle (PM2.5) air pollution. These data together with their errors and minimum detectable limits were used in Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) analyses to quantitatively determine source fingerprints and their contributions to the total measured fine mass. Wind speed and direction back trajectory data from the global HYSPLIT codes were then linked to these PMF fingerprints to quantitatively identify the location of the sources. © 2014, Elsevier Ltd.
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    Application of ion beam analysis and refined sample preparation techniques to the study of aeolian dust samples from north-west Australia
    (Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering (AINSE), 2009-11-27) Karlson, LR; Greene, RSB; Scott, K; Stelcer, E; Cresswell, R
    Ion beam analysis (IBA) can provide extremely accurate data on the elemental composition of dust samples. However, recent analysis of dust samples collected from SE Australia using a range of sample collectors have demonstrated that considerable uncertainty may exist in the interpretation of results because of uncertainties associated with the sample preparation methods. This current study focuses on refining the methods used for preparing dust samples for analysis; it also considers probable source areas for entrained dust in order to minimise additional uncertainties which may be introduced when assumptions about sample composition are made during mathematical treatment of the IBA data. © 2009 AINSE
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    Application of positive matrix factorisation, multi-linear engine and back trajectory techniques to the quantification of coal-fired power station pollution in metropolitan Sydney
    (Pergamon Elsevier Science Ltd, 2012-12-01) Cohen, DD; Crawford, J; Stelcer, E; Atanacio, AJ
    Over 900 fine particle Teflon filters were collected within the Sydney Basin between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2011 and analyzed using simultaneous PIXE, PIGE, RBS and PESA techniques to determine 21 different elements between hydrogen and lead. These elements were used in positive matrix factorization (PMF) and multi-linear engine (ME) techniques together with HYSPLIT wind back trajectory techniques to quantitatively determine source fingerprints and their contributions from coal-fired power stations. The power stations were many kilometers outside the greater Sydney metropolitan area but still had a significant impact on the fine particle mass loadings measured at the sampling site within this metropolitan area. The PM2.5 eleven year average mass at the sampling site was 6.48 mu g m(-3). The corresponding ammonium sulfate estimate was 1.65 mu g m(-3) or 26% of the PM2.5 mass. By applying back trajectory data and (ME) analysis methods, two power related fingerprints, secondary sulfate (2ndryS-Power) and aged industrial sulfur (IndSagedPower) were determined. These two power related fingerprints were responsible for between 14 and 18% of the total PM2.5 mass and 34-47% of the total sulfate measured at the sampling site. That is on average somewhere between a third and a half of all the sulfate measured in the greater Sydney region could be attributed to coal-fired power station emissions. © 2012, Elsevier Ltd.
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    Apportionment of sources of fine and coarse particles in four major Australian cities by positive matrix factorisation
    (Elsevier, 2008-01) Chan, YC; Cohen, DD; Hawas, O; Stelcer, E; Simpson, R; Denison, L; Wong, N; Hodge, M; Comino, E; Carswell, S
    In this study, 437 days of 6-daily, 24-h samples Of PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and PM10 were collected over a 12-month period during 2003-2004 in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Adelaide. The elemental, ionic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition of the particles were determined. Source apportionment was carried out by using the positive matrix factorisation software (PMF2). Eight factors were identified for the fine particle samples including 'motor vehicles', 'industry', 'other combustion sources', 'ammonium sulphates', 'nitrates', 'marine aerosols', 'chloride depleted marine aerosols' and 'crustal/soil dust'. On average combustion sources, secondary nitrates/sulphates and natural origin dust contributed about 46%, 25% and 26% of the mass of the fine particle samples, respectively. 'Crustal/soil dust', 'marine aerosols', 'nitrates' and 'road side dust' were the four factors identified for the coarse particle samples. On average natural origin dust contributed about 76% of the mass of the coarse particle samples. The contributions of the sources to the sample mass basically reflect the emission source characteristics of the sites. Secondary sulphates and nitrates were found to spread out evenly within each city. The average contribution of secondary nitrates to fine particles was found to be rather uniform in different seasons, rather than higher in winter as found in other studies. This could be due to the low humidity conditions in winter in most of the Australian cities which made the partitioning of the particle phase less favourable in the NH4NO3 equilibrium system. A linear relationship was found between the average contribution of marine aerosols and the distance of the site from the bay side. Wind erosion was found associated with higher contribution of crustal dust on average and episodes of elevated concentration of coarse particles in spring and summer. © 2007, Elsevier Ltd.
