Browsing by Author "Garton, DB"

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    Accelerator based studies of atmospheric pollution processes
    (Elsevier, 2004-10) Cohen, DD; Garton, DB; Stelcer, E; Hawas, O
    Accelerator based ion beam analysis techniques have been applied to the characterisation of fine particulate matter from open cut mining operations in New South Wales Australia as well as dust and sulphate emissions from deserts and industries in northern and eastern China. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Accelerator mass spectrometry on SIRIUS: new 6MV spectrometer at ANSTO
    (Elsevier, 2016-07-08) Wilcken, KM; Fink, D; Hotchkis, MAC; Garton, DB; Button, DT; Mann, M; Kitchen, R
    The Centre for Accelerator Science at ANSTO operates four tandem accelerator systems for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and Ion Beam Analysis (IBA). The latest addition to the fleet is SIRIUS, a 6 MV combined IBA and AMS system. Following initial ion beam testing, conditioning and debugging software and hardware, SIRIUS is now commissioned. Details of the instrument design and performance data for 10Be, 26Al and 36Cl are presented.
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    Accelerator mass spectrometry on SIRIUS: new 6MV spectrometer at ANSTO
    (University of Jyväskylä, Finland, 2016-07-03) Wilcken, KM; Fink, D; Hotchkis, MAC; Garton, DB; Button, DT; Mann, M; Kitchen, R
    As a part of Australian Federal Government funding in 2009 to establish a centre for accelerator science a new 6 MV state of the art accelerator – SIRIUS – was purchased. The system is now commissioned and comprises ion sources and beam lines to cater for a wide variety of both IBA and AMS applications. The ion source used for AMS (MC-SNICS) is the latest incarnation followed by 45 degree spherical ESA(R=0.3 m) and double focusing injection magnet (R=1 m, ME=20) prior the accelerator. At the terminal we have a choice of 2 stripper gasses and/or stripper foils. The high-energy spectrometer for AMS consists of a 1.27 m radius analyzing magnet with ME=176, 45 degree ESA (R=3.81m), followed by a switching magnet and 3 beam lines: one with a standard multianode ionization chamber; one with an absorber cell in front of the detector; whereas the third beam line has a time-of- ight detector. Details of the instrument design and performance data for 10Be, 26Al and 36Cl will be presented. © The Authors
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    ANSTO heavy ion ToF for analysis of light elements in thin films
    (Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering (AINSE), 2007-11) Ionescu, M; Zhao, Y; Siegele, R; Cohen, DD; Lynch, D; Garton, DB; Stelcer, E; Prior, MJ
    Thin films have various potential applications in electronic devices, and their performance is intricately linked with the electric and magnetic properties of the film, in which an important role is played by the presence of light elements, in particular Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. The source of light elements, the form in which they are incorporated into the thin film, and how this is influencing the MgB2 thin film properties is currently under scrutiny by various research groups. Typically these films are grown on oxide ceramic substrates, such as Al2O3-C and it is possible that the source of Oxygen is the substrate itself or the growth atmosphere. Here we report on a study of light elements in MgB2 thin films grown on various substrates, using heavy ions recoil and a time-of-flight detector. A series of MgB2 thin film samples produced by PLD (pulsed laser deposition) were analyzed, including films produced in-situ on Al2O3-C substrates with an on-axis and off-axis geometry, one film produced in-situ with an off-axis geometry, and one film produced ex-situ, with a bulk-like Tc. We also analyzed one film produced with on-axis geometry under the same conditions on Si (001) substrate. The amount of Oxygen detected by ToF, appears to be correlated with the Tc of the films, the higher the Tc the lower the oxygen content. Also, the superconducting properties of the examined thin films are discussed in the context of the results.
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    ANSTO's centre for accelerator science a progress update
    (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 2013-09-30) Garton, DB; Evans, O; Downes, A; Mann, M; Mowbray, T
    In 2009 the Australian Government announced that ANSTO would receive capital funding to develop a centre for accelerator science. • Provide assurance that ANSTO can meet it’s AMS and IBA commitments for the Australian research community. • Complements existing accelerator facilities at ANSTO and other accelerator labs in Australia.
