Browsing by Author "Shepherd, R"

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    Different radiolabelling methods alter the pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 2 (PAI-2) forms
    (Elsevier B.V., 2012-08-01) Ranson, M; Berghofer, PJ; Vine, KL; Greguric, I; Shepherd, R; Katsifis, A
    Introduction Tumour-associated urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a critical marker of invasion and metastasis, and it is recognised as having strong prognostic relevance as well as being a therapeutic target. The specific uPA inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2, SerpinB2) specifically targets cell bound uPA and is internalised. Furthermore, preclinical studies have established the “proof-of-principle” of uPA-targeting by PAI-2-cytotoxin conjugates in human carcinoma models. However, these studies also suggest that PAI-2 is rapidly cleared via the renal system with low total dose reaching the tumour. In this study, a comparative single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and biodistribution (BD) analysis of different forms of PAI-2 labelled with the radioisotopes iodine-123 (123I) and technetium-99m (99mTc) was undertaken. Methods The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and BD of wild-type, ΔCD-loop and PEGylated ΔCD-loop PAI-2 labelled with the commonly used diagnostic SPECT radioisotopes 99mTc or 123I were compared in mouse models of human prostate carcinoma. Whole body SPECT imaging was also performed. Results Both wild-type and the shorter but active ΔCD-loop form of PAI-2 123I-labelled indirectly via conjugation to free amine groups (termed 123I-Bn-PAI-2) exhibited low tumour uptake, rapid excretion and similar PK profiles. Preliminary studies with a short branched-chain PEGylated 123I-Bn-PAI-2 ΔCD-loop indicated an increase in blood retention time and tumour uptake. All 123I-Bn-labelled radiotracers were largely excreted through the kidneys. By comparison, both wild-type 123I-PAI-2 (labelled directly via tyrosine residues) and 99mTc-PAI-2 displayed different PK/BD patterns compared to 123I-Bn-PAI-2, suggesting greater liver based catabolism and thus slower elimination. SPECT imaging mimicked the BD results of all radiotracers. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. Conclusion The different labelling methods gave distinct PAI-2 BD and tumour uptake profiles, with radioiodination resulting in the best non-tumour organ clearance profiles. Preliminary analyses with short branched-chain PEGylated 123I-Bn-PAI-2 ΔCD-loop suggest that further investigations with other PEGylation reagents are required to optimise this approach for tumour imaging. These findings impact on the use of PAI-2 for drug delivery and/or diagnostic development. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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    Fluorine-18 radiolabelling and in vitro / in vivo metabolism of [18F]D4-PBR111
    (John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2019-05-26) Wyatt, NA; Safavi-Naeini, M; Wotherspoon, ATL; Arthur, A; Nguyen, AP; Parmar, A; Hamze, H; Day, CM; Zahra, D; Matesic, L; Davis, E; Rahardjo, GL; Yepuri, NR; Shepherd, R; Murphy, RB; Pham, TQ; Nguyen, VH; Callaghan, PD; Holden, PJ; Grégoire, MC; Darwish, TA; Fraser, BH
    Objectives The purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel type 7 (P2X7R) is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated ion-channel, and P2X7R is a key player in inflammation. P2X7R is an emerging therapeutic target in central nervous system (CNS) diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), because P2X7R also plays a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. P2X7R represents a potential molecular imaging target for neuroinflammation via biomedical imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET), and several radioligands targeting P2X7R have been developed and evaluated in animals. In our previous work, we have developed and characterized [11C]GSK1482160 as a P2X7R radioligand for neuroinflammation,2 clinical evaluation of [11C]GSK1482160 in healthy controls and patients is currently underway, and the estimation of radiation dosimetry for [11C]GSK1482160 in normal human subjects has been reported.3 Since the half-life (t1/2) of radionuclide carbon-11 is only 20.4 min, it is attractive for us to develop derivatives of [11C]GSK1482160, which can be labeled with the radionuclide fluorine-18 (t1/2, 109.7 min), and a fluorine-18 ligand would be ideal for widespread use.4 To this end, a series of [18F]fluoroalkyl including [18F]fluoromethyl (FM), [18F]fluoroethyl (FE), and [18F]fluoropropyl (FP) derivatives of GSK1482160 have been prepared and examined as new potential P2X7R radioligands. © 2019 The Authors
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    In vivo pharmacokinetics of radioiodinated urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) inhibitors for imaging metastatic cancer
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011-07-01) Berghofer, PJ; Greguric, I; Shepherd, R; Katsifis, A; Ranson, M; Vine, KL
    To determine and compare the in vivo tissue distribution, tumour uptake and clearance patterns of PAI2 and PAI2 Δ CD-loop radiolabelled indirectly with Iodine 123 for evaluation as imaging and therapeutic tools in prostate cancer.© 2011, Wiley-Blackwell.