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    Assessing the impact of atmospheric stability on locally and remotely sourced aerosols at Richmond, Australia, using Radon-222
    (Elsevier, 2015-12-13) Crawford, J; Chambers, SD; Cohen, DD; Williams, AG; Griffiths, AD; Stelcer, E
    A flexible radon-based scheme for the classification of nocturnal stability regimes was used for the interpretation of daily-integrated PM2.5 aerosol observations collected at Richmond, Australia, between 2007 and 2011. Source fingerprint concentrations for the dominant locally and remotely sourced aerosols were analysed by nocturnal radon stability category to characterise the influences of day-to-day changes in daily integrated atmospheric mixing. The fingerprints analysed included: smoke, vehicle exhaust, secondary sulfate and aged industrial sulfur. The largest and most consistent stability influences were observed on the locally sourced pollutants. Based on a 5-year composite, daily integrated concentrations of smoke were almost a factor of 7 higher when nocturnal conditions were classed as “stable” than when they were “near neutral”. For vehicle emissions a factor of 4 was seen. However, when the winter months were considered in isolation, it was found that these factors increased to 11.5 (smoke) and 5.5 (vehicle emissions) for daily average concentrations. The changes in concentration of the remotely sourced pollutants with atmospheric stability were comparatively small and less consistent, probably as a result of the nocturnal inversion frequently isolating near-surface observations from non-local sources at night. A similar classification was performed using the commonly-adopted Pasquill–Gifford (PG) stability typing technique based on meteorological parameters. While concentrations of fingerprints associated with locally-sourced pollutants were also shown to be positively correlated with atmospheric stability using the PG classification, this technique was found to underestimate peak pollutant concentrations under stable atmospheric conditions by almost a factor of 2. © 2015, Elsevier Ltd.
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    Assessment of aeolian dust properties in the Port Hedland area and implications for future air quality management strategies
    (The Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2011-07-31) Joseph, D; Scott, K; Greene, RSB; Stelcer, E
    Substantial amounts of dust are generated in Port Hedland, an iron ore handling port 1300 km north of Perth in Western Australia, with particulates in the air exceeding acceptable levels on 55 days during 2010. In addition, the incidence of respiratory hospitalisation is 30% higher in the Port Hedland region than in the rest of Western Australia. The iron ore handling operations are currently suspected to be the major cause. However the contribution from other sources is poorly documented and as the industry grows in the area so too does the number of possible sources. This pilot study reports the chemical composition of dust samples from 8 collection sites located up to 20 km from industrial facilities and compares the composition to that from 6 potential source locations. The samples were collected between the months of July and September 2010. Ion Beam Analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of the aeolian samples and Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy was used to determine the composition of the source samples. Elevated levels of Fe have been observed at all aeolian sample sites indicating widespread dispersion of iron ore dust; however when considered relative to Al, there appears to be a discrepancy between the composition of aeolian samples and iron ore products. This suggests a significant contribution from sources such as dredge spoil areas and areas disturbed by other infrastructure projects. Further study to determine the elemental make up of dust from the Port Hedland area is being undertaken to determine the contribution made by the various emission sources in the area in the event that acceptable levels of airborne particulate matter are exceeded. This will provide an accurate means of designing air quality management and dust abatement strategies for the town and the industry groups as industrial expansion occurs.© 2011-Clean Air Society of Australia & New Zealand
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    Can IBA techniques quantify the contributions of deserts, winter domestic heating and coal fired power stations to the ambient fine particle air pollution concentrations in the Sydney Basin?