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    ANSTO’s accelerators
    (Australian Institute of Physics, 2005-01-31) Zoppi, U; Cohen, DD; Garton, DB
    Throughout its history, ANSTO demonstrated sustained excellence in accelerator-based science and technology. The 40 years old KN3000 Van de Graaff accelerator provided more than 110 000 running hours. The 10 MV ANTARES Tandem Accelerator is delivering leading edge Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) services. An additional HVEE 2 MV Tandetron accelerator has been recently commissioned and is expected to be applied across a very wide range of applications utilising IBA and AMS techniques. After a short review of the technical aspect of the 3 ANSTO accelerators, we will present a summary of the most exciting accelerator applications across a wide variety of scientific fields including air pollution, radiocarbon dating of precious artefacts and global climate change studies. © (2005) Australian Institute of Physics.
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    A bright future for accelerator science at ANSTO
    (Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering (AINSE), 2009-11-25) Hotchkis, MAC; Child, DP; Cohen, DD; Dodson, JR; Fink, D; Garton, DB; Hua, Q; Ionescu, M; Jacobsen, GE; Levchenko, VA; Mifsud, C; Siegele, R; Smith, AM; Williams, AG; Winkler, S
    In the May 2009 budget, the Federal Government announced funding of $25m to ANSTO through the Education Investment Fund, to build state-of-the-art applied accelerator science facilities, by upgrading and replacing existing facilities and laboratories at ANSTO. Currently, ANSTO's researchers, jointly with researchers from all 37 Australian universities, plus other agencies such as CSIRO, government departments and local government bodies, and overseas collaborators and customers, use ANSTO's accelerator facilities for analysis of a wide range of materials, predominantly by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) and Ion Beam Analysis (IBA). There are >100 external users of those facilities every year. © 2009 AINSE
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    Can IBA techniques quantify the contributions of deserts, winter domestic heating and coal fired power stations to the ambient fine particle air pollution concentrations in the Sydney Basin?
    (Australian National University, 2012-04-12) Cohen, DD; Stelcer, E; Garton, DB; Atanacio, AJ
    ANSTO has used accelerator based ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques to characterise, fingerprint and source fine particles in and around Australia since the early 1990's. This large database covering many years allows us to now look quantitatively at fine particle sources, including automobiles, smoke, sea spray, soils and industrial emissions. This talk will discuss the accelerator based IBA techniques and how they are used to identify the contributions of windblown soils, wood heating and coal fired power stations to ambient air pollution in the Sydney Basin between 1998 and the present.
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    The Centre for Accelerator Science at ANSTO
    (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2014-01-14) Hotchkis, MAC; Child, DP; Cohen, DD; Dodson, JR; Fink, D; Fujioka, T; Garton, DB; Hua, Q; Ionescu, M; Jacobsen, GE; Levchenko, VA; Mifsud, C; Pastuovic, Z; Siegele, R; Smith, AM; Wilcken, KM; Williams, AG
    In 2009, the Federal government provided funding of $25m to ANSTO through the Education Investment Fund, to build state-of-the-art applied accelerator science facilities, with the primary aim of providing world-leading accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and ion beam analysis (IBA) facilities. New buildings are now under construction and Building plans are now well advanced, and two new accelerators are on order with National Electrostatics Corporation, USA. The 1MV AMS accelerator system is designed with the capability to perform high efficiency, high precision AMS analysis across the full mass range. Large beam-optical acceptance will ensure high quality and high throughput radiocarbon measurements. High mass resolution analyzers, at low and high energy, coupled to a novel fast isotope switching system, will enable high quality analysis of actinide radioisotopes. The 6MV tandem accelerator will be instrumented with a wide range of AMS, IBA and ion irradiation facilities. The three ion sources include hydrogen and helium sources, and a MCSNICS sputter source for solid materials. The AMS facility has end stations for (i) a gasabsorber detector for 10Be analysis, (ii) a time-of-flight detector, (iii) a gas-filled magnet and(iv) a general use ionization detector suited to 36Cl and other analyses. Initially, there will be four IBA beamlines, including a new ion beam microprobe currently on order with Oxford Microbeams. The other beamlines will include an on-line ion implanter, nuclear reaction analysis and elastic recoil detection analysis facilities. The beam hall layout allows for future expansion, including the possibility of porting the beam to the existing ANTARES beam hall for simultaneous irradiation experiments.Two buildings are currently under construction, one for the new accelerators and the other for new chemistry laboratories for AMS and mass spectrometry facilities. The AMS chemistry labs are planned in two stages, with the new radiocarbon labs to come in the second phase of work.