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    Preclinical characterization of 18FD-FPHCys, a new amino acid-based PET tracer
    (Springer, 2012-04-01) Denoyer, D; Kirby, L; Waldeck, K; Roselt, P; Neels, OC; Bourdier, T; Shepherd, R; Katsifis, A; Hicks, RJ
    The imaging potential of a new F-18-labelled methionine derivative, S-(3-[F-18]fluoropropyl)-d-homocysteine (F-18-D-FPHCys), and its selectivity for amino acid transporter subtypes were investigated in vitro and by imaging of human tumour xenografts. Expression of members of the system L (LAT isoforms 1-4 and 4F2hc) and ASCT (ASCT isoforms 1 and 2) amino acid transporter subclasses were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR in four human tumour models, including A431 squamous cell carcinoma, PC3 prostate cancer, and Colo 205 and HT-29 colorectal cancer lines. The first investigations for the characterization of F-18-D-FPHCys were in vitro uptake studies by comparing it with [1-C-14]-l-methionine (C-14-MET) and in vivo by PET imaging. In addition, the specific involvement of LAT1 transporters in F-18-D-FPHCys accumulation was tested by silencing LAT1 mRNA transcription with siRNAs. To determine the proliferative activity in tumour xenografts ex vivo, Ki-67 staining was used as a biomarker. A431 cells showed the highest F-18-D-FPHCys uptake in vitro and in vivo followed by Colo 205, PC3 and HT-29. A similar pattern of retention was observed with C-14-MET. F-18-D-FPHCys retention was strongly correlated with LAT1 expression both in vitro (R (2) = 0.85) and in vivo (R (2) = 0.99). Downregulation of LAT1 by siRNA inhibited F-18-D-FPHCys uptake, demonstrating a clear dependence on this transporter for tumour uptake. Furthermore, F-18-D-FPHCys accumulation mirrored cellular proliferation. The favourable properties of F-18-D-FPHCys make this tracer a promising imaging probe for detection of tumours as well as for the noninvasive evaluation and monitoring of tumour growth.© 2012, Springer.
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    Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of L and D S-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl)-homocysteine for tumor imaging using positron emission tomography
    (Americam Chemical Society, 2011-03-24) Bourdier, T; Shepherd, R; Berghofer, PJ; Jackson, TW; Fookes, CJR; Denoyer, D; Dorow, DS; Greguric, I; Grégoire, MC; Hicks, RJ; Katsifis, A
    Interest in radiolabeled amino acids for metabolic imaging of cancer and limitations with [11C]methionine has prompted the development of a new 18F-labeled methionine derivative S-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)homocysteine ([18F]FPHCys). The L and D enantiomers of [18F]FPHCys were prepared from their respective protected S-(3-tosyloxypropyl)homocysteine precursors 1 by [18F]fluoride substitution using K2.2.2 and potassium oxalate, followed by acid hydrolysis on a Tracerlab FXFN synthesis module. [18F]-L-FPHCys and [18F]-D-FPHCys were isolated in 20 ( 5% radiochemical yield and >98% radiochemical and enantiomeric purity in 65 min. Competitive uptake studies in A375 and HT29 tumor cells suggest that L- and D-[18F]FPHCys are taken up by the L-transporter system. [18F]-L-FPHCys and [18F]-D-FPHCys displayed good stability In Vivo without incorporation into protein at least 2 h postinjection. Biodistribution studies demonstrate good uptake in A375 tumor-bearing rodents with tumor to blood ratios of 3.5 and 5.0 for [18F]-L-FPHCys and [18F]-D-FPHCys, respectively, at 2 h postinjection. © 2011, American Chemical Society.
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    Synthesis and biological characterisation of 18F-SIG343 and 18F-SIG353, novel and high selectivity σ2 radiotracers, for tumour imaging properties
    (Springer Nature, 2013-12-11) Nguyen, VH; Pham, TQ; Fookes, CJR; Berghofer, PJ; Greguric, I; Arthur, A; Mattner, F; Rahardjo, GL; Davis, E; Howell, NR; Grégoire, MC; Katsifis, A; Shepherd, R
    Sigma2 (σ2) receptors are highly expressed in cancer cell lines and in tumours. Two novel selective 18F-phthalimido σ2 ligands, 18F-SIG343 and 18F-SIG353, were prepared and characterised for their potential tumour imaging properties. © 2013 Nguyen et al.; licensee Springer.