    (Australian National University, 2012-04-12) Cohen, DD; Stelcer, E; Garton, D; Atanacio, AJ
    ANSTO has used accelerator based ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques to characterise, fingerprint and source fine particles in and around Australia since the early 1990's. This large database covering many years allows us to now look quantitatively at fine particle sources, including automobiles, smoke, sea spray, soils and industrial emissions. This talk will discuss the accelerator based IBA techniques and how they are used to identify the contributions of windblown soils, wood heating and coal fired power stations to ambient air pollution in the Sydney Basin between 1998 and the present.
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    Characterisation and source apportionment of fine particulate sources at Hanoi from 2001 to 2008
    (Elsevier, 2010-01) Cohen, DD; Crawford, J; Stelcer, E; Bac, VT
    PM2.5 particulate matter has been collected on Teflon filters every Sunday and Wednesday at Hanoi, Vietnam for nearly eight years from April 2001 to December 2008. These filters have been analysed for over 21 different chemical species from hydrogen to lead by ion beam analysis techniques. This is the first long term PM2.5 dataset for this region. The average PM2.5 mass for the study period was (54 ± 33) μg m―3, well above the current US EPA health goal of 15 μg m―3. The average PM2.5 composition was found to be (29 ± 8)% ammonium sulfate, (8.9 ± 3.3)% soil, (28 ± 11)% organic matter, (0.6 ± 1.4)% salt and (9.2 ± 2.8)% black carbon. The remaining missing mass (25%) was mainly nitrates and absorbed water. Positive matrix factorisation techniques identified the major source contributions to the fine mass as automobiles and transport (40 ± 10)%, windblown soil (3.4 ± 2)%, secondary sulfates (7.8 ± 10)%, smoke from biomass burning (13 ± 6)%, ferrous and cement industries (19 ± 8)%, and coal combustion (17 ± 7)% during the 8 year study period. © 2010, Elsevier Ltd.
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    Characterisation of trace metals in atmospheric particles in the vicinity of iron and steelmaking industries in Australia
    (Elsevier, 2014-02-01) Mohiuddin, K; Strezov, V; Nelson, PF; Stelcer, E
    The aims of this work are to provide a detailed physicochemical assessment of atmospheric particles collected in the vicinity of three iron and steelmaking plants and to indicate the importance of chemical characterisation of the particles, in addition to the assessment of the particle size and concentrations. In this study, atmospheric sampling sites were selected downstream of three iron and steel processing operations in Australia and one background site in an urban area with little industrial activity. The collected particles were analysed for a range of particle size mass concentrations and detailed chemical analysis of the trace metals Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in the corresponding particle size ranges was carried out. The PM2.5 fractions in the PM10 particles at all sampling sites ranged from 35 to 62% indicating fine particles made a significant contribution to this size fraction at these sampling sites. Similarly, PM1 to the total PM10 at all sites varied from 20 to 46% and contributed significantly to the PM10 mass loading. When compared to the background sampling site, all detected metals in the particles collected near the iron and steelmaking operations had 3.4–14 times higher concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1. Iron (Fe) was found to be the dominant metal in the particles collected in vicinity of the iron and steel processing industries contributing up to 12% of the total particle mass loading. This study suggests that the metal composition of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 varies significantly between sites and the associated metal exposure value is considerably higher in the vicinity of iron and steel processing industries than in the urban area for the same particle concentration level. © 2013, Elsevier Ltd.
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    Characteristics of Aeolian dust across northwest Australia
    (Elsevier Science Ltd., 2014-03-01) Karlson, LR; Greene, RSB; Scott, KM; Stelcer, E; O’Loingsigh, T
    South easterly trade winds have long been thought to transport aeolian dust across northwest Australia, but very little is known about the chemical and particle size characteristics of this material. From July 2008 to May 2009, 36 aeolian dust samples were collected monthly at four sites across Australia's northwest. The results of ion beam analysis indicate that the samples consisted of four major elemental groups, one of which appeared to be transported across the sites during months in winter and summer. This group (characterised by higher ratios of Fe, Ti and Mn/Si than the Earth's Crustal Average) also showed a decrease in particle sizes towards the west. This suggests that the dust may have had a central Australian source, while other groups richer in Si appear to have been locally derived. These results support previous models of seasonal dust transport, and may have relevance in regional climate modelling, the transport of nutrients into the Indian Ocean, mineral exploration and studies of respiratory health. © 2013, Elsevier Ltd.