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    Commissioning and final installation report for the STAR Accelerator Facility
    (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 2005-09) Garton, DB
    This document describes the commissioning phases, management, safety and approvals systems used during the installation of the STAR Accelerator Facility. It is also intended as a historical account of changes to the engineering specification and the necessary modifications that were made to meet local and national standards.
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    The complementarity of PIXE and synchrotron induced X-ray methods for the characterisation of combustion sources contributing to urban air pollution
    (Elsevier, 2002-04) Cohen, DD; Siegele, R; Stelcer, E; Garton, DB; Stampfl, APJ; Cai, Z; Ilinski, P; Rodrigues, W; Legnini, DG; Yun, W; Lai, B
    Current knowledge of fine-particle airborne pollution concentrations and constituents with diameters below 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is limited. Sources are both natural and man-made. Here we describe two types of experiments performed using the advanced photon source facility at Chicago, and compare the results with PIXE analysis on the same fine particle filters. These are firstly broad beam (2 mm) studies with tuned synchrotron beam energies to help resolve over-lapping X-rays, and secondly highly focused X-ray beam studies (0.2 μm) of individual fine particles from airborne pollution combustion sources. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.
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    Development of accelerator based micro IBA techniques for the study of environmental samples and material characterisation
    (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 2010-05-17) Cohen, DD; Siegele, R; Stelcer, E; Ionescu, M; Garton, DB
    The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) is a research establishment of around 950 people located approximately 30 km south west of Sydney, Australia. ANSTO has several research institutes, including Bragg, Radiopharm, Materials and Environment. These institutes alone include about 300 research and technical support staff. ANSTO's major neutron facility is the Open Pool Australian Light Water Reactor (OPAL). It is a 20 MW pool reactor using low enriched uranium fuel, and cooled by water. It is a multipurpose facility for radioisotope production, irradiation services and neutron beam research.
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    An elastic recoil time of flight spectrometer for material analysis
    (Australian and New Zealand Institutes of Physics, 1994-02-10) Martin, JW; Cohen, DD; Dytlewski, N; Russell, GJ; Garton, DB
    A heavy ion elastic recoil time of flight (ERTOF) spectrometer has been built on the ion beam analysis (1BA) beam line of the 8 MV tandem particle accelerator at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The spectrometer consists of two electrostatic mirror time detectors, as described in the literature by Whitlow et. al. and Busch et al. at the forward scattering angle of 45°, and an ion-implanted surface barrier energy detector. The flight length of 750mm gives a typical timing resolution of a few hundred pico-seconds. The use of high energy heavy ions in recoil spectrometry is ideally suited to the analysis of light ions in heavy matrices, though the analysis of recoil spectra presents some ambiguity due to the overlap of individual depth profiles. An HRTOF spectrometer, with incident 77MeV 127 I 10+ as designed here, allows individual depth profiling of most elements contained within the matrix, even those in close proximity in the periodic table, therefore providing an unambiguous profile and greater certainty in sample analysis. This paper will outline the design and principles of the ERTOF spectrometer built on the IBA beam line at ANSTO. The application of this technique to materials analysis and such examples as YBCO superconductors and AlGaAs semiconductors systems will also be presented.
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    Fine particle characterisation, source apportionment and long range dust transport into the Sydney Basin: a long term study between 1998 and 2009.
