Browsing by Author "Morrison, TN"

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    A combined hydrodynamic and mixing model approach to quantify small saline groundwater input into rivers
    (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 2011-07-06) Morrison, TN; Rayburg, S; Hughes, CE
    The flow of groundwater into a stream is difficult to quantify. Several techniques exist, however they all have limitations with both practicality and accuracy being difficult to achieve. This study develops a method that is accurate, within the limits of input data, and practical for use in areas where groundwater inputs into rivers have a detectable level of some tracer (in this case salt). The study is undertaken on the Darling River in northwestern New South Wales, Australia. This study used a one-dimensional hydro-dynamic model (MIKE 11) of the river with the coupled advection-dispersion module to model the transport of salinity concentrations. Using a simple mixing model, a time series of saline groundwater discharge was generated and input into the hydrodynamic model. The resulting saline-groundwater discharge hydrograph agrees with conceptual understanding of groundwater-surface water processes and reasonably approximates the actual measured EC values in the river.
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    Isotopic and chemical tracers used to identify inputs to streamflow during a rain event in the NSW Southern Highlands
    (Australasian Environmental Isotope Conference, 2009-12-03) Scarff, SA; Hughes, CE; Morrison, TN
    Isotopic and chemical tracers were used to study flow pathways in a small agricultural catchment at the headwaters of Kellys Creek in the Southern Highlands of NSW, Australia. The catchment is a cattle grazing area with clay soils overlying shale and basalt. Farm dams intercept approximately 59% of the catchment. Sampling was conducted prior to and during a rain event in June 2008. Stream, rain, shallow groundwater, spring and dam waters were collected and analysed. Dissolved organic carbon, 222Rn, δ2H, δ18O and major ions were measured for use in hydrogeochemical analysis and hydrograph separations were conducted to identify the sources of stream flow during and after a rain event [1]. Hydrograph separations have been undertaken in many studies of small to medium sized, and mostly forested catchments [2; 3], the majority indicating that pre-event water supplies at least 50% of streamflow at peak discharge [2]. Much lower pre-event water contributions have been found for studies in Mediterranean agricultural catchments [4; 5]. Both two and three component hydrograph separations, using δ2H, δ18O and Cl¯, were conducted for the June rain event. The precipitation and stream discharge are shown in Fig. 1. Rainfall during this period totalled 97 mm. Following an initial wetting up period (1 in Fig. 1) streamflow generally increased quickly in response to rainfall, indicating a fast response time in the catchment. The ratio of discharge to rainfall increased throughout the period as indicated by the increase in peak discharge with respect to rainfall from 2 to 4 (Fig. 1), suggesting that surface runoff is a dominant factor in the catchments hydrology. The increase in catchment response to new rainfall as the period progresses indicates that soil and dam storage, which initially formed a buffer to store rainfall and runoff, gradually fill up and those parts of the catchment begin to contribute to discharge. Peak 4 can be explained by the filling and subsequent discharge from farm dams in the catchment. The two component hydrograph separations, using δ2H and δ18O, found the majority of stormflow was event water, sourced from precipitation runoff. The three component hydrograph separation using δ18O/δ2H found event water was the primary contributor (51.1 %) to stormflow, followed by the dam component (37.3 %), then pre-event water (11.6 %) [1]. Alternatively, the δ18O/Cl- hydrograph separation, found a lower event water contribution (31.7 %), with almost half the discharge being sourced from dams (48.1 %), followed by pre-event water (20.2 %) [1]. Both hydrograph separations show the largest contributions of event water at the peak flow (Peak 4, Fig. 1) and the largest contribution from pre-event water at Peak 2, (Fig. 1). Although the hydrograph separations differ slightly in terms of which component contributes the majority of flow, it was concluded that significant proportions of stormflow was sourced from farm dams and event waters. Pre-event water was found to have a lower stormflow contribution, but was dominant during the first flush and increased post event. Low deuterium excess was a useful tool to distinguish evaporated pre-event waters (e.g. dam or stream water) from event waters. Transit time distribution modelling is being conducted to better characterise the rainfall input function given the time-varying isotope composition of the rainfall.
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    Stable water isotope investigation of the Barwon–Darling River system, Australia
    (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2012) Hughes, CE; Stone, DJM; Gibson, JJ; Meredith, KT; Sadek, MA; Cendón, DI; Hankin, SI; Hollins, SE; Morrison, TN
    The Murray-Darling Basin is the largest river basin in Australia and is host to agriculture, recreation, water supply reservoirs and significant biodiversity. Through land use practices and climate change there is the potential for significant disruption to the natural hydrological system of the basin. The Barwon-Darling River, in the upper part of the Murray Darling Basin, is primarily in a semi-arid landscape which is subject to significant evaporation, yet evaporative losses from the river remain poorly described. The stable isotope composition of groundwaters has become widely used over the past several decades as an indicator of the circumstances and geographical locations of aquifer recharge, though applications to surface water budgets have been far less extensive. A global isotopic observation initiative, the Global Network for Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR), focussed in Australia on the dryland Barwon-Darling River system. We report on drought driven isotopic signatures in the Barwon-Darling River during 2002-2007 and estimate that the amount of water lost by the Barwon-Darling River system due to evaporation may be up to 80% during severe drought periods. Runoff ratios have been commonly estimated to be between 0.1 and 1% and there is evidence of groundwater exchange with the river. This work highlights the role of stable water isotopes in assessing the amount of water lost from the river by direct evaporation, and in quantifying groundwater inputs and ungauged losses from the river. © The Authors
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    Stable water isotopes and Rn-222 to determine dam and groundwater contribution to baseflow and event flow in a small agricultural catchment
    (European Geosciences Union, 2009-04-22) Hughes, CE; Scarff, SA; Morrison, TN; Fischer, MJ; Adams, GA; Hart, MR
    In order to improve local water managers understanding of nutrient inputs into Sydney’s drinking water catchments, a detailed study of nutrients in stream flow has been carried out in the headwaters of Kellys Ck in the New South Wales southern highlands, Australia. One component of this study attempted to determine the flow pathways contributing to base flow and to runoff generation during a rainfall event over a 128 ha catchment area.Rainfall, stream, shallow groundwater, spring and dam samples were collected during base flow (pre-event), flow event and post event periods around a 4 day rainfall event in July 2008. Samples were analysed for stable water isotopes, Rn-222, DOC, nutrients and major ions. Hydrograph separation and transit time distribution modellingwere used to examine the contribution of event water, dam water and pre-event water to stream flow for a 9 day pe-riod encompassing the rain event. The results show that pre-event and event water contribute equally to stream flow with the pre-event contribution dominated by evaporated water (pre-event dam storage and soil water) rather than the more depleted shallow groundwater and spring water. Rn-222 was also used to understand the spatial variation of groundwater contribution during base flow conditions. © Author(s) 2009