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    Characterization and source apportionment of fine particulate sources at Rijeka, Croatia from 2013 to 2015
    (Elsevier, 2015-03-15) Ivošević, T; Stelcer, E; Orlić, I; Radović, IB; Cohen, DD
    PM2.5 daily aerosol samples were collected in Rijeka, Croatia during period from 6th August 2013 to 29th January 2015. In total, 259 samples were collected on Teflon filters and analyzed by PIXE and PIGE techniques to give information on 21 elements from Na to Pb. Additionally, black carbon was determined with the Laser Integrated Plate Method. Results were statistically evaluated using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Eight major pollution sources: auto, smoke, secondary sulfates, heavy oil combustion, sea spray, road dust, industry iron and soil dust were identified together with their relative contributions in total PM2.5 pollution. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
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    Comparison between XRF and IBA techniques in analysis of fine aerosols collected in Rijeka, Croatia
    (Elsevier, 2014-10-15) Ivošević, T; Mandić, L; Orlić, I; Stelcer, E; Cohen, DD
    The new system for energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis has been installed at the Laboratory for Elemental Micro-Analysis (LEMA) at the University of Rijeka. Currently the key application of this new XRF system is in the field of environmental science, i.e. in the analysis of fine airborne particles. In this work, results of initial multi-elemental analysis of PM2.5 fraction is reported for the first time in the region of Rijeka, Croatia. Sampling was performed at the Rijeka City center, during a continuous 9-day period in February/March 2012. All samples were collected on stretched Teflon filters in 12 h periods. To check the reliability of the new XRF system, results of XRF analysis are compared with the results obtained by the well-established Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) laboratory at Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The concentrations of H, Na, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb were determined. In addition, black carbon was determined by Laser Integrating Plate Method (LIPM). Very good agreement between XRF and IBA techniques is obtained for all elements detected by both techniques. Elemental concentrations were correlated with the traffic volume and wind speed and direction. The summary of our findings is presented and discussed in this paper. © 2014, Elsevier B.V.
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    Comparison of proton and helium induced M subshell X-ray production cross sections with the ECUSAR theory
    (Elsevier, 2014-01-01) Cohen, DD; Stelcer, E; Atanacio, AJ; Crawford, J; Doherty, G; Lapicki, G
    M subshell X-ray production cross sections have been measured for Mα12, Mβ1, Mγ, M2–N4 and M1–O23 transitions representing all five M subshells. These experimental cross sections have been compared with the ECUSAR theory of Lapicki and four parameter fits are given to the experiment to theory ratios covering the proton and helium ion energy range from 0.5 to 3 MeV on thin W, Au, Pb, Th and U targets.© 2013 Elsevier B.V.
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    Composition and source apportionment of fine particulate matter during extended calm periods in the city of Rijeka, Crotia
    (University of Jyväskylä, Finland, 2016-07-04) Ivošević, T; Cargonja, M; Bogdanović-Radović, I; Orlić, I; Stelcer, E
    In the city of Rijeka, Croatia, an extended, two-year aerosol pollution monitoring campaignwas recently completed. During that period, 345 samples of ne fraction of aerosols were collected on stretched Te on lters. All samples were analyzed by Ion Beam Analysis techniques (PIXE and PIGE) and concentrations of 22 elements were determined. Concentrations of black carbon were determined by Laser Integrated Plate Method. For the Bay of Kvarner, where city of Rijeka is located, common are long periods of calm weather. As a consequence, during these periods, air pollution is steadily increasing. To pin point and characterize local, mostly industrial, air pollution sources, we used only samples collected during the extended calm periods. Speed of 1.5 m/s was used as a cut-o wind speed. In this way, 188 samples were isolated and statistically evaluated by means of Positive Matrix Factorization. The results show that the major, local pollution sources are the following: secondary sulfates, heavy oil combustion, auto, smoke, road dust, industry iron and port activities. As expected, natural components of aerosol pollution such as soil and sea salt are dramatically reduced. Keywords: Fine particles, PM2.5, Ion beam analysis, LIPM, Positive Matrix Factorization, Air pollution sources © The Authors