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    Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted [18F]Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and [18F]Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines for the study of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor using positron emission tomography
    (American Chemical Society, 2008-06-17) Fookes, CJR; Pham, TQ; Mattner, F; Greguric, I; Loc'h, C; Liu, X; Berghofer, PJ; Shepherd, R; Grégoire, MC; Katsifis, A
    The fluoroethoxy and fluoropropoxy substituted 2-(6-chloro-2-phenyl)imidazo[1,2- a]pyridin-3-yl)- N, N-diethylacetamides 8 (PBR102) and 12 (PBR111) and 2-phenyl-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidin-3-yl)- N, N-diethylacetamides 15 (PBR099) and 18 (PBR146) were synthesized and found to have high in vitro affinity and selectivity for the peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) when compared with the central benzodiazepine receptors (CBRs). The corresponding radiolabeled compounds [ (18)F] 8 [ (18)F] 12, [ (18)F] 15, and [ (18)F] 18 were prepared from their p-toluenesulfonyl precursors in 50-85% radiochemical yield. In biodistribution studies in rats, the distribution of radioactivity of the [ (18)F]PBR compounds paralleled the known localization of PBRs. In the olfactory bulbs, where the uptake of radioactivity was higher than in the rest of the brain, PK11195 and Ro 5-4864 were able to significantly inhibit [ (18)F] 12, while little or no pharmacological action of these established PBR drugs were observed on the uptake of [ (18)F] 8, [ (18)F] 15, and [ (18)F] 18 compared to control animals. Hence, [ (18)F] 12 appeared to be the best candidate for evaluation as an imaging agent for PBR expression in neurodegenerative disorders. © 2008 American Chemical Society
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    Synthesis and evaluation of an [18F] labelled imidazopyridine, for the study of the peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites using PET
    (Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 2007-05-01) Katsifis, A; Mattner, F; Pham, TQ; Fookes, CJR; Greguric, I; Berghofer, PJ; Ballantyne, P; Shepherd, R; Liu, X
    Objectives: The purpose of this study was to synthesise and evaluate the F-18 imidazopyridine 2-(2-(4-(3-fluoropropoxy)phenyl)-6,8-dichloroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N-methyl-N-phenylacetamide 1 as a potential tracer for the study of PBBS using PET. Methods: [18F]1 has been prepared by nucleophilic substitution of the tosylethyloxy precursor with 18F-fluoride in the presence of K222, K2CO3 in ACN at 100°C for 5 mins followed by RP-HPLC purification. The biodistribution of [18F]1 was performed in SD rats and brain and peripheral tissues were analysised at 15, 30 min, 1, and 4 h p.i. The specificity and selectivity of the tracer was assessed by pre-treatment with the PBBS ligands PK11195 and Ro 5-4864 and with Flumazenil for CBR at 1 mg/kg 5 min prior to injection of [18F]1. Results: In vitro binding of 1 indicated an IC50 of 7.4 nM for PBBS and >4000 nM for the CBR. [18F]1 was synthesised in 40-55 % radiochemical yield non-decay corrected and with > 95 % radiochemical purity. The specific activity ranged from 37-80 GBq/μmol (non optimised). Biodistribution studies indicated uptake of [18F]1 in tissue expressing PBBS. The adrenals showed high uptake, increasing from 9% ID/g at 30 min p.i to 11% at 4 h. In the kidneys the activity peaked at 15 min p.i.(5%) and decreased over time to 3.6% at 4h. In the heart the uptake was maintained at 7% througout the experiment (15 min to 4 h). Bone uptake ranged from 1% (at 15 min) to 2.9% at 4h. [18F]1 readily penetrated the blood-brain barrier with uptake in the olfactory regions ranging from an initial 0.66% at 15 min to 0.26% at 4 h p.i. The concentration in the blood was significantly lower than the brain regions (0.7% at 15 min to 0.15% at 4 h). Pre-treatment with PK 11195, Ro 5-4864 and non radioactive analogue 1 significantly decreased the uptake in the brain and peripheral organs except in the adrenals which showed a modest increase or no change in uptake. Flumazenil had no effect in the uptake of [18F]1 in the brain or peripheral organs. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the specific PBBS uptake of [18F]1 in vivo. Therefore [18F]1 warrants further investigation as a potential PET tracer for the PBBS. Copyright © 2020 Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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    Synthesis and radiolabelling of DOTA-linked glutamine analogues with 67,68Ga as markers for increased glutamine metabolism in tumour cells
    (MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2013-06-19) Pellegrini, PA; Howell, NR; Shepherd, R; Lengkeek, NA; Oehlke, E; Katsifis, A; Greguric, I
    DOTA-linked glutamine analogues with a C6- alkyl and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) chain between the chelating group and the l-glutamine moiety were synthesised and labelled with 67,68Ga using established methods. High yields were achieved for the radiolabelling of the molecules with both radionuclides (>90%), although conversion of the commercially available 67Ga-citrate to the chloride species was a requirement for consistent high radiochemical yields. The generator produced 68Ga was in the [68Ga(OH)4]− form. The 67Ga complexes and the 67Ga complexes were demonstrated to be stable in PBS buffer for a week. Uptake studies were performed with longer lived 67Ga analogues against four tumour cell lines, as well as uptake inhibition studies against l-glutamine, and two known amino acid transporter inhibitors. Marginal uptake was exhibited in the PEG variant radio-complex, and inhibition studies indicate this uptake is via a non-targeted amino acid pathway. © 2013 by the authors