    (Elsevier, 2011-04-01) Cohen, DD; Stelcer, E; Garton, DB; Crawford, J
    Ion beam analysis techniques have been used to characterise fine particle (PM2.5) pollution in the Sydney Basin between 1 July 1998 and 31 December 2009. Nearly 1 200 filters were obtained and analysed for more than 21 different chemical species from hydrogen to lead. Positive matrix factorisation was then applied to this significant database to determine 7 different source fingerprints and their contributions to the total PM2.5 mass. Most of these sources originated in the Sydney Basin, however there were significant windblown soil sources that originated not just from desert regions in central Australia but also from large agricultural regions around 500 km south west of the Basin. This long range transport of fine dust was tracked using hourly back trajectories for every sampling day during the study period and showed that 33% of extreme dust events were probably originating from agricultural regions and not the central desert regions of Australia as first thought. Copyright Copyright © 2011 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control (TUNCAP).
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    Fine-particle Mn and other metals linked to the introduction of MMT into gasoline in Sydney, Australia: results of a natural experiment.
    (Elsevier, 2005-11-01) Cohen, DD; Gulson, B; Davis, JM; Stelcer, E; Garton, DB; Hawas, O; Taylor, A
    Using a combination of accelerator-based ion beam methods we have analysed PM2.5 particulates for a suite of 21 species (H, C, Na, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb) to evaluate the contribution to Sydney (New South Wales, Australia) air associated with the introduction of MMT as a replacement for lead. MMT was discontinued in 2004. Teflon filters representing continuous sampling for a 7 year period from 1998 to 2004 were analysed from two sites: one from Mascot, a suburb close to the Central Business District [CBD (n=718)] and a high trafficked area, and the other, a relatively rural (background) setting at Richmond, 20 km west of the CBD (n=730). Manganese concentrations in air at the background site increased from a mean of 1.5–1.6 ng m−3 to less than 2 ng m−3 at the time of greatest MMT use whereas those at Mascot increased from about 2 to 5 ng m−3. From the maximum values, the Mn showed a steady decrease at both sites concomitant with the decreasing use of MMT. Lead concentrations in air at both sites decreased from 1998 onwards, concomitant with the phase out of leaded gasoline, attained in 2002. Employing previously determined elemental signatures it was possible to adjust effects from season along with auto emissions and soil. A high correlation was obtained for the relationship between Mn in air and lead replacement gasoline use (R2 0.83) and an improved correlation for Mn/ Al+Si+K and lead replacement gasoline use (R2 0.93). In addition, using Mn concentrations normalized to background values of Al+Si+K or Ti to account for the lithogenically derived Mn, the proportion of anthropogenic Mn was approximately 70%. The changes for Mn and Pb detected in the particulates are attributed to the before-during-after use of MMT and decreasing use of lead in gasoline. The values measured in Sydney air are well below the reference concentration of 50 ng Mn m−3. The incremental increases in air, however, are larger than expected given the limited use of MMT only in lead replacement gasoline and high quality monitoring should be undertaken in countries where MMT is used in all gasoline. © 2005, Elsevier Ltd.
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    IBA methods for characterisation of fine particulate atmospheric pollution: a local, regional and global research problem
    (Elsevier B. V., 2004-06) Cohen, DD; Stelcer, E; Hawas, O; Garton, DB
    The IBA techniques of PIXE, PIGE, RBS and PESA have been used simultaneously to analyse fine particle pollution collected on Teflon filters. This provided a suite of 23 elements from hydrogen to lead which can be used to characterisation and fingerprint pollution sources and estimate their contributions to the total mass loading. These methods have been demonstrated to be applicable for aerosol pollution studies on a local, regional and even globe scale on time frames from a few days to decades. © 2020 Elsevier B.V
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    Ion beam analysis of 3 DRUM aerosol sampler strips
    (Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering (AINSE), 2009-11-25) Stelcer, E; Atanacio, AJ; Cohen, DD; Siegele, R; Garton, DB; Drewer, P; Cahill, TA
    Since 1991 ANSTO’s IBA laboratory has been sampling fine atmospheric particles every Wednesday and Sunday at urban and rural sites around Australia and internationally. Multi-elemental accelerator-based ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques were used to characterise major components and significant trace elements with minimum detectable limits close to and below 1 ng/m3 . Recently we have started testing a 3-DRUM sampling unit kindly obtained from the University of California, Davies (UCD) USA as a potential addition to our conventional aerosol sampling units.
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    SIRIUS - a new 6MV accelerator system for IBA and AMS at ANSTO
    (Elsevier, 2016-03-15) Pastuovic, Z; Button, DT; Cohen, DD; Fink, D; Garton, DB; Hotchkis, MAC; Ionescu, M; Long, S; Levchenko, VA; Mann, M; Siegele, R; Smith, AM; Wilcken, KM
    The Centre for Accelerator Science (CAS) facility at ANSTO has been expanded with a new 6 MV tandem accelerator system supplied by the National Electrostatic Corporation (NEC). The beamlines, end-stations and data acquisition software for the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) were custom built by NEC for rare isotope mass spectrometry, while the beamlines with end-stations for the ion beam analysis (IBA) are largely custom designed at ANSTO. An overview of the 6 MV system and its performance during testing and commissioning phase is given with emphasis on the IBA end-stations and their applications for materials modification and characterisation. © Elsevier B.V.
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    Sulphur hexafluoride as a stripper gas for tandem accelerators
    (Elsevier Science BV., 2013-05-01) Hotchkis, MAC; Child, DP; Fink, D; Garton, DB; Levchenko, VA; Wilcken, KM
    We have investigated sulphur hexafluoride as a stripper gas in tandem accelerators by using the ANTARES accelerator system at ANSTO to measure charge state distributions for this gas. Results are reported at 4 MV terminal voltage for injected negative ions ranging from carbon to uranium oxide. For iodine and thorium the distributions are extended across a range of energies of practical use for accelerator mass spectrometry, ion beam analysis and other accelerator applications. Charge state distributions using sulphur hexafluoride are found to have mean charge states up to I charge unit higher than, and to be broader than, corresponding distributions for argon gas, except in the case of carbon beams. As a result, SF6 is shown to provide significantly higher yields for charge states of heavy ions above the mean charge state. We now perform actinide AMS measurements with 9% yield to the 5+ charge state, compared to 4-5% achieved previously with argon gas. © 2013, Elsevier Ltd.
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    Sydney particle characterisation study PM2.5 source apportionment in the Sydney Region between 2000 and 2014
    (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 2016) Cohen, DD; Atanacio, AJ; Stelcer, E; Garton, DB
    The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) has been applying accelerator based nuclear techniques to the characterisation of fine PM2.5 ambient air pollution since the early 1990s. Over the decades large long-term databases have been acquired at dozens of sites both in Australia and internationally on the PM2.5 mass together with over 23 different elemental and chemical species that make up this fine particle pollution. In this study we used data previously collected by ANSTO from four of our long-term sampling sites covering the period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2014. Positive matrix factorisation (PMF) source apportionment techniques were applied to this data to identify seven different source components or fingerprints that make up the measured total PM2.5mass at each of these four sites. The primary aim of this study was to: - convert the existing 15-year PM2.5 mass and elemental datasets for four given sites in the Sydney basin into identifiable source fingerprints - quantify the absolute and the percentage contribution of each of these fingerprints to the total fine PM2.5 mass - provide seasonal and annual variations for each of the source fingerprints - provide a readily accessible database containing the daily source fingerprints and their contributions covering the 15-year period from 2000–2014 for four given sites in the Sydney basin if possible, identify and quantify the major contributors of fine particle pollution to the ambient air quality in Sydney. Typically fine particles were collected over 24-hour periods twice a week (104 filters per year) at Lucas Heights, Richmond, Mascot and Liverpool sites over a 15-year period from 2000 to 2014. In all, around 6000 sampling days are represented by this study. Each of these filters was analysed for the 23 elemental and chemical species: hydrogen (H), sodium (Na), al uminium (Al), silicon (Si), phosphorous (P), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), bromium (Br), lead (Pb), bl ack carbon (BC) and total nitrogen (TotN) to concentrations down to 1ngm–3 of air sampled. TotN is the total nitrogen from ammonium and nitrate ions. © 2016 